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- **********************************************************
- * Prokaryotic membrane lipoprotein lipid attachment site *
- **********************************************************
-
- In prokaryotes, membrane lipoproteins are synthesized with a precursor signal
- peptide, which is cleaved by a specific lipoprotein signal peptidase (signal
- peptidase II). The peptidase recognizes a conserved sequence and cuts upstream
- of a cysteine residue to which a glyceride-fatty acid lipid is attached [1].
- Proteins known to undergo such processing currently include (for recent
- listings see [1,2,3]):
-
- - Major outer membrane lipoprotein (murein-lipoproteins) (gene lpp).
- - Escherichia coli lipoprotein-28 (gene nlpA).
- - Escherichia coli lipoprotein-34 (gene nlpB).
- - Escherichia coli osmotically inducible lipoprotein (gene osmB).
- - Escherichia coli peptidoglycan-associated lipoprotein (gene pal).
- - Escherichia coli rare lipoproteins A and B (genes rplA and rplB).
- - Escherichia coli plasmids traT proteins.
- - Escherichia coli Col plasmids lysis proteins.
- - A number of Bacillus beta-lactamases.
- - Bacillus subtilis periplasmic oligopeptide-binding protein (gene oppA).
- - Borrelia burgdorferi outer surface proteins A and B (genes ospA and ospB).
- - Borrelia hermsii variable major protein 21 (gene vmp21) and 7 (gene vmp7).
- - Chlamydia trachomatis outer membrane protein 3 (gene omp3).
- - Haemophilus influenzae proteins Pal and Pcp.
- - Klebsiella pullulunase (gene pulA).
- - Klebsiella pullulunase secretion protein pulS.
- - Mycoplasma hyorhinis protein p37.
- - Mycoplasma hyorhinis variant surface antigens A, B, and C (genes vlpABC).
- - Neisseiria outer membrane protein H.8.
- - Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopeptide (gene lppL).
- - Pseudomonas solanacearum endoglucanase egl.
- - Rhodopseudomonas viridis reaction center cytochrome subunit (gene cytC).
- - Rickettsia 17 Kd antigen.
- - Shigella flexneri invasion plasmid proteins mxiJ and mxiM.
- - Streptococcus pneumoniae oligopeptide transport protein A (gene amiA).
- - Treponema pallidium 34 Kd antigen.
- - Treponema pallidium membrane protein A (gene tmpA).
- - Vibrio harveyi chitobiase (gene chb).
- - Yersinia virulence plasmid protein yscJ.
-
- - Halocyanin from Natrobacterium pharaonis [4], a membrane associated copper-
- binding protein. This is the first archebacterial protein known to be
- modified in such a fashion).
-
- From the precursor sequences of all these proteins, we derived a consensus
- pattern and a set of rules to identify this type of post-translational
- modification.
-
- -Consensus pattern: {DERK}(6)-[LIVMFSTAG](2)-[IVMSTAGQ]-[AGS]-C
- [C is the lipid attachment site]
- Additional rules: 1) The cysteine must be between positions 15 and 35 of the
- sequence in consideration.
- 2) There must be at least one Lys or one Arg in the first
- seven positions of the sequence.
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: some 60 prokaryotic proteins. A few
- of them are not membrane lipoproteins, but at least half of them could be,
- some of which have been proposed to bind lipid (for example the endoglucanase
- cel-3 from Fibrobacter succinogenes, or a neuraminidase from Clostridium
- sordellii).
- -Last update: June 1994 / Text revised.
-
- [ 1] Hayashi S., Wu H.C.
- J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 22:451-471(1990).
- [ 2] Klein P., Somorjai R.L., Lau P.C.K.
- Protein Eng. 2:15-20(1988).
- [ 3] von Heijne G.
- Protein Eng. 2:531-534(1989).
- [ 4] Mattar S., Scharf B., Kent S.B.H., Rodewald K., Oesterhelt D.,
- Engelhard M.
- J. Biol. Chem. 269:14939-14945(1994).
-