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- Network Working Group G. Meyer
- Request for Comments: 1581 Spider Systems
- Category: Informational February 1994
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- Protocol Analysis for Extensions to RIP to Support Demand Circuits
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- Status of this Memo
-
- This document provides information for the Internet community. This
- document does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.
- Distribution of this document is unlimited.
-
- Abstract
-
- As required by Routing Protocol Criteria [1], this report documents
- the key features of Routing over Demand Circuits on Wide Area
- Networks - RIP [2] and the current implementation experience.
-
- Acknowledgements
-
- I would like to thank colleagues at Spider, in particular Richard
- Edmonstone and Alan Turland who developed Spider's IP RIP and IPX RIP
- and SAP implementations.
-
- 1. Protocol Documents
-
- "Extensions to RIP to Support Demand Circuits" [2] suggests an
- enhancement to the "Routing Internet Protocol" (RIP) [3] and "RIP-2"
- [4] to allow them to run more cost-effectively on Wide Area Networks
- (WANs). Network management extensions for Demand RIP are described
- in RIP Version 2 MIB Extensions [5].
-
- 2. Applicability
-
- Demand RIP requires that there is an underlying mechanism for
- determining unreachability in a finite predictable period.
-
- The demand extensions to RIP are particularly appropriate for WANs
- where the cost - either financial or packet overhead - would make
- periodic transmission of routing (or service advertising) updates
- unacceptable:
-
- o Connection oriented Public Data Networks - for example X.25 packet
- switched networks or ISDN.
-
- o Point-to-point links supporting PPP link quality monitoring or
- echo request to determine link failure.
-
-
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- Meyer [Page 1]
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- RFC 1581 Demand RIP February 1994
-
-
- A demand RIP implementation runs standard RIP on Local Area Networks
- (LANs) allowing them to interoperate transparently with
- implementations adhering to the original specifications.
-
- 3. Key Features
-
- The proposal shares the same basic algorithms as RIP or RIP-2 when
- running on LANs or fixed point-to-point links; Packet formats,
- broadcast frequency, triggered update operation and database timeouts
- are all unmodified.
-
- The new features operate on WANs which use switched circuits on
- demand to achieve intermittent connectivity. Instead of using
- periodic 'broadcasts', information is only sent as triggered updates.
- The proposal makes use of features of the underlying connection
- oriented service to provide feedback on connectivity.
-
- 3.1 Triggered Updates
-
- Updates are only sent on the WAN when an event changes the routing
- database. Each update is retransmitted until acknowledged.
- Information received in an update is not timed out.
-
- The packet format of a RIP response is modified (with a different
- unique command field) to include sequence and fragment number
- information. An acknowledgement packet is also defined.
-
- 3.2 Circuit Manager
-
- The circuit manager running below the IP network layer is responsible
- for establishing a circuit to the next hop router whenever there is
- data (or a routing update) to transfer. After a period of inactivity
- the circuit will be closed by the circuit manager.
-
- If the circuit manager fails to make a connection a circuit down
- indication is sent to the routing application. The circuit manager
- will then attempt at (increasing) intervals to establish a
- connection. When successful a circuit up indication is sent to the
- routing application.
-
- 3.3 Presumption of Reachability
-
- In a stable network there is no requirement to propagate routing
- information on a circuit, so if no routing information is (being)
- received on a circuit it is assumed that:
-
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- Meyer [Page 2]
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- RFC 1581 Demand RIP February 1994
-
-
- o The most recently received information is accurate.
-
- o The intervening path is operational (although there may be no
- current connection).
-
- If the circuit manager determines that the intervening path is NOT
- operational routing information previously received on that circuit
- is timed out. It is worth stressing that it can be ANY routed
- datagram which triggers the event.
-
- When the circuit manager re-establishes a connection, the application
- exchanges full routing information with its peer.
-
- 3.4 Routing Information Flow Control
-
- If the circuit manager reports a circuit as down, the routing
- application is flow controlled from sending further information on
- the circuit.
-
- To prevent transmit queue overflow and also to avoid 'predictable'
- circuit down messages, the routing application can also optionally
- limit the rate of sending routing messages to an interface.
-
- 4. Implementations
-
- At this stage there is only believed to be one completed
- implementation.
-
- The Spider Systems' implementation supports all the features outlined
- for IP RIP-1, IPX RIP and IPX SAP. RIP-2 is not currently supported.
- It has been tested against itself on X.25 and ISDN WANs. It has also
- been tested in operation with various router and host RIP-1, IPX RIP
- and IPX SAP implementations on Ethernet LANs.
-
- Two other Novell-only implementations are known to be under
- development.
-
- 5. Restrictions
-
- Demand RIP relies on the ability to place a call in either direction.
- Some dialup services - for example DTR dialing - allow calls to be
- made in one direction only.
-
- Demand RIP can not operate with third-party advertisement of routes
- on the WAN. The next hop IP address in RIP-2 should always be
- 0.0.0.0 for any routes advertised on the WAN.
-
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- Meyer [Page 3]
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- RFC 1581 Demand RIP February 1994
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-
- 6. Security Considerations
-
- Security is provided through authentication of the logical and
- physical address of the sender of the routing update. Incoming call
- requests are matched by the circuit manager against a list of
- physical addresses (used to make outgoing calls). The routing
- application makes a further check against the logical address of an
- incoming update.
-
- Additional security can be provided by RIP-2 authentication [2] where
- appropriate.
-
- 7. References
-
- [1] Hinden, R., "Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Routing
- Protocol Standardization Criteria", RFC 1264, Bolt Beranek and
- Newman, Inc, October 1991.
-
- [2] Meyer. G., "Extensions to RIP to Support Demand Circuits", RFC
- 1582, Spider Systems, February 1994.
-
- [3] Hedrick. C., "Routing Information Protocol", STD 34, RFC 1058,
- Rutgers University, June 1988.
-
- [4] Malkin. G., "RIP Version 2 - Carrying Additional Information",
- RFC 1388, Xylogics, January 1993.
-
- [5] Malkin. G., and F. Baker, "RIP Version 2 MIB Extensions", RFC
- 1389, Xylogics, ACC, January 1993.
-
- Author's Address
-
- Gerry Meyer
- Spider Systems
- Stanwell Street
- Edinburgh EH6 5NG
- Scotland, UK
-
- Phone: (UK) 31 554 9424
- Fax: (UK) 31 554 0649
- EMail: gerry@spider.co.uk
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- Meyer [Page 4]
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