A Beginner's Guide to the Internet

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Path: coral.bucknell.edu!psuvax1!news.ecn.bgu.edu!usenet.ins.cwru.edu!magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu!math.ohio-state.edu!usc!bloom-beacon.mit.edu!senator-bedfellow.mit.edu!faqserv From: o.crepin-leblond@imperial.ac.uk (Olivier M.J. Crepin-Leblond) Newsgroups: comp.mail.misc,comp.mail.uucp,news.newusers.questions,alt.internet.services,alt.internet.access.wanted,alt.answers,comp.answers,news.answers Subject: FAQ: International E-mail accessibility Supersedes: <mail/country-codes_761584275@rtfm.mit.edu> Followup-To: poster Date: 21 Mar 1994 10:53:24 GMT Organization: Imperial College London, UK. Lines: 570 Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu Expires: 4 May 1994 10:51:47 GMT Message-ID: <mail/country-codes_764247107@rtfm.mit.edu> Reply-To: ocl@ic.ac.uk NNTP-Posting-Host: bloom-picayune.mit.edu Summary: This posting gives a list of country codes with email accessibility. It is helpful in finding-out if a country has easy access to email and internet facilities and is aimed at general email and internet users. X-Last-Updated: 1994/03/17 Originator: faqserv@bloom-picayune.MIT.EDU Xref: coral.bucknell.edu comp.mail.misc:13945 comp.mail.uucp:9189 news.newusers.questions:24890 alt.internet.services:19754 alt.internet.access.wanted:8336 comp.answers:4219 news.answers:19371 Archive-name: mail/country-codes Last-modified: 1994/03/17 Based on International Standard ISO 3166 Names Compiled by Olivier M.J. Crepin-Leblond E-mail: <ocl@ic.ac.uk> Release: 94.03.1 Release Notes: a. Iran soon with Full Internet feed b. Lebanon also soon with Internet feed (testing) c. Peru with Full Internet d. Indonesia soon with Full Internet Every now-and-then there are enquiries on the net regarding E-mail to a distant country. The question is often of the type "has that country got E-mail access ?". The following table is a guide of country codes, showing the countries which have access to Internet or general E-mail services. The country codes have been derived from the International Organization for Standardization standard ISO 3166. A country code is taken as a top level domain once it is registered at rs.internic.net so *not* all country codes listed are top level domains. At the bottom of the table, there is also a section of general top level domains, based on the information available at rs.internic.net. NOTES: 1. Description of codes: FI stands for FULL INTERNET access. This includes 'telnet', 'ftp', and internet E-mail. B stands for BITNET access although the address may be in internet DNS (Domain Name System) format. * (Asterisk) means that the country is reachable by E-mail. If this is not preceded by FI or B, it means that the connection may be a UUCP connection. An asterisk is included after FI or B for consistency. PFI stands for a provisional full internet connection.(+) P stands for provisional connection. (+) (+) This is used when one or more of the following is true: - address not verified or lack of address - UUCP dialup not active - net connection possible but not officially announced - premature official announcement of connection F stands for a country that is connected to Internet only via means of the FIDOnet network. It is assumed that the FIDO connection in this case is stable and reliable. 2. Networks which are not included: Networks such as MILNET (U.S. Army) have computers all around the world. It is generally possible to assume that wherever there is a U.S. military base, there will be a node reachable through gateways. Private company networks such as for DEC (Digital Equipment Corp.), or Sun Microsystems, for example, have nodes in many exotic locations. However the connection may take place via UUCP and cost a lot of money. Those networks have therefore not been included. In addition, those are PRIVATE networks. Many companies ( like U.S. Sprint, for example ) offer commercial services to many countries which are not readily available on the Internet. The service is VERY COSTLY, usually takes place via UUCP or X.400 connections. X.400 E-mail is usually charged to someone and if the telecommunication carrier cannot find someone to pay for the message transfer, it will reject it. As a result, those types of network have not been included in the list. Although a user may RECEIVE E-mail from a user on those networks, one may not be able to reply to it. 3. Updates: The situation changes from day to day. The growth in international networking is such that the information contained in this document may be out of date by the time it reaches you. If you have any update (i.e. knowledge that a new country is connected), please send a message to <ocl@ic.ac.uk>, including an example address from the country reached so that it can be verified. Furthermore, if you are a connection provider or could provide a low cost connection in a country, and are not listed as a provider in that country (see "FURTHER INFORMATION" section), please notify either Randy Bush <randy@psg.com> or me. NOTE: This doesn't include providers for North America. If you are a North American provider, then please DON'T contact us. 4. .US sites While there are several hundreds of BITNET nodes in USA, none have a name in the format `.US'. That's why the .us domain is only FI and *. 5. .edu, .com, etc. The domains in this section are special in that some of them are used in more than one country. The domains which have full internet access are marked accordingly. However, this doesn't mean that *all* of those domains have full internet access. For example, only a small proportion of .mil sites have full internet access. The same is true for .com sites, for example. 6. UK and GB domains There are two codes for United Kingdom, namely UK and GB. While UK is used for addressing of most domains in DNS format, the field GB is used mainly in the X.400 addressing of United Kingdom sites. However, there is an increasing trend in some United Kingdom sites being directly connected to Internet under the GB domain. The GB domain is hence a perfectly suitable Internet top level domain. When looking for further information, it is worth looking at both UK and GB for United Kingdom. 7. Further information column This column contains information as follows: - E-mail address of a contact from which further information may be obtained and/or - Details of a gopher system that can be queried for further information in this case, look at Section 8: Where to find further information or - If no other information available: nameserver details, if any. This is the main nameserver as listed in the rs.internic.net database. Those often change as the network grows, and it is hard to keep track of all nameservers, but they should usually work. Nameservers can be queried by users using nslookup. 8. Where to find further information A number of sites run on-line information databases, mail-servers, and gopher information systems where further information can be found. - rs.internic.net Part of this site, the InterNIC database services, contains the Internet "white pages". The "whois" section of the "white pages" has registration records for top level domains. "whois" can be accessed by connecting interactively (telnet rs.internic.net), or via gopher (gopher rs.internic.net) or using the "whois" command available on some computer systems (whois -h rs.internic.net). Registration records for a domain are sometimes useful since they provide Administrative and Technical Contacts for this domain and those may hence be able to provide further information. - gopher.ripe.net This is a gopher system run by ripe.net, the co-ordinator for European Internet nodes. It contains a lot of information regarding European IP, etc. It may be accessed either as "gopher gopher.ripe.net" or "telnet gopher.ripe.net" and logging-in appropriately. It also has a "whois" database. - GNET: an Archive and Electronic Journal This is co-ordinated by Larry Press <lpress@dhvx20.csudh.edu> Archived documents are available by anonymous ftp from the directory global_net at dhvx20.csudh.edu (155.135.1.1). To conserve bandwidth, the archive contains an abstract of each document, as well as the full document. In addition to the archive, there is a moderated GNET discussion list. To submit a document to the archive or subscribe to the moderated discussion list, use the address gnet_request@dhvx20.csudh.edu. - BITNIC Bitnet Network Information Center Bitnet LISTSERVs contain files which list all BITNET sites around the world. For a listing of all BITNET sites, in country code order, send a message to LISTSERV@Bitnic.educom.edu (or LISTSERV@BITNIC for BITNET folks), no subject, and the command: GET NODE INFO3 in the body of the message. A very long file of information on all international BITNET sites can be ftp'ed from Bitnic.educom.edu and is called BITEARN.NODES . It is more than 2Mb long. - gopher.psg.com This gopher system, maintained by the Network Startup Resource Center and PSGnet/RAINet contains perhaps the most comprehensive collection of information about country connectivity. It may be accessed as "gopher gopher.psg.com". For the gopher client impaired, one can telnet to gopher.psg.com and login as gopher. An important feature is an E-mail interface to access the information in the gopher system. Send E-mail to: server@gopher.psg.com any subject, and in the body of the message: send country/<country-code> Example: if you want further information about Brazil (country code BR) send country/BR Many thanks to Randy Bush <randy@psg.com> and to John Klensin <klensin@infoods.unu.edu> for setting-up this site and this collaborative effort. 9. Archiving Once released, this document is archived in a number of archive sites around the world. Amongst them: ftp://rtfm.mit.edu:/pub/usenet/news.answers/mail/ ftp://lth.se:/pub/netnews/news.answers/mail/ #ftp://ftp.uu.net:/usenet/news.answers/mail/ #ftp://unix.hensa.ac.uk:/pub/uunet/usenet/news.answers/mail/ #ftp://grasp.insa-lyon.fr:/pub/faq/mail/ (#) those may not be accessible via Bear access or direct PC access in some cases. Via E-mail request as follows: mail ftpmail@grasp.insa-lyon.fr Subject: no one cares open [mime] get pub/faq/mail/country-codes quit where [ ] = optional All FAQs are also available via listserv@cc1.kuleuven.ac.be or listserv@blekul11.bitnet . For an index of all FAQs available, put the command GET NETFAQS FILELIST in the body of your message. The document is also retrievable by E-mail from rtfm.mit.edu by sending an E-mail to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu , blank subject line and the command: send usenet/news.answers/mail/country-codes The up-to-date, pre-release document is also available using an experimental simple mail-server that I have setup from my account. Send E-mail to: <ocl@ic.ac.uk> with a subject: archive-server-request and the command: get mail/country-codes in the body of your message. ISO 3166 Codes + Top level domains. WARNING: The link to some countries marked as being connected to Internet via UUCP or FIDO is often an expensive telephone dialup link. The people in those countries pay dearly for every byte of information sent to them. It is therefore not advised to send an electronic mail to a remote node in such a country asking "how's the weather there". When it comes to money, people take things very seriously, especially since funds are scarce. It is a matter of net etiquette to keep this in mind. Junk mail sent to any node that has to pay a lot for its telephone connection will clearly be dealt with HARSHLY and evasive action may well be taken against those not respecting this notice. Code Country Conn Notes Further information ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ AD Andorra AE United Arab Emirates P Apparently dead ns.uu.net AF Afghanistan(Islamic St.) AG Antigua and Barbuda * upr1.upr.clu.edu AI Anguilla AL Albania P gwd2i.cnuce.cnr.it AM Armenia Ex-USSR AN Netherland Antilles AO Angola (Republic of) * gopher gopher.psg.com AQ Antarctica FI * luxor.cc.waikato.ac.nz AR Argentina FI B * Uni. de Buenos Aires <info@dcfcen.edu.ar> <info@satlink.net> gopher gopher.psg.com AS American Samoa AT Austria FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net AU Australia FI * munnari.oz.au AW Aruba AZ Azerbaidjan Ex-USSR BA Bosnia-Herzegovina BB Barbados * upr1.upr.clu.edu BD Bangladesh BE Belgium FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net BF Burkina Faso * gopher gopher.psg.com BG Bulgaria FI B * Daniel Kalchev <daniel@digsys.bg> BH Bahrain B * Gulfnet <postmaster@bhuob00.bitnet> BI Burundi BJ Benin BM Bermuda * Tom Coelho <tom@bercol.dmc.com> BN Brunei Darussalam BO Bolivia * gopher gopher.psg.com BR Brazil FI B * gopher gopher.psg.com BS Bahamas * upr1.upr.clu.edu BT Bhutan BV Bouvet Island BW Botswana * gopher gopher.psg.com BY Belarus * Ex-USSR gopher gopher.psg.com BZ Belize * gopher gopher.psg.com CA Canada FI B * relay.cdnnet.ca CC Cocos (Keeling) Isl. CF Central African Rep. CG Congo * gopher gopher.psg.com CH Switzerland FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net CI Ivory Coast * gopher gopher.psg.com CK Cook Islands CL Chile FI B * gopher gopher.psg.com dcc.uchile.cl CM Cameroon FI * in .fr domain gopher gopher.psg.com CN China PFI * <postmaster@ica.beijing.canet.cn> iraun1.ira.uka.de CO Colombia B * gopher gopher.psg.com cunixd.cc.columbia.edu CR Costa Rica FI B * gopher gopher.psg.com CS Czechoslovakia FI B * still works... gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet gopher.ripe.net CU Cuba * gopher gopher.psg.com CV Cape Verde CX Christmas Island CY Cyprus FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net CZ Czech Republic FI * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net DE Germany FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net gopher gopher.psg.com DJ Djibouti DK Denmark FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net DM Dominica * upr1.upr.clu.edu DO Dominican Republic * gopher gopher.psg.com DZ Algeria * <mohand%casbah.uucp@relay.eu.net> EC Ecuador FI B * gopher gopher.psg.com EE Estonia FI * Juhan Poeldvere <juhan@chem.ut.ee> EG Egypt FI B * gopher gopher.psg.com EH Western Sahara ER Eritrea ES Spain FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net ET Ethiopia F gopher gopher.psg.com FI Finland FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net FJ Fiji FI * <postmaster@usp.ac.fj> FK Falkland Isl.(Malvinas) FM Micronesia FO Faroe Islands P danpost.uni-c.dk FR France FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net gopher gopher.psg.com FX France (European Ter.) ??? GA Gabon GB Great Britain (UK) FI * X.400 & IP ns1.cs.ucl.ac.uk GD Grenada P upr1.upr.clu.edu GE Georgia * Ex-USSR ns.eu.net GF Guyana (Fr.) * gopher gopher.psg.com GH Ghana F gopher gopher.psg.com GI Gibraltar GL Greenland GM Gambia F gopher gopher.psg.com GN Guinea GP Guadeloupe (Fr.) * gopher gopher.psg.com GQ Equatorial Guinea GR Greece FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net GS South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands GT Guatemala * ns.uu.net GU Guam (US) FI * uog2.uog.edu GW Guinea Bissau GY Guyana HK Hong Kong FI B * hp9000.csc.cuhk.hk HM Heard & McDonald Isl. HN Honduras * ns.uu.net HR Croatia FI * dns.srce.hr HT Haiti P gopher gopher.psg.com HU Hungary FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net gopher gopher.psg.com ID Indonesia PFI * gopher gopher.psg.com ns.uu.net IE Ireland FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net IL Israel FI B * relay.huji.ac.il IN India FI B * gopher gopher.psg.com sangam.ncst.ernet.in IO British Indian O. Terr. IQ Iraq IR Iran PFI B * Ali Shokoufandeh <ali@IREARN.BITNET> Ebrahim Mashayekh <ebrahim@IREARN.BITNET> Akbar Behzadi <akbar@IREARN.BITNET> IS Iceland FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net IT Italy FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net JM Jamaica * gopher gopher.psg.com JO Jordan JP Japan FI B * gopher gopher.psg.com jp-gate.wide.ad.jp KE Kenya * gopher gopher.psg.com KG Kyrgyz Republic Ex-USSR KH Cambodia KI Kiribati KM Comoros KN St.Kitts Nevis Anguilla P upr1.upr.clu.edu KP Korea (North) P KR Korea (South) FI B * ns.kaist.ac.kr KW Kuwait FI * No BITNET gopher gopher.psg.com KY Cayman Islands KZ Kazachstan * Ex-USSR in .su domain LA Laos LB Lebanon PFI P gopher gopher.psg.com LC Saint Lucia * upr1.upr.clu.edu LI Liechtenstein FI * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net LK Sri Lanka * Gihan Dias <gihan@cse.mrt.ac.lk> LR Liberia LS Lesotho * gopher gopher.psg.com LT Lithuania PFI * Ex-USSR aun.uninett.no LU Luxembourg FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net LV Latvia FI * Ex-USSR lapsene.mii.lu.lv LY Libya MA Morocco MC Monaco MD Moldavia Ex-USSR MG Madagascar (Republic of) * gopher gopher.psg.com MH Marshall Islands MK Macedonia (former Yugo.) * gopher gopher.psg.com ML Mali * gopher gopher.psg.com MM Myanmar MN Mongolia MO Macau * hkuxb.hku.hk MP Northern Mariana Isl. MQ Martinique (Fr.) MR Mauritania MS Montserrat MT Malta P ns.iunet.it MU Mauritius P gopher gopher.psg.com MV Maldives MW Malawi MX Mexico FI B * gopher gopher.psg.com mtecv1.mty.itesm.mx MY Malaysia FI B * mimos.my MZ Mozambique * gopher gopher.psg.com NA Namibia * gopher gopher.psg.com NC New Caledonia (Fr.) * gopher gopher.psg.com NE Niger * in .fr domain gopher gopher.psg.com NF Norfolk Island NG Nigeria F gopher gopher.psg.com NI Nicaragua * gopher gopher.psg.com NL Netherlands FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net NO Norway FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net NP Nepal NR Nauru NU Niue NZ New Zealand FI * truth.waikato.ac.nz OM Oman PA Panama B * gopher gopher.psg.com PE Peru FI B * gopher gopher.psg.com PF Polynesia (Fr.) * gopher gopher.psg.com PG Papua New Guinea * munnari.oz.au PH Philippines * ns.uu.net PK Pakistan * Imran Anwar <imran@panix.com> PL Poland FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net gopher gopher.psg.com PM St. Pierre & Miquelon PN Pitcairn PR Puerto Rico (US) FI B * sun386-gauss.pr PT Portugal FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet gopher.ripe.net PW Palau PY Paraguay * ns.uu.net QA Qatar RE Reunion (Fr.) FI * In .fr domain inria.inria.fr RO Romania FI B * roearn.ici.ac.ro RU Russian Federation P Ex-USSR RW Rwanda F gopher gopher.psg.com SA Saudi Arabia B * GulfNet gopher gopher.psg.com SB Solomon Islands SC Seychelles * gopher gopher.psg.com SD Sudan SE Sweden FI B * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net SG Singapore FI B * gopher solomon.technet.sg gopher gopher.psg.com SH St. Helena SI Slovenia FI * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net SJ Svalbard & Jan Mayen Is SK Slovakia (Slovak Rep) FI * gopher gopher.ripe.net telnet ns.ripe.net SL Sierra Leone SM San Marino SN Senegal * gopher gopher.psg.com SO Somalia SR Suriname * upr1.upr.clu.edu ST St. Tome and Principe SU Soviet Union FI B * Still used. <hostmaster@ussr.eu.net> gopher gopher.psg.com SV El Salvador gopher gopher.psg.com SY Syria SZ Swaziland * gopher gopher.psg.com TC Turks & Caicos Islands TD Chad TF French Southern Terr. TG Togo * gopher gopher.psg.com TH Thailand FI * gopher gopher.psg.com chulkn.chula.ac.th TJ Tadjikistan Ex-USSR TK Tokelau TM Turkmenistan * Ex-USSR in .su domain TN Tunisia FI B * gopher gopher.psg.com alyssa.rsinet.tn TO Tonga TP East Timor TR Turkey FI B * gopher gopher.psg.com knidos.cc.metu.edu.tr TT Trinidad & Tobago * gopher gopher.psg.com TV Tuvalu TW Taiwan FI B * gopher gopher.psg.com TZ Tanzania F gopher gopher.psg.com UA Ukraine FI * UA Network Enq. <domain-master@cs.kiev.ua> UG Uganda F gopher gopher.psg.com UK United Kingdom FI B * ISO 3166 is GB telnet news.janet.ac.uk gopher news.janet.ac.uk UK Network Enq. <liaison@nsfnet-relay.ac.uk> gopher gopher.psg.com UM US Minor outlying Isl. US United States FI * see note (4) venera.isi.edu UY Uruguay B * gopher gopher.psg.com UZ Uzbekistan Ex-USSR VA Vatican City State VC St.Vincent & Grenadines P upr1.upr.clu.edu VE Venezuela FI * nisc.jvnc.net VG Virgin Islands (British) VI Virgin Islands (US) * VN Vietnam * VU Vanuatu * gopher gopher.psg.com WF Wallis & Futuna Islands WS Samoa YE Yemen YT Mayotte YU Yugoslavia FI B * Bitnet is cut klepec.yunac.yu ZA South Africa FI * gopher gopher.psg.com ZM Zambia F gopher gopher.psg.com ZR Zaire ZW Zimbabwe * gopher gopher.psg.com See Note [5] for the next top level domains (rs.internic.net): ARPA Old style Arpanet * alias still works ns.nic.ddn.mil COM Commercial FI * telnet whois.internic.net EDU Educational FI B * telnet whois.internic.net GOV Government FI * telnet whois.internic.net INT International field FI * used by Nato ns1.cs.ucl.ac.uk MIL US Military FI * ns.nic.ddn.mil NATO Nato field * soon to be deleted ??? NET Network FI * telnet whois.internic.net ORG Non-Profit OrganizationFI * telnet whois.internic.net +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ DISCLAIMER: while every effort is made to provide accurate information, this list is not guaranteed to be accurate. This document is in NO WAY an official document. The information given should not be used as a basis for routing tables but only as general end-user information. This is a voluntary effort. I would appreciate greatly if errors/omissions could be pointed out to me and they would be corrected in the next release. The information included in this document implies no view whatsoever regarding questions of sovereignty or the status of any place listed. Affiliation to Imperial College is given for identification purposes only. -- Olivier M.J. Crepin-Leblond, Digital Comms. Section, Elec. Eng. Department Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London SW7 2BT, UK Internet/Bitnet: <foobar@ic.ac.uk> - Janet: <foobar@uk.ac.ic> .