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Chapter 1
GETTING STARTED WITH PROTOCOLS
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The LiteComm protocol engines are designed to simplify the task
of moving large quantities of information over communications
lines. Since communications lines are notoriously subject to
noise, each of the engines imposes a protocol or set of rules
that help insure the integrity of the information. Since the
rules that are used are necessarily complex, the engines remove
many of the concerns that normally confront programmers.
You can see the application of many of the concepts that we
discuss in the sample program QBTTL. QBTTL is distributed, in
both source and executable forms, as part of the LiteComm
package. You should review QBTTL carefully for additional
understanding.
1.2 BASIC ENGINE INTERFACE
Several protocol engines are included as part of LiteComm. They
include:
o XModem
o XModem-1K
o Windowed XModem
o YModem
o ZModem
Each of these protocol has its own strengths and weaknesses. And
each has very different rules. Yet, we have attempted to make the
programming for each as common as possible, whenever practical.
To use any of the protocol engines, you must follow a series of
steps. Unless indicated otherwise, these steps are required
regardless of the protocol that is being employed.
LITECOMM (TM) COMMUNICATIONS TOOLBOX
Protocol Engines
1.2.1 PROTOCOL INITIALIZATION
The initialization phase for the protocol engines requires two
essential steps, plus several optional steps depending upon your
applications needs.
1. Open a communication port using the comm_opn function. You
must specify buffer sizes at least as large as the size of
a protocol transfer block. For XModem and Windowed XModem,
the buffers must be at least 128 bytes. For XModem-1K,
YModem, and ZModem, the buffers must be at least 1024 (1K)
bytes. In general, we use 2K buffers for most
applications, assuming that there is adequate memory to
support this buffer size.
2. Set the port parameters to NO PARITY, 8 DATA BITS. This
can be done when the port is originally opened, or by
using the lc_setup function.
3. Disable software (XON-XOFF) flow control, if it has been
activated. In general, XModem, XModem-1K, and YModem
cannot tolerate software flow control. Windowed XModem and
ZModem are designed to work with software flow control.
4. Allocate a protocol control block (pcb) for the port,
using the lcp_alloc function. The lcp_alloc function
builds the essential control structures that are used by
the protocol engines. Once allocated, a pcb may be reused
as often as required without using the lcp_free function.
5. Initialize the pcb by calling the lcp_setproto function.
This function establishes the starting values for the
requested protocol. The lcp_setproto function should be
called before initiating each protocol session.
6. Optionally install an abort function that can cause the
engine to abort a transfer session, based upon an event
you define. One such event might be the recognition of a
keystroke, such as ESC, to permit the user to abort
protocol operations.
7. Optionally install a status function that can process
status messages being issued by the engine. Your
application might use this function to display appropriate
messages to the user.
8. Optionally use the lcp_setsignal macro to inform the
protocol engines that you to monitor that signal. If you
use this facility, the protocol engines will abort
operation if the signal is not present.
Page 2
Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
LITECOMM (TM) COMMUNICATIONS TOOLBOX
Protocol Engines
1.2.2 DATA TRANSFER
The method employed to actually transfer data is dependent upon
the protocol in use. The XModem, XModem-1K, and Windowed XModem
protocols place the burden on the programmer to read data from
and write data to the disk. See QBTTL for examples of this
interface.
Due to the added complexity, both the YModem and ZModem engines
handle all aspects of file transfers. You simply provide a list
of files to send, or a path to which to store files and the
engines do the rest.
1.2.3 PROTOCOL SHUTDOWN
Shutting down a protocol engine simply requires that you use the
lcp_free function to release the memory reserved by lcp_alloc. Do
not attempt to use the compiler's free function to do this. All
reserved memory will not be released by free.
Page 3
Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
LITECOMM (TM) COMMUNICATIONS TOOLBOX
Protocol Engines
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Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
LITECOMM (TM) COMMUNICATIONS TOOLBOX
Protocol Engines
Chapter 2
INITIALIZATION DETAILS
2.1 THE MANDATORY FUNCTIONS
The two essential initialization functions are lcp_alloc and
lcp_setproto. Use of both functions is absolutely essential for
successful engine operation.
2.1.1 LCP_ALLOC
Function lcp_alloc sets aside memory for a protocol control block
or pcb. A pcb is defined the lcproto.h header file as a type
definition or typedef of PROTO. Once the pcb is built, a transfer
buffer is allocated for use by the protocol engines, and is
associated with the pcb.
We take pains to inform you of the details for two reasons:
o To convince you that it is to your advantage to use the
match lcp_free function to release the pcb.
o To help you understand that multiple pcb's will use
significant amounts of system memory. For example, the
transfer buffer is about 2K bytes long, regardless of the
protocol that is being used.
o While you may access the values contained in the pcb, your
program should never attempt to alter the values found
there, unless you are absolutely certain about what you
are doing.
Due to a design decision, you need only construct a pcb once
during the program. The pcb is reusable from transfer session to
session. It is not necessary to use lcp_free between transfer
sessions.
2.1.2 LCP_SETPROTO
The lcp_setproto function actually does the initialization work.
When you call lcp_setproto, the function initializes the target
pcb with the correct values for the selected protocol. Since
lcp_setproto does do initialization, you must use lcp_setproto
before each transfer session. Failure to observe this restriction
may result in failure of the transfer with unexpected results.
Page 5
Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
LITECOMM (TM) COMMUNICATIONS TOOLBOX
Protocol Engines
2.2 THE OPTIONAL STEPS
2.2.1 ABORT FUNCTION
Each of the protocol engines periodically calls an abort
function. By default, this is a do-nothing function that simply
satisfies the linker. But if you wish, you may install an abort
handler of your own. The function must be of type ABORTFUNC, as
defined in lcproto.h.
The reason for the abort function is to give you a hook into the
engines. The abort function takes no arguments. To inform the
engine that you wish to abort a transfer in progress, your abort
function should return a nonzero value. To let the transfer
continue, your function should return a value of zero.
If you intend to use an abort function please keep this in mind.
All of the protocols are time-sensitive to a greater or lesser
degree. Your abort function should execute as quickly as
possible, with a minimum of delay.
If you want to use an abort function, simply assign your function
to lcp_abort. Lcp_abort is defined within lcproto, the protocol
common code, as shown below:
lcp_abort = my_abort;
before the transfer session is started.
2.2.2 STATUS FUNCTION
Like the abort function, the protocol engines provide a second
hook for monitoring progress and status information. By default,
LiteComm engines call a dummy status routine of type STATFUNC. If
you use a status function of your own, it must be of that type.
A STATFUNC takes three arguments, a message code, an integer
value, and a void pointer that must be cast, depending upon the
type of information that is being reported. The meaning of the
integer and pointer values must be considered in the context of
the message code.
To help keep things clear, we have developed two tables, below,
for each of the major protocol groups, the XModem group, and the
ZModem group.
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Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
LITECOMM (TM) COMMUNICATIONS TOOLBOX
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Table 2.1: XModem Status Codes
CODE INTEGER VALUE POINTER TYPE MEANING
CAN 0 PROTO * Cancel received
DUPSEQ rec number PROTO * Duplicate block
EOT 0 PROTO * End of File
FATAL rec number PROTO * Other fatal error
RETRIES rec number PROTO * Too many tries
SUCCESS count of chars PROTO * Block transferred OK
TOUT 0 PROTO * Timeout
WAITACK retrys PROTO * Waiting for ack
WAITBLK retrys PROTO * Waiting for block
WAITFNB 0 PROTO * Waiting, file name
WAITHDSK retrys PROTO * Waiting, handshake
WAITSOH retrys PROTO * Waiting for SOH
XBADFILE index NULL Can't find file
XDISKERR count of chars PROTO * Read/Write Error
XGOTFILE 0 TELINK * Received file name
Table 2.2: ZModem Status Codes
CODE INTEGER VALUE POINTER TYPE MEANING
ZBADFILE index NULL Can't find file
ZBADHDR 0 PROTO * Bad header
ZBADPOS 0 PROTO * Position error
ZDISKERR count of chars PROTO * Read/Write error
ZFCREAT 0 TELINK * Can't create file
ZFOPEN 0 TELINK * Error opening file
ZGOTFILE 0 TELINK * Received file name
ZINITTO 0 PROTO * Init timeout
ZNOCAR 0 PROTO * Loss of carrier
ZPKTLEN packet length PROTO * Packet too long
ZRECOVER 0 TELINK * Attempted recovery
ZSEEKERR 0 PROTO * File seek error
ZTIMER 0 PROTO * Timeout Error
ZXFRCAN 0 PROTO * Transfer cancelled
Of the integer values that are passed, the value specified as
"index" requires added explanation. The YModem and ZModem send
functions expect a list of file names to be sent. The index that
is passed is the number of filename in that list, with zero (0)
being the first file in the list.
As with the abort function, to implement you own status function,
assign your function to lcp_status as:
lcp_status = my_status.
Page 7
Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
LITECOMM (TM) COMMUNICATIONS TOOLBOX
Protocol Engines
2.2.3 SIGNAL MONITORING
One of the nastiest problems to deal with in protocol transfers
is recognizing that the other system is no longer connected.
Under most protocols, the session will eventually abort due to
timeout errors. But, depending upon the protocol, a significant
amount of time may elapse before this happens. In LiteComm's
implementation of XModem, for example, up to 100 seconds may
elapse.
As a result, LiteComm engines will optionally monitor one of
several modem status signals, if you so choose. To cause LiteComm
to monitor a signal, use the lcp_setsignal macro, as follows:
lcp_setsignal(p, DCD);
In this example, LiteComm will monitor the DCD (carrier detect)
signal. If carrier is lost, then LiteComm will cancel the
transfer.
Page 8
Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
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Protocol Engines
Chapter 3
FUNCTION REFERENCE
3.1 INTRODUCTION
In the information that follows, we describe, in detail, the
functions used with the protocol engines. We assume that you are
familiar with standard C notation.
In your use of the functions, we encourage your use of symbolic
constants whenever possible. Failure to do so make your code
incompatible with future versions of LiteComm.
lcp_alloc
SUMMARY
#include litecomm.h
#include lcproto.h
PROTO *lcp_alloc(unsigned port);
DESCRIPTION
Allocates and builds a protocol control block (pcb) of type
PROTO. Allocates memory for a transfer buffer to be associated
with the pcb. This function must be used before any other
protocol-related function. The pcb should only be released with
the lcp_free function.
EXAMPLE
PROTO *pcb;
Page 9
Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
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Protocol Engines
if ((pcb = lcp_alloc(port)) == NULL)
{
puts("Insufficient Memory");
return;
}
RETURN VALUES
The function returns a pointer to the new pcb, or NULL if there
is not enough heap space to build the pcb and related buffer.
SEE ALSO
lcp_free
Page 10
Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
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Protocol Engines
lcp_free
SUMMARY
#include "litecomm.h"
#include "lcproto.h"
void lcp_free(PROTO *pcb);
DESCRIPTION
Releases the memory allocated by lcp_alloc. Lcp_free cannot
determine whether the referenced pcb pointer is valid. Attempting
to free an improperly allocated pcb will result in unpredictable
results.
RETURN VALUES
This function returns no values.
SEE ALSO
lcp_alloc
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Protocol Engines
lcp_setproto
SUMMARY
#include "litecomm.h"
#include "lcproto.h"
lcp_setproto(PROTO *pcb, unsigned char protocol, int
usecrc);
DESCRIPTION
Initializes the target pcb for a new transfer session using the
specified protocol. Valid values for protocol are XMODEM,
XMODEM1K, WXMODEM, YMODEM, and ZMODEM.
The usecrc parameter only has meaning for XMODEM and XMODEM1K.
For these protocols, a nonzero value tells LiteComm to receive
using the more effective CRC. A zero value tells LiteComm to
receive using Checksums.
The function does not check to see if the pcb pointer is valid.
Use of an invalid pcb pointer will cause unexpected errors.
EXAMPLE
PROTO *pcb;
if (lcp_setproto(pcb, XMODEM1K, 1) == -1)
puts("Error setting the protocol");
RETURN VALUES
The function returns a value of zero if no errors were
encountered. A return value of -1 indicates that the protocol
specified is invalid.
Page 12
Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
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Protocol Engines
lcp_setsignal
SUMMARY
#include "litecomm.h"
#include "lcproto.h"
lcp_setsignal(PROTO *p, unsigned char signal);
DESCRIPTION
This is not a true function, but is rather a macro. The
specification for signal should be one of the following: DCD,
CTS, DSR. Only one signal at a time may be specified; they may
not be OR'ed to monitor multiple signals.
Since this is not a true function, no error checking will be
performed.
RETURN VALUES
No values are returned.
Page 13
Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
LITECOMM (TM) COMMUNICATIONS TOOLBOX
Protocol Engines
lcpxmsnd
SUMMARY
#include "litecomm.h"
#include "lcproto.h"
#include "lcpxm.h"
int lcpxmsnd(PROTO *pcb);
DESCRIPTION
Send a block of data using either XMODEM or XMODEM-1K protocol,
as determined by the lcp_setproto function. The function
automatically performs initial handshaking with the target
system. Upon each call, the contents of pcb->buff, the transfer
buffer, are sent to the target system. It is the programmers
responsibility to load the transfer buffer with the appropriate
amount of data, 128 bytes for XModem, 1024 bytes for XModem-1K,
before calling lcpxmsnd.
This function is called repeatedly until all data has been
transferred, or until the transfer is aborted or cancelled. Once
all data has been sent, the transfer is ended by calling the
function lcxteot.
EXAMPLE
See QBTTL.
RETURN VALUES
The significant return values, and there related actions are
shown below:
o SUCCESS - Block was sent successfully. Send the next block
or EOT.
o CAN - The receiving system has requested that the transfer
be cancelled. No further action is necessary.
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Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
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o RETRIES - The block could not be sent successfully after
10 attempts. No further action is possible.
o All Others - A fatal condition was detected. No further
action is possible.
SEE ALSO
lcp_setproto, lcxteot
Page 15
Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
LITECOMM (TM) COMMUNICATIONS TOOLBOX
Protocol Engines
lcpxmrec
SUMMARY
#include "litecomm.h"
#include "lcproto.h"
#include "lcpxm.h"
int lcpxmrec(PROTO *pcb);
DESCRIPTION
Receive a block of data using XMODEM or XMODEM-1K. All initial
handshaking with the sending system is done automatically. If a
block is successfully received, it will be in the transfer buffer
at pcb->buff. The length of the received block will be in
pcb->rbsize. It is the responsibility of the programmer to write
the contents of the transfer buffer to disk.
The function is called repeatedly until the transfer is
cancelled, aborted, or completed.
EXAMPLE
See QBTTL.
RETURN VALUES
The significant return values, and there related actions are
shown below:
o SUCCESS - Block was received successfully. Write the block
to disk and attempt to receive the next block.
o DUPSEQ - The block received was a duplicate of the
previous block. Ignore the block and attempt to receive
the next block.
o CAN - The receiving system has requested that the transfer
be cancelled. No further action is necessary.
Page 16
Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
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o EOT - There is no more data to receive, end of file has
been reached. No further action is necessary.
o TOUT - While waiting for a block from the sending system,
too much time elapsed, approximately 100 seconds. No
further action is possible.
o RETRIES - The block could not be received successfully
after 10 attempts. No further action is possible.
o All Others - A fatal condition was detected. No further
action is possible.
Page 17
Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
LITECOMM (TM) COMMUNICATIONS TOOLBOX
Protocol Engines
lcpwxsnd
SUMMARY
#include "litecomm.h"
#include "lcproto.h"
#include "lcpxm.h"
int lcpwxsnd(PROTO *pcb, int *nrec);
DESCRIPTION
Send a block of data using the Windowed XModem protocol.
This function is called repeatedly to transfer data to the
receiving system. It is the responsibility of the programmer to
fill the transfer buffer located at pcb->buff with 128 bytes of
data before each call. In addition, for each block of data, the
contents of the variable nrec must be set to zero.
If a block is transferred successfully, the function is called
again to send the next block of data. When all data has been
sent, the function is called with nrec set to a value of -1 to
signify end of file.
EXAMPLE
See QBTTL.
RETURN VALUES
The significant return values, and there related actions are
shown below. Please note that, under some circumstances, the
value of nrec has importance.
o SUCCESS - Block was sent successfully. If nrec has a value
of -1, the receiving system has acknowledged End Of File,
and no further action is needed. Otherwise, send the next
block or signal end of file by setting nrec to -1.
Page 18
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o CAN - The receiving system has requested that the transfer
be cancelled. No further action is necessary.
o RETRIES - The block could not be sent successfully after
10 attempts. No further action is possible.
o RESEND - The receiving system has requested that you
retransmit date beginning with the block specified by
nrec. You must reposition the file to the specified block
and begin sending from that point. The location of the
start of the block is calculated by multiplying the value
of nrec by 128. The result should always be a long
integer.
o All Others - A fatal condition was detected. No further
action is possible.
Page 19
Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
LITECOMM (TM) COMMUNICATIONS TOOLBOX
Protocol Engines
lcpwxrec
SUMMARY
#include "litecomm.h"
#include "lcproto.h"
#include "lcpxm.h"
int lcpwxrec(PROTO *pcb, int *nrec);
DESCRIPTION
Receive a block of data using the Windowed XModem protocol.All
initial handshaking with the sending system is done
automatically. If a block is successfully received, it will be in
the transfer buffer at pcb->buff. The length of the received
block will always be 128 bytes. It is the responsibility of the
programmer to write the contents of the transfer buffer to disk.
The function is called repeatedly until the transfer is
cancelled, aborted, or completed.
EXAMPLE
See QBTTL.
RETURN VALUES
The significant return values, and there related actions are
shown below. Please note that, under some circumstances, the
value of nrec has importance.
o SUCCESS - Block was received successfully. Write the block
to disk and attempt to receive the next block.
o DUPSEQ - The block received was a duplicate of the
previous block. Ignore the block and attempt to receive
the next block.
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Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
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o CAN - The receiving system has requested that the transfer
be cancelled. No further action is necessary.
o EOT - There is no more data to receive, end of file has
been reached. No further action is necessary.
o TOUT - While waiting for a block from the sending system,
too much time elapsed, approximately 100 seconds. No
further action is possible.
o RETRIES - The block could not be received successfully
after 10 attempts. No further action is possible.
o All Others - A fatal condition was detected. No further
action is possible.
Page 21
Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
LITECOMM (TM) COMMUNICATIONS TOOLBOX
Protocol Engines
lcym_send
SUMMARY
#include "litecomm.h"
#include "lcproto.h"
#include "lcpxm.h"
int lcym_send(PROTO *pcb, char **filelist);
DESCRIPTION
Send one or more files using YModem protocol.
Due to the complexities of batch transfers, the programmer must
create a list of file names to be transferred. QBTTL shows one
approach to building the list. This is not necessarily the best
approach. The file list must end with a zero length file name.
Once called, all files will be sent to the receiving system,
unless the transfer is canceled or aborted.
MSC USERS NOTE: The files to be transferred should be either in
the default directory, or in a directory specified in the PATH
environment variable.
EXAMPLE
See QBTTL.
RETURN VALUES
This function returns no values.
Page 22
Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
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lcym_recv
SUMMARY
#include "litecomm.h"
#include "lcproto.h"
#include "lcpxm.h"
int lcym_recv(PROTO *pcb, char *storagepath);
DESCRIPTION
Receive one or more files using YModem protocol.
The storagepath variable must be the path to the directory in
which received files will be placed. It must be of the form
C:\DIR1\DIR2\
The trailing '\' is significant and required.
Once called, all files will be received from the send system,
unless the transfer is canceled or aborted.
EXAMPLE
See QBTTL.
RETURN VALUES
This function returns no values.
Page 23
Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
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Protocol Engines
lczm_send
SUMMARY
#include "litecomm.h"
#include "lcproto.h"
#include "lczm.h"
int lczm_send(PROTO *pcb, char **filelist);
DESCRIPTION
Send one or more files using ZModem protocol.
Due to the complexities of batch transfers, the programmer must
create a list of file names to be transferred. QBTTL shows one
approach to building the list, though not necessarily the best
approach. The file list must end with a zero length file name.
Once called, all files will be sent to the receiving system,
unless the transfer is canceled or aborted.
MSC USERS NOTE: The files to be transferred should be either in
the default directory, or in a directory specified in the PATH
environment variable.
EXAMPLE
See QBTTL.
RETURN VALUES
This function returns no values.
Page 24
Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
LITECOMM (TM) COMMUNICATIONS TOOLBOX
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lczm_recv
SUMMARY
#include "litecomm.h"
#include "lcproto.h"
#include "lczm.h"
int lczm_recv(PROTO *pcb, char *storagepath);
DESCRIPTION
Receive one or more files using ZModem protocol.
The storagepath variable must be the path to the directory in
which received files will be placed. It must be of the form
C:\DIR1\DIR2\
The trailing '\' is significant and required.
Once called, all files will be received from the send system,
unless the transfer is canceled or aborted.
EXAMPLE
See QBTTL.
RETURN VALUES
This function returns no values.
Page 25
Copyright (c) 1987 - 1991 Information Technology, Ltd.
Contents
Chapter 1 GETTING STARTED WITH PROTOCOLS 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 BASIC ENGINE INTERFACE . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2.1 PROTOCOL INITIALIZATION . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2 DATA TRANSFER . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2.3 PROTOCOL SHUTDOWN . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 2 INITIALIZATION DETAILS 5
2.1 THE MANDATORY FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1 LCP_ALLOC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.2 LCP_SETPROTO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 THE OPTIONAL STEPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.1 ABORT FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.2 STATUS FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.3 SIGNAL MONITORING . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Chapter 3 FUNCTION REFERENCE 9
3.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
lcp_alloc 9
lcp_free 11
lcp_setproto 12
lcp_setsignal 13
lcpxmsnd 14
lcpxmrec 16
lcpwxsnd 18
lcpwxrec 20
lcym_send 22
lcym_recv 23
lczm_send 24
lczm_recv 25
i
ii
Tables
Table 2.1: XModem Status Codes . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Table 2.2: ZModem Status Codes . . . . . . . . . . . 7
iii