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- Network Working Group H. Nussbacher
- Request for Comments: 1556 Israeli Inter-University
- Category: Informational Computer Center
- December 1993
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- Handling of Bi-directional Texts in MIME
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- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
- does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
- this memo is unlimited.
-
- Abstract
-
- This document describes the format and syntax of the "direction"
- keyword to be used with bi-directional texts in MIME.
-
- Description
-
- The MIME standards (RFC 1521 and 1522) defined methods for
- transporting non-ASCII data via a standard RFC822 e-mail system.
- Specifically, the Content-type field allows for the inclusion of any
- ISO language such as Arabic (ISO-8859-6) or Hebrew (ISO-8859-8). The
- problem is that the these two languages are read from right to left
- and can have bi-directional data such as mixed Hebrew and English on
- the same line.
-
- Fortunately, ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers Association) has
- tackled this problem previously and has issued a technical report
- called "Handling of Bi-Directional Texts". ECMA TR/53, as it is
- called, was used to update the Standard ECMA-48 which in turn was
- used as the basis for ISO/IEC 6429 which was adopted under a special
- "fast track procedure". It is based on this information that a new
- character set is being defined which will indicate that the bi-
- directional message is either encoded in implicit mode or explicit
- mode. The default is visual mode which requires no special character
- set other than the standard ones previously defined by ISO-8859.
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- Examples of new character sets for bi-directionality support:
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- Content-type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-6-e
- Content-type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-6-i
- Content-type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-8-e
- Content-type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-8-i
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- Nussbacher [Page 1]
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- RFC 1556 Bi-directional Texts December 1993
-
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- The "i" suffix refers to implicit mode and the "e" suffix refers to
- explicit mode.
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- Implicit
-
- Implicit directionality is a presentation method in which the
- direction is determined by an algorithm according to the type of
- characters and their position relative to the adjacent characters and
- according to their primary direction. The complete algorithm is
- quite complex and sites wishing to implement it should refer to the
- ECMA Technical Report for further details.
-
- Explicit
-
- Explicit directionality is a presentation method in which the
- direction is explicitly defined by using control sequences which are
- interleaved within the text and are used for direction determination.
- This presentation method is also defined in ECMA TR/53, which defines
- three new control functions and updates 22 existing control functions
- in the ECMA-48 standard.
-
- Visual
-
- Visual directionality is a presentation method that displays text
- according to the primary display direction only, which is left to
- right. All text is viewed in the same direction which is the primary
- display direction. The displaying application is not aware of the
- contents direction and displays the text as if it were a uni-
- directional text. The composing application needs to prepare the
- text in such a way that it will be displayed correctly. No control
- characters or algorithms are used to determine how the data is to be
- displayed. This is the simplest of all methods and the default method
- for use with MIME encoded texts.
-
- References
-
- [ECMA TR/53] Handling of Bi-Directional Texts, European Computer
- Manufacturers Association, 114 Rue du Rhone, CH-1204,
- Geneva, Switzerland, June 1992.
-
- [ISO-6429] Information Technology - Control Functions for Coded
- Character Sets, 3rd edition, December 15, 1992.
-
- [ISO-8859] Information Processing -- 8-bit Single-Byte Coded
- Graphic Character Sets, Part 6: Arabic alphabet, ISO
- 8859-6, 1988.
-
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- Nussbacher [Page 2]
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- RFC 1556 Bi-directional Texts December 1993
-
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- [ISO-8859] Information Processing -- 8-bit Single-Byte Coded
- Graphic Character Sets, Part 8: Latin/Hebrew alphabet,
- ISO 8859-8, 1988.
-
- [RFC822] Crocker, D., "Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet
- Text Messages", STD 11, RFC 822, UDEL, August 1982.
-
- [RFC1521] Borenstein N., and N. Freed, "MIME (Multipurpose
- Internet Mail Extensions) Part One: Mechanisms for
- Specifying and Describing the Format of Internet
- Message Bodies", Bellcore, Innosoft, September 1993.
-
- [RFC1522] Moore K., "MIME Part Two: Message Header Extensions for
- Non-ASCII Text", University of Tennessee,
- September 1993.
-
- Security Considerations
-
- Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
-
- Author's Address
-
- Hank Nussbacher
- Computer Center
- Tel Aviv University
- Ramat Aviv
- Israel
-
- Fax: +972 3 6409118
- Phone: +972 3 6408309
- EMail: hank@vm.tau.ac.il
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- Nussbacher [Page 3]
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