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- ******************************
- * Protein kinases signatures *
- ******************************
-
- Eukaryotic protein kinases [1,2,3,4] are enzymes that belong to a very
- extensive family of proteins which share a conserved catalytic core common to
- both serine/threonine and tyrosine protein kinases. There are a number of
- conserved regions in the catalytic domain of protein kinases. We have selected
- two of these regions to build signature patterns. The first region, which is
- located in the N-terminal extremity of the catalytic domain, is a glycine-rich
- stretch of residues in the vicinity of a lysine residue, which has been shown
- to be involved in ATP binding. The second region, which is located in the
- central part of the catalytic domain, contains a conserved aspartic acid
- residue which is important for the catalytic activity of the enzyme [5]; we
- have derived two signature patterns for that region: one specific for serine/
- threonine kinases and the other for tyrosine kinases.
-
- -Consensus pattern: [LIV]-G-x-G-x-[FYM]-[SG]-x-V
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: the majority
- of known protein kinases but it fails to find a number of them (such as gamma
- chain of phosphorylase kinase B, galactosyltransferase associated kinase p58,
- yeast kinases BYR1, CDC5, ELM1, HRR25, KIN28, NIM1, NPR1, PHO85, SPK1, STE7,
- STE20, VPS15, YCK1 and YCK2, Drosophila ninaC, herpes viruses and poxviruses
- kinases, etc.).
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: 13.
-
- -Note: the pattern shown above has been updated since its publication in [6].
- -Note: the majority of protein kinases have Gly in position 7 of the pattern,
- but a few have Ser.
-
- -Consensus pattern: [LIVMFYC]-x-[HY]-x-D-[LIVMFY]-K-x(2)-N-[LIVMFYC](3)
- [D is an active site residue]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: Most serine/
- threonine specific protein kinases with 10 exceptions (half of them viral
- kinases) and also Epstein-Barr virus BGLF4 and Drosophila ninaC which have
- respectively Ser and Arg instead of the conserved Lys and which are therefore
- detected by the tyrosine kinase specific pattern described below.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: NONE.
-
- -Note: the pattern shown above has been updated since its publication in [6].
-
- -Consensus pattern: [LIVMFYC]-x-[HY]-x-D-[LIVMFY]-[RSTAC]-x(2)-N-[LIVMFYC](3)
- [D is an active site residue]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL tyrosine
- specific protein kinases with the exception of human ERBB3, mouse blk, and
- Drosophila Tkr. This pattern will also detect most bacterial aminoglycoside
- phosphotransferases [7,8] and herpesviruses ganciclovir kinases [9]; which
- are proteins structurally and evolutionary related to protein kinases.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: 5.
-
- -Note: the pattern shown above has been updated since its publication in [6].
-
- -Note: if a protein analyzed includes the two protein kinase signatures, the
- probability of it being a protein kinase is close to 100%
- -Note: eukaryotic-type protein kinases have also been found in Myxococcus
- xanthus [10] and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis.
-
- -Expert(s) to contact by email: Hunter T.
- hunter@salk-sc2.sdsc.edu
- Quinn A.M.
- quinn@biomed.med.yale.edu
-
- -Last update: June 1994 / Text revised.
-
- [ 1] Hunter T.
- Meth. Enzymol. 200:3-37(1991).
- [ 2] Hanks S.K., Quinn A.M.
- Meth. Enzymol. 200:38-62(1991).
- [ 3] Hanks S.K.
- Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 1:369-383(1991).
- [ 4] Hanks S.K., Quinn A.M., Hunter T.
- Science 241:42-52(1988).
- [ 5] Knighton D.R., Zheng J., Ten Eyck L.F., Ashford V.A., Xuong N.-H.,
- Taylor S.S., Sowadski J.M.
- Science 253:407-414(1991).
- [ 6] Bairoch A., Claverie J.-M.
- Nature 331:22(1988).
- [ 7] Benner S.
- Nature 329:21-21(1987).
- [ 8] Kirby R.
- J. Mol. Evol. 30:489-492(1992).
- [ 9] Littler E., Stuart A.D., Chee M.S.
- Nature 358:160-162(1992).
- [10] Munoz-Dorado J., Inouye S., Inouye M.
- Cell 67:995-1006(1991).
-