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- SORT(1L) SORT(1L)
-
-
-
- NAME
- sort - sort lines of text files
-
- SYNOPSIS
- sort [-cmu] [-t separator] [-o output-file] [-bdfiMnr]
- [+POS1 [-POS2]] [-k POS1[,POS2]] [file...]
-
- DESCRIPTION
- This manual page documents the GNU version of sort. sort
- sorts, merges, or compares all the lines from the given
- files, or the standard input if no files are given. A file
- name of `-' means standard input. By default, sort writes
- the results to the standard output.
-
- sort has three modes of operation: sort (the default),
- merge, and check for sortedness. The following options
- change the operation mode:
-
- -_✓c Check whether the given files are already sorted: if
- they are not all sorted, print an error message and
- exit with a status of 1.
-
- -_✓m Merge the given files by sorting them as a group. Each
- input file should already be individually sorted. It
- always works to sort instead of merge; merging is pro-
- vided because it is faster, in the case where it works.
-
- A pair of lines is compared as follows: if any key fields
- have been specified, sort compares each pair of fields, in
- the order specified on the command line, according to the
- associated ordering options, until a difference is found or
- no fields are left.
-
- If any of the global options _✓M_✓b_✓d_✓f_✓i_✓n_✓r are given but no key
- fields are specified, sort compares the entire lines accord-
- ing to the global options.
-
- Finally, as a last resort (or if no ordering options were
- specified at all), sort compares the lines byte by byte in
- machine collating sequence.
-
- GNU sort has no limits on input line length or restrictions
- on bytes allowed within lines. In addition, if the final
- byte of an input file is not a newline, GNU sort silently
- supplies one. In some cases, such as exactly what the -_✓b
- and -_✓f options do, BSD and System V sort programs produce
- different output; GNU sort follows the POSIX behavior, which
- is usually like the System V behavior.
-
- If the environment variable TMPDIR is set, sort uses it as
- the directory in which to put temporary files instead of the
- default, /tmp.
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- SORT(1L) SORT(1L)
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- The following options affect the ordering of output lines.
- They may be specified globally or as part of a specific key
- field. If no key fields are specified, global options apply
- to comparison of entire lines; otherwise the global options
- are inherited by key fields that do not specify any special
- options of their own.
-
- -_✓b Ignore leading blanks when finding sort keys in each
- line.
-
- -_✓d Sort in `dictionary order': ignore all characters
- except letters, digits and blanks when sorting.
-
- -_✓f Fold lower case characters into the equivalent upper
- case characters when sorting so that, for example, `b'
- is sorted the same way `B' is.
-
- -_✓i Ignore characters outside the ASCII range 040-0176
- (inclusive) when sorting.
-
- -_✓M An initial string, consisting of any amount of white
- space, followed by three letters abbreviating a month
- name, is folded to lower case and compared in the order
- `jan' < `feb' < ... < `dec.' Invalid names compare low
- to valid names. This option implies -_✓b.
-
- -_✓n Compare according to arithmetic value an initial
- numeric string consisting of optional white space, an
- optional - sign, and zero or more digits, optionally
- followed by a decimal point and zero or more digits.
- This option implies -_✓b.
-
- -_✓r Reverse the result of comparison, so that lines with
- greater key values appear earlier in the output instead
- of later.
-
- Other options are:
-
- -_✓o _✓o_✓u_✓t_✓p_✓u_✓t-_✓f_✓i_✓l_✓e
- Write output to _✓o_✓u_✓t_✓p_✓u_✓t-_✓f_✓i_✓l_✓e instead of to the standard
- output. If _✓o_✓u_✓t_✓p_✓u_✓t-_✓f_✓i_✓l_✓e is one of the input files, sort
- copies it to a temporary file before sorting and writ-
- ing the output to _✓o_✓u_✓t_✓p_✓u_✓t-_✓f_✓i_✓l_✓e.
-
- -_✓t _✓s_✓e_✓p_✓a_✓r_✓a_✓t_✓o_✓r
- Use character _✓s_✓e_✓p_✓a_✓r_✓a_✓t_✓o_✓r as the field separator when
- finding the sort keys in each line. By default, fields
- are separated by the empty string between a non-
- whitespace character and a whitespace character. That
- is to say, given the input line ` foo bar', sort breaks
- it into fields ` foo' and ` bar'. The field separator
- is not considered to be part of either the field
-
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- preceding or the field following it.
-
- -_✓u For the default case or the -_✓m option, only output the
- last of a sequence of lines that compare equal. For
- the -_✓c option, check that no pair of consecutive lines
- compares equal.
-
- +_✓P_✓O_✓S_✓1 [-_✓P_✓O_✓S_✓2]
- Specify a field within each line to use as a sorting
- key. The field consists of the portion of the line
- starting at POS1 and up to (but not including) POS2 (or
- to the end of the line if POS2 is not given). The
- fields and character positions are numbered starting
- with 0.
-
- -_✓k _✓P_✓O_✓S_✓1[,_✓P_✓O_✓S_✓2]
- An alternate syntax for specifying sorting keys. The
- fields and character positions are numbered starting
- with 1.
-
- A position has the form _✓f._✓c, where _✓f is the number of the
- field to use and _✓c is the number of the first character from
- the beginning of the field (for +_✓p_✓o_✓s) or from the end of the
- previous field (for -_✓p_✓o_✓s). The ._✓c part of a position may be
- omitted in which case it is taken to be the first character
- in the field. If the -_✓b option has been given, the ._✓c part
- of a field specification is counted from the first nonblank
- character of the field (for +_✓p_✓o_✓s) or from the first nonblank
- character following the previous field (for -_✓p_✓o_✓s).
-
- A +_✓p_✓o_✓s or -_✓p_✓o_✓s argument may also have any of the option
- letters _✓M_✓b_✓d_✓f_✓i_✓n_✓r appended to it, in which case the global
- ordering options are not used for that particular field.
- The -_✓b option may be independently attached to either or
- both of the +_✓p_✓o_✓s and -_✓p_✓o_✓s parts of a field specification,
- and if it is inherited from the global options it will be
- attached to both. If a -_✓n or -_✓M option is used, thus imply-
- ing a -_✓b option, the -_✓b option is taken to apply to both the
- +_✓p_✓o_✓s and the -_✓p_✓o_✓s parts of a key specification. Keys may
- span multiple fields.
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