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- Structural Types
-
- A number of common minerals, called orthosilicates, contain isolated
- silica tetrahedra. Examples are the OLIVINES, which include forsterite
- and the GARNET femily, of which the most common is almandine. A few
- minerals are made up of double silicate groups (the commonest,
- EPIDOTE, also has single tetrahedra), and a few of silicate rings.
- Among the latter, the best-known is BERYL, which has six-sided rings
- of six tetrahedra. The gems EMERALD and aquamarine are varieties of
- beryl.
-
- Chain silicates, an important and diverse group, include the PYROXENES
- and pyroxenoids, the AMPHIBOLES, and band silicates. These minerals
- contain other elements as well; almost all include magnesium and iron.
- They are common and characteristic minerals of many igneous and
- metamorphic rocks.
-
- Sheet silicates are widespread, for they include kaolin and other
- clays (see CLAY MINERALS), MICAS, and TALC. Some, like the clays,
- occur in microscopic crystals. Those that occur in large crystals,
- such as the micas, have perfect cleavage, or splitting, parallel to
- the sheets of silica tetrahedra.
-
- In framework silicates, every oxygen is shared between two tetrahedra,
- forming three-dimensional networks. The commonest of these, and
- perhaps the most abundant of all minerals, is quartz. Most other
- framework silicates contain some aluminum substituting for silicon,
- with interstitial ions commonly of calcium, sodium, or potassium.
- These minerals include the FELDSPARS (the most widespread of all
- mineral families), the FELDSPATHOIDS (found in silica-poor and
- alkali-rich rocks), and the ZEOLITES, which occur in pockets in lava
- flows or form by the alteration of volcanic ash in arid regions. PETER
- B. LEAVENS
-
- Bibliography: Ahrens, L. H., et al., eds., Physics and Chemistry of
- the Earth, vol. 3 (1959); Bloss, F. Donald, Crystal Chemistry (1971);
- Deer, W. A., et al., Rock-Forming Minerals, vol. 2A, 2d ed. (1979);
- Eitel, Wilhelm, ed., Silicate Science, 4 vols. (1965, 1966); Iler,
- Ralph K., The Chemistry of Silica (1979).
-