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- ************************
- * Connexins signatures *
- ************************
-
- Gap junctions [1,2.3] are specialized regions of the plasma membrane which
- consist of closely packed pairs of transmembrane channels, the connexons,
- through which small molecules diffuse from a cell to a neighboring cell. Each
- connexon is composed of an hexamer of an integral membrane protein which is
- often referred to as connexin [4]. In a given species there are a number of
- different, yet structurally related, tissue specific, forms of connexins. The
- types of connexins which are currently known are listed below.
-
- - Connexin 56 (Cx56).
- - Connexin 50 (Cx50) (lens fiber protein MP70).
- - Connexin 46 (Cx46) (alpha-3).
- - Connexin 45 (Cx45) (alpha-6).
- - Connexin 43 (Cx43) (alpha-1).
- - Connexin 40 (Cx40) (alpha-5).
- - Connexin 38 (Cx38) (alpha-2).
- - Connexin 37 (Cx37) (alpha-4).
- - Connexin 33 (Cx33) (alpha-7).
- - Connexin 32 (Cx32) (beta-1).
- - Connexin 31.1 (Cx31.1) (beta-4).
- - Connexin 31 (Cx31) (beta-3).
- - Connexin 30.3 (Cx30.3) (beta-5).
- - Connexin 26 (Cx26) (beta-2).
-
- Structurally the connexins consist of a short cytoplasmic N-terminal domain,
- followed by four transmembrane segments that delimit two extracellular and
- one cytoplasmic loops; the C-terminal domain is cytoplasmic and its length is
- variable (from 20 residues in Cx26 to 260 residues in Cx56). The schematic
- representation of this structure is shown below.
-
- NH2-*** *** *************-COOH
- ** ** ** **
- ** ** ** ** Cytoplasmic
- ---**----**-----**----**----------------
- ** ** ** ** Membrane
- ** ** ** **
- ---**----**-----**----**----------------
- ** ** ** ** Extracellular
- ** ** ** **
- ** **
-
- The sequences of the two extracellular loops are well conserved. In both loops
- there are three conserved cysteines which are involved in disulfide bonds [5].
- We have built signature patterns from each of these two loop regions.
-
- -Consensus pattern: C-[DN]-T-x-Q-P-G-C-x(2)-V-C-Y-D
- [The three C's are involved in disulfide bonds]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: NONE.
-
- -Consensus pattern: C-x(3,4)-P-C-x(3)-[LIVM]-[DEN]-C-[FY]-[LIVM]-[SA]-[KR]-P
- [The three C's are involved in disulfide bonds]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: NONE.
-
- -Last update: June 1994 / Text revised.
-
- [ 1] Evans W.H.
- BioEssays 8:3-6(1988).
- [ 2] Kistler J., Bulivant S.
- BioEssays 9:167-168(1988).
- [ 3] Kumar N.M., Giluda N.B.
- Semin. Cell Biol. 3:3-16(1992).
- [ 4] Beyer E.C., Paul D.L., Goodenough D.A.
- J. Membr. Biol. 116:187-194(1990).
- [ 5] Rahman S., Evans W.H.
- J. Cell Sci. 100:567-578(1991).
-