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- Network Working Group P. Traina
- Request for Comments: 1656 cisco Systems
- Category: Informational July 1994
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- BGP-4 Protocol Document Roadmap and Implementation Experience
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
- does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
- this memo is unlimited.
-
- Introduction
-
- Border Gateway Protocol v4 (BGP-4) [1] is an inter-Autonomous System
- routing protocol. It is built on experience gained with BGP as
- defined in RFC-1267 [2] and BGP usage in the connected Internet as
- described in RFC-1268 [3].
-
- The primary function of a BGP speaking system is to exchange network
- reachability information with other BGP systems. This network
- reachability information includes information on the list of
- Autonomous Systems (ASs) that reachability information traverses.
- This information is sufficient to construct a graph of AS
- connectivity from which routing loops may be pruned and some policy
- decisions at the AS level may be enforced.
-
- BGP-4 provides a new set of mechanisms for supporting classless
- inter-domain routing. These mechanisms include support for
- advertising an IP prefix and eliminates the concept of network
- "class" within BGP. BGP-4 also introduces mechanisms which allow
- aggregation of routes, including aggregation of AS paths. These
- changes provide support for the proposed supernetting scheme [4].
-
- The management information base has been defined [5] and security
- considerations are discussed in the protocol definition document [1].
-
- Applicability Statement for BGP-4
-
- BGP-4 is explicitly designed for carrying reachability information
- between Autonomous Systems. BGP-4 is not intended to replace
- interior gateway protocols such as OSPF [7] or RIP [6].
-
- Implementations
-
- Four vendors have developed independent implementations at the time
- of this memo:
-
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- Traina [Page 1]
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- RFC 1656 BGP-4 Implementation July 1994
-
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- ANS (gated)
- Europanet
- 3COM
- cisco
-
- The complete interoperability matrix between all known
- implementations of various versions of BGP is available under
- separate cover [9].
-
- Implementation Testing
-
- One implementation has been extensively tested in a network designed
- to mirror the complex connectivity present at many major Internet
- borders. This network consists of multiple BGP-3 and BGP-4 speakers
- carrying full routing information injected from Alternet, EBone,
- Sprint, CERFnet, and cisco. In many cases additional AS adjacencies
- are simulated via the use of IP over IP tunnels to increase the
- complexity of the routing topology.
-
- The primary feature of BGP-4 is the ability to carry network
- reachability information without regard to classfull routing. In
- addition to canonical routing information, CIDR prefixes (both
- supernets and subnets) are being injected from IGP information and
- aggregated using the methods described in BGP-4. AS set aggregation
- and policy decisions based upon AS sets have been tested.
-
- Secondary extensions incorporated as part of version 4 of this
- protocol include enhancements to use of the INTER_AS_METRIC (now
- called MULTI_EXIT_DISC), the addition of a LOCAL_PREF parameter to
- influence route selection within an AS, and a specified method of
- damping route fluctuations. All of these features have been tested
- in at least one implementation.
-
- Observations
-
- All implementations, are able to carry and exchange network
- reachability information.
-
- Not all implementations are capable of generating aggregate
- information based upon the existence of more specific routes.
-
- No implementation supports automatic deaggregation (enumeration of
- all networks in an aggregate block for backwards compatibility with
- routing protocols that do not carry mask information (e.g. BGP-3)).
- However, most implementations do allow for staticly configured
- controlled deaggregation for minimal backwards compatibility with
- non-CIDR capable routers.
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- Traina [Page 2]
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- RFC 1656 BGP-4 Implementation July 1994
-
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- At least one implementation capable of running earlier versions of
- BGP deliberately does not automaticly negotiate to earlier versions.
- Connections to BGP-4 peers must be explicitly configured as such.
-
- Conclusions
-
- The ability to carry and inject natural networks and CIDR supernets
- is the immediate requirement for BGP-4. The ability to carry subnet
- information (useful when reassigning parts of class A networks to
- organizations with different routing policies) is of secondary
- concern.
-
- The ability to conditionally aggregate routing information may be
- worked around by injecting static or IGP network information into
- BGP, or aggregation may be performed by an upstream router that is
- capable.
-
- Deaggregation is dangerous. It leads to information loss and unless
- tightly controlled by a manual mechanism, will create a routing
- information explosion.
-
- Automatic version negotiation is dangerous due to the state-less
- nature. Given packet losses or spontaneous restarts, it is possible
- for two BGP peers capable of BGP-4 to negotiate a BGP-3 or BGP-2
- connection, which is incapable of carrying super/subnet reachability
- information and AS set information.
-
- Acknowledgments
-
- The author would like to acknowledge Yakov Rekhter (IBM) and Tony Li
- (cisco) for their advice, encouragement and insightful comments.
-
- References
-
- [1] Rekhter, Y., and T. Li, "A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4), RFC
- 1654, cisco Systems, T.J. Watson Research Center, IBM Corp., July
- 1994.
-
- [2] Lougheed K., and Y. Rekhter, "A Border Gateway Protocol 3 (BGP-
- 3)", RFC 1267, cisco Systems, T.J. Watson Research Center, IBM
- Corp., October 1991.
-
- [3] Gross P., and Y. Rekhter, "Application of the Border Gateway
- Protocol in the Internet", RFC 1268, T.J. Watson Research Center,
- IBM Corp., ANS, October 1991.
-
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- Traina [Page 3]
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- RFC 1656 BGP-4 Implementation July 1994
-
-
- [4] Fuller V., Li. T, Yu J., and K. Varadhan, "Supernetting: an
- Address Assignment and Aggregation Strategy", Work in Progress.
- [Note: This is an expired draft, and is also referred to in
- BGP4.6.]
-
- [5] Willis S., Burruss J., and J. Chu, "Definitions of Managed
- Objects for the Border Gateway Protocol (Version 4) using SMIv2",
- RFC 1657, Wellfleet Communications Inc., IBM Corp., July 1994.
-
- [6] Hedrick, C., "Routing Information Protocol", RFC 1058, Rutgers
- University, June 1988.
-
- [7] Moy J., "Open Shortest Path First Routing Protocol (Version 2)",
- RFC 1583, Proteon, March 1994.
-
- [8] Varadhan, K., Hares S., and Y. Rekhter, "BGP4/IDRP for IP---OSPF
- Interaction", Work in Progress, September 1993.
-
- [9] Li, T., and P. Traina, "BGP Interoperabilty Matrix", Work in
- Progress, November 1993.
-
- Security Considerations
-
- Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
-
- Author's Address
-
- Paul Traina
- cisco Systems, Inc.
- 1525 O'Brien Drive
- Menlo Park, CA 94025
-
- EMail: pst@cisco.com
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