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- ****************************
- * Insulin family signature *
- ****************************
-
- The insulin family of proteins [1] groups a number of active peptides which
- are evolutionary related. This family currently consists of:
-
- - Insulin.
- - Relaxin.
- - Insulin-like growth factors I and II (IGFs or somatomedins) [2].
- - Insect prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) (bombyxin) [3].
- - Locust insulin-related peptide (LIRP) [4].
- - Molluscan insulin-related peptides 1 and 2 (MIP) [5].
-
- Structurally, all these peptides consist of two polypeptide chains (A and B)
- linked by two disulfide bonds.
-
- B chain xxxxxxCxxxxxxxxxxxxCxxxxxxxxx
- | |
- A chain xxxxxCCxxxCxxxxxxxxCx
- ***************
- | |
- +----+
-
- 'C': conserved cysteine involved in a disulfide bond.
- '*': position of the pattern.
-
- As shown in the schematic representation above, they all share a conserved
- arrangement of four cysteines in their A chain. The first of these cysteines
- is linked by a disulfide bond to the third one and the second and fourth
- cysteines are linked by interchain disulfide bonds to cysteines in the B
- chain. As a pattern for this family of proteins, we have used the region
- which includes the four conserved cysteines in the A chain.
-
- -Consensus pattern: C-C-x(3)-C-x(4)-[LIVMF]-x(3)-C
- [The four C's are involved in disulfide bonds]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL, except
- for a sponge insulin [6] which lacks the first cysteine of the A chain.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: NONE.
- -Last update: June 1992 / Pattern and text revised.
-
- [ 1] Blundell T.L., Humbel R.E.
- Nature 287:781-787(1980).
- [ 2] Humbel R.E.
- Eur. J. Biochem. 190:445-462(1990).
- [ 3] Nagasawa H., Kataoka H, Isogai A., Tamura S., Suzuki A., Mizoguchi A.,
- Fujiwara Y., Suzuki A., Takahashi S.Y., Ishizaki H.
- Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 83:5480-5483(1986).
- [ 4] Lagueux M., Lwoff L., Meister M., Goltzene F., Hoffmann J.A.
- Eur. J. Biochem. 187:249-254(1990).
- [ 5] Smit A.B., Geraerts W.P.M., Meester I., van Heerikhuizen H., Joosse J.
- Eur. J. Biochem. 199:699-703(1991).
- [ 6] Robitzki A., Schroder H.C., Ugarkovic D., Pfeifer K., Uhlenbruck G.,
- Muller W.E.G.
- EMBO J. 8:2905-2909(1989).
-