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- TAIL(1L) TAIL(1L)
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-
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- NAME
- tail - output the last part of files
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- SYNOPSIS
- tail [-c [+]N[bkm]] [-n [+]N] [-fqv] [+bytes=[+]N[bkm]]
- [+lines=[+]N] [+follow] [+quiet] [+silent] [+verbose]
- [file...]
-
- tail [{-,+}Nbcfklmqv] [file...]
-
- DESCRIPTION
- This manual page documents the GNU version of tail. tail
- prints the last part (10 lines by default) of each given
- file; it reads from standard input if no files are given or
- when a filename of `-' is encountered. If more than one
- file is given, it prints a header consisting of the file's
- name enclosed in `==>' and `<==' before the output for each
- file.
-
- The GNU tail can output any amount of data, unlike the Unix
- version, which uses a fixed size buffer. It has no -_✓r
- option (print in reverse). Reversing a file is really a
- different job from printing the end of a file; the BSD tail
- can only reverse files that are at most as large as its
- buffer, which is typically 32k. A reliable and more versa-
- tile way to reverse files is the GNU tac command.
-
- OPTIONS
-
- tail accepts two option formats: the new one, in which
- numbers are arguments to the option letters, and the old
- one, in which a `+' or `-' and optional number precede any
- option letters.
-
- If a number (`N') starts with a `+', tail begins printing
- with the Nth item from the start of each file, instead of
- from the end.
-
- -_✓c _✓N, +_✓b_✓y_✓t_✓e_✓s _✓N
- Tail by N bytes. N is a nonzero integer, optionally
- followed by one of the following characters to specify
- a different unit.
-
- b 512-byte blocks.
-
- k 1-kilobyte blocks.
-
- m 1-megabyte blocks.
-
- -_✓f, +_✓f_✓o_✓l_✓l_✓o_✓w
- Loop forever trying to read more characters at the end
- of the file, on the assumption that the file is
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- TAIL(1L) TAIL(1L)
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- growing. Ignored if reading from a pipe. Cannot be
- used if more than one file is given.
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- -_✓l, -_✓n _✓N, +_✓l_✓i_✓n_✓e_✓s _✓N
- Tail by N lines.
-
- -_✓q, +_✓q_✓u_✓i_✓e_✓t, +_✓s_✓i_✓l_✓e_✓n_✓t
- Never print filename headers.
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- -_✓v, +_✓v_✓e_✓r_✓b_✓o_✓s_✓e
- Always print filename headers.
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