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- ************************************
- * Intermediate filaments signature *
- ************************************
-
- Intermediate filaments (IF) [1,2] are proteins which are primordial components
- of the cytoskeleton and the nuclear envelope. They generally form filamentous
- structures 8 to 14 nm wide. IF proteins are members of a very large multigene
- family of proteins which has been subdivided in seven subgroups:
-
- - Type I: Acidic cytokeratins.
- - Type II: Basic cytokeratins.
- - Type III: Vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP),
- periferin, and plasticin.
- - Type IV: Neurofilaments L, H and M, and alpha-internexin [3].
- - Type V: Nuclear lamins A, B, and C [4].
- - Type VI: Nestin [5].
- - Invertebrate (snails and nematodes) non-neuronal cytoplasmic IF [6].
-
- All IF proteins are structurally similar in that they consist of: a central
- rod domain comprising some 300 to 350 residues which is arranged in coiled-
- coiled alpha-helices, with at least two short characteristic interruptions; a
- N-terminal non-helical domain (head) of variable length; and a C-terminal
- domain (tail) which is also non-helical, and which shows extreme length
- variation between different IF proteins.
-
- While IF proteins are evolutionary and structurally related, they have limited
- sequence homologies except in several regions of the rod domain. We use, as a
- sequence pattern for this class of proteins, a conserved region at the
- C-terminal extremity of the rod domain.
-
- -Consensus pattern: [IV]-x-[TACI]-Y-[RKH]-x-[LM]-L-[DE]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL, except
- for Drosophila lamin DM0.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: rabbit lactase-phlorizin hydrolase
- and Streptomyces hygroscopicus acetyl-hydrolase.
-
- -Note: in the third position of the pattern, Ala is found in type IV and V IF
- proteins, Thr is found in IF proteins of type I, II, III, and VI, Cys in IF
- from snails, and Ile in IF from worms. In the first position of the pattern
- Val is found in type VI, Ile is found in all other types.
-
- -Last update: June 1994 / Pattern and text revised.
-
- [ 1] Steiner P.M., Roop D.R.
- Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57:593-625(1988).
- [ 2] Stewart M.
- Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 2:91-100(1990).
- [ 3] Fliegner K.H., Ching G.Y., Liem R.K.H.
- EMBO J. 9:749-755(1990).
- [ 4] Franke W.W.
- Cell 48:3-4(1987).
- [ 5] Lendahl U., Zimmerman L.B., McKay R.D.G.
- Cell 60:585-595(1990).
- [ 6] Dodemont H., Riemer D., Weber K.
- EMBO J. 9:4083-4094(1990).
-