art in which the elements of form have been emphasized in the artist's handling of the subject matter -- which may or may not be recognizable
Ec[000000]f[16]LBabstract artB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
emphasizing lines, colors, or geometrical forms especially in reference to their relationship to one another; art style that does not represent reality
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAbstract ExpressionismB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
American art movement (1940s-1950s) stressing spontaneous, nonrepresentational creation
Ec[000000]f[16]LBabstractionB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
consider something as a general quality or characteristic, apart from its concrete and real elements
Ec[000000]f[16]LBacademic painting
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Painting that derives its style from those methods taught in an art school or a university; sometimes meant to be derogatory.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAcademicismB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
eighteenth-century art movement characterized by rigidly posed models, formal rules, and adherence to classical models of the ancient Greeks and Romans
Ec[000000]f[16]LBacreB
(U.S. Geography: The West)
an area of land equal to 43,560 square feet
Ec[000000]f[16]LBactuality
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
The actual thing, such as the reality of life or of existence.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBacuteB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
sharp, penetrating
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAdirondacksB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a mountain range located in northeastern New York
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAdler and SullivanB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
the famous Chicago architects who designed the Auditorium and many other steel-framed buildings in the 1880s and 1890s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBaerophoneB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
musical instrument that produces sound by having air blown or pumped through it
Ec[000000]f[16]LBaffluent
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Rich, wealthy; flowing in abundance.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBaggressorsB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
those who attack first or initiate hostilities
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAlbrecht DurerB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Renaissance artist (1471-1528) especially well-known for his woodcuts, engravings, and etchings
Ec[000000]f[16]LBaleatory
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Dependent on chance or the throw of the dice. This is rather loosely applied to a tendency (since the 1950s) of some composers to leave elements in their compositions in an indeterminate state. But it might be more strictly confined to Ec[000000]f[16]LFcompositions in which random chance genuinely plays a part in performance, not to those in which a decision of the performer replaces a decision of the composer.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAlexander PopeB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
English writer (1688-1744) whose work characterized the Restoration period; as a Roman Catholic, he was much discriminated against in Protestant England; his Essay on Man is one of the key works of the English Enlightenment
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAlexandre Gustave EiffelB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a French engineer who made his reputation as a builder of bridges, but is best remembered as the builder of the Eiffel Tower in Paris in 1889
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAlfred Jarry
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
French author of farces and satirical verse stories. His works include Ubu Roi and Les Minutes de sable memorial. He is known for his outrageous behavior and witty and surrealistic writings.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAlfred SisleyB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an Impressionist who placed individual flecks of pure color next to each other in his paintings
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAllegheniesB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
one of several smaller mountain ranges that make up the Appalachian Mountains; the Allegheny Mountains are located in the state of Pennsylvania
Ec[000000]f[16]LBallegoricalB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
pertaining to the figurative treatment of one subject under the guise of another
Ec[000000]f[16]LBallegory
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
A story in which people, objects and events have symbolic meaning; often instructive.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAlpsB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
a mountain range in southern Europe
Ec[000000]f[16]LBaltarpiece
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
A decorative work of art, or panel, directly behind an altar.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAmsterdam
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Thriving international port and trade center; largest city in the United Province of the Northern Netherlands (Holland).
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAndalusian
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
From Andalusia, a region in the south of Spain.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAndre Derain
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
A French painter who lived from 1880 to 1954. He was one of the creators of Fauvism and an early follower of Cubism.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAndy Warhol
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
An American Pop artist whose subjects are frequently the obvious--soup cans, dollar bills, etc.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAnne StuartB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
queen who ruled England from 1665-1714; she led England against France in the War of the Spanish Succession; Queen Anne was the last of the Stuart monarchs
Ec[000000]f[16]LBanonymousB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
without any acknowledged or known name, as that of author or contributor
Ec[000000]f[16]LBanti-art
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
The opposition to traditional art expressed through such movements at neo-Dada and Pop Art.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBantipaintings
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Works of art that are not painted and made of objects put together on a canvas or a frame.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAntoine Watteau
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
A seventeenth-century Flemish artist who was strongly influenced by Rubens, and whose paintings had a melancholy sense.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAntonio GaudiB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a late nineteenth-century Spanish architect and sculptor credited with creating the artistic forms that became the basis of Art Nouveau
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAntonio Vivaldi
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Italian composer and violinist, (1678 to 1741). A Roman Catholic priest, Vivaldi worked for many years as a music director in an orphanage. Vivaldi's concertos were perfect vehicles for showing off Italian musical instruments, the finest in the world.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAntwerp
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Seaport and principal city in the Southern Netherlands, Flanders (now Belgium).
Ec[000000]f[16]LBapotheosisB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
elevation to godly rank or stature
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAppalachian MountainsB
(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a mountain range extending about 1,600 miles southward from the Quebec province in Canada, through the north and central Ec[000000]f[16]LFparts of the eastern United States, as far south as northern Alabama; the Appalachians are made up of several smaller mountain ranges, including the White Mountains, the Green Mountains, the Berkshire Hills, the Catskill Mountains, and the Allegheny Mountains
Ec[000000]f[16]LBapse
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
A semicircular or polygonal projection of a church, usually domed or vaulted.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBarchB
(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
a curved masonry construction for spanning an opening, made from of wedge-like stones, bricks, or the like
Ec[000000]f[16]LBArchaic PeriodB
(History through Art: Ancient Greece)
the period of Greek history dating from 555-540 B.C. to 478 B.C.; the period in Ancient Greece that preceded the Classical Period
Ec[000000]f[16]LBarchetypeB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
the original model; the prototype
Ec[000000]f[16]LBarchitectsB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
a person professionally engaged in the design of large constructions such as buildings and bridges
Ec[000000]f[16]LBarchitectureB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the science, art, or profession of designing and constructing buildings or other structures
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAria
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Long solo in an opera or oratorio, intended to convey emotion, develop the character, and display the virtuoso singing of the performer.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBaristocratsB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
members of the noble class who possess considerable rank and privilege
Ec[000000]f[16]LBars nova
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Term for the musical style current in 14th-century France and Italy, free from the restrictions of Ars antiqua, introducing duple (instead of triple).
Ec[000000]f[16]LBArt DecoB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
highly decorative art forms (1920s-1930s) that utilized streamlined geometric forms inspired by industrial design
Ec[000000]f[16]LBArt Deco architectureB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
nonfunctional geometric design (1920-1940) influenced by Egyptian art
Ec[000000]f[16]LBArt NouveauB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an art style (1895-1905) characterized by motifs of highly stylized flowing plants, curving lines and fluent forms
Ec[000000]f[16]LBArt Nouveau architectureB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an architectural style (1880-1920) exemplified by long flowing lines and asymmetrical design
Ec[000000]f[16]LBarticulateB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
clear, distinct, and precise in relation to other parts; organized into a meaningful whole
Ec[000000]f[16]LBartisansB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
trained or skilled workmen
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAshanti Empire
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Early modern empire located along the west coast of Africa, in what is now Ghana. Like several other African kingdoms, the Ashanti Empire expanded during the eighteenth century because of its participation in the transatlantic slave trade.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAsia
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
one of the great land masses of the globe, located in the eastern hemisphere
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAsia MinorB
(History through Art: Ancient Greece)
a peninsula of southwest Asia; today it includes much of Turkey
Ec[000000]f[16]LBassassinatedB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
murdered premeditatedly or treacherously
Ec[000000]f[16]LBassemblage
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
A work of art that consists of placing together various items, such as scraps of paper, photos, string.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBassumptionB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
the uplifting of an individual into Heaven
Ec[000000]f[16]LBasymmetricalB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
lacking harmony of form or proportion
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAtlantic OceanB
(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
one of the largest bodies of water in the world; the Atlantic Ocean separates Europe and Africa from North America and South America
Ec[000000]f[16]LBattendantsB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
those who serve or wait upon others as servants or escorts
Ec[000000]f[16]LBattitudesB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
manner, disposition, feeling, position, etc., with regard to a person or thing
Ec[000000]f[16]LBatypical
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Not typical, not in the normal manner.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAuditoriumB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
one of the buildings constructed in Chicago in the 1880s using steel girders
Ec[000000]f[16]LBaural
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Of, pertaining to, or perceived by the ear.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBaustere
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The state of being severe, strict, and simple.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBAustrian EmpireB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
empire of the Hapsburgs, who controlled vast areas of land in the region now divided into Austria, Hungary, and Germany
Ec[000000]f[16]LBauthoritarian
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Ruled by an authority with great power, such as a monarch; a monarch is an authoritarian ruler.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBautomatic drawing
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Similar to automatic writing, except that one draws supposedly according to the dictates of the subconscious.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBautomatic writing
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Writing that is supposedly done through the use of the subconscious and not through conscious will.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBautomatism
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
The use of the subconscious in creating something, especially a work of art.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBavant-garde
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
In art, a group who produces works original, unorthodox and untraditional work, breaking from the constraints of style of previous periods.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBacchus
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
In Roman mythology, the god of wine; his counterpart in Greek myths was Dionysus.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBach
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750), German composer of the Baroque period and considered one of the great composers.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBagatelle
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Quick, bright composition, usually for piano.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBbaldacchino
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
A canopy on columns; usually built over an altar.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBbaldachinB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
an ornamental canopy, suspended above a high altar, that is held in place by four columns
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBallad
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Simple song, usually a folk song, that tells a story. The word ballad is also applied to a simple, songlike poem. The rediscovery of simple ballads, as opposed to elaborate Classical forms, was a feature of both Ec[000000]f[16]LFmusic and poetry during the Romantic era, in the early 1800s.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBballet
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
Form of dancing of Italian origin, becoming established in the French court in the sixteenth century and evolving into a recognized art form.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBallet Russes
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
Russian ballet company founded in Paris by Sergei Diaghilev.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBbaptistery
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
A part of a church, or formerly a separate building, used for Baptism, a Christian sacrament marked by ritual use of water and admitting the recipient to the Christian community. Baptism is also a non-Christian rite using water for ritual Ec[000000]f[16]LFpurification; an act, experience or ordeal by which one is purified, sanctified, initiated, or named. Ec[000000]f[16]LBBarbariansB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the name given to the conquerors of portions of the Western Roman Empire; the Barbarians, from northern European tribes, invaded the declining Roman Empire in the 4th century A.D.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBarcorolle
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Boating song, especially one sung by a Venetian gondolier.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBaron Antoine Jean Gros
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
French painter who lived from 1771 to 1835. Gros, a student of David, was known for his historical pictures. His portraits of the youthful Napoleon are precursors of Romantic painting because they glorify Napoleon as the brilliant, misunderstood genius.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBaroque architectureB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an ornate architectural style (1600-1770), often described as Rococo, with elaborate carvings and decorations using gilt, plaster, and paint in flowing curves and designs
Ec[000000]f[16]LBbarrel vaultB
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a semicylindrical vault that provided an early solution to an architectural problem
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBartolome Murillo
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Popular Spanish painter who lived from 1617 to 1682. He was noted for his religious subjects and for his use of brilliant colors. Murillo also helped establish the Spanish tradition for domestic, even folkloric, scenes.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBaruch SpinozaB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Jewish philosopher and mathematician who lived in Holland from 1632-1677; along with Descartes and Liebniz, he helped found both modern philosophy and modern mathematics
Ec[000000]f[16]LBbas-reliefB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a sculpture created in shallow relief, so that it does not project too far out from the surface on which it rests
Ec[000000]f[16]LBbasilicaB
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
in the Roman Catholic Church, any of 13 ancient churches in Rome and any church accorded certain liturgical privileges
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBastilleB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
medieval prison near Paris, France, noted for housing Voltaire and other political dissenters; the storming of the Bastille on Ec[000000]f[16]LFJuly 14, 1789 marked the beginning of the French Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBauhaus School
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
Influential school of art design founded in 1919 in Weimar and closed in 1933 by the Nazis.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBayeux tapestryB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a strip of linen 230 feet long and 19-1/2 inches high, embroidered with wool thread dyed in eight colors; although its original purpose is obscure, it appears to justify the Norman invasion of England in 1066
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBeaux ArtB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an architectural style (1890-1920) that used formal and classical techniques inspired by the great European academies
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBernini
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Giovanni Lorenzo (Gianlorenzo) Bernini; great sculptor and architect of the high Baroque period who lived from 1598 to 1680.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBibliotheque nationaleB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
the national library of France; located in Paris, it is one of several innovative buildings designed by the French architect Labrouste; built from 1854 to1875, it displays a neoclassical exterior
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBlack PlagueB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
an infectious epidemic disease caused by a bacterium transmitted to humans by fleas from infected rats; Bubonic plague, the most common form, is characterized by very high fever, chills, delirium, and enlarged, painful lymph nodes; although Ec[000000]f[16]LFknown as early as 430 B.C., the most widespread epidemic began in Constantinople in 1334 and over the next two decades killed three quarters of the entire populations of Europe and Asia; also known as the Black Death, the disease is still prevalent in many parts of Asia
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBlenheim Palace
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Gigantic country estate near Oxford, England, built for Charles Churchill, the first Duke of Marlborough, as a reward for his victories in the War of the Spanish Succession. The palace was modeled after Versailles. The great twentieth-Ec[000000]f[16]LFcentury statesman, Winston Churchill, was born at Blenheim Palace.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBoer War
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
Conflict (1899-1902) between the British and the Boers (descendants of Dutch settlers of South Africa).
Ec[000000]f[16]LBbook of hoursB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a medieval prayer book of personal devotions; often these books were quite tiny in size and very elaborately decorated
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBosporusB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the name of the narrow strait that separates the Black Sea and the Sea of Marmara; the city of Constantinople (now called Istanbul) is located on the banks of the Bosporus
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBoston Massacre
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
First bloodshed of the American Revolution. The event occurred in 1770, when British soldiers fired into a mob of protesters. The first person killed was Crispus Attucks, an African American.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBoston Tea PartyB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Pre-Revolutionary War protest (1773) in which American Sons of Liberty, wearing Indian buckskins and war paint, boarded Ec[000000]f[16]LFBritish ships in Boston Harbor and dumped their precious cargo of tea into the water
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBoucher
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
French painter who lived from 1703 to 1770. He painted pastoral scenes and sentimental landscapes for Madame du Pompadour and other royal patrons.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBbourgeoisB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
townsman or townswoman; a prosperous person from the middle class
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBourree
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
French country dance, which became part of a standard Baroque suite.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBrighton PavilionB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an early nineteenth-century building whose classical exterior concealed a functional interior
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBrunelleschi
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
A Florentine architect and scupltor who placed second to Ghiberti in the competition to design the bapistery doors of the Florence Cathedral, Filippo Brunelleschi later gained fame for the celebrated dome he designed for the cathedral.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBbrushwork
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
With the development of the technique of oil painting, it soon became clear that using stiff-bristle brushes, charged with oil paint and applied to a grainy surface, renders a special texture. Painters' brushwork is as personal as their handwriting.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBBryce Canyon National Park
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
a region in southwest Utah which contains some of the most oddly shaped and beautifully colored rocks in the world; the park covers about 56 square miles
Ec[000000]f[16]LBburgherB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a citizen of a town or city
Ec[000000]f[16]LBburnished
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
When something has been burnished, it has been made shiny or lustrous by rubbing its surface. Ec[000000]f[16]LBby-product
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
A secondary product that results from a primary process of production, such as kerosene from the processing of petroleum.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBByzantine
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of the ancient city of Byzantium, its inhabitants, or their culture. Byzantium was an ancient city of Thrace, founded in 667 B.C. by Greeks from Megara. After a succession Ec[000000]f[16]LFof captures by contending forces, in A.D. 196 Byzantium was taken by Roman Emperor Septimius Severus. Constantine I ordered a new city built in A.D. 330; this was Constantinople, later the capital of the Byzantine Empire. Today it is known as Istanbul, Turkey.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBByzantine architectureB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an architectural style (330-1250) characterized by the use of domes and plaster added to exterior surfaces
Ec[000000]f[16]LBByzantine EmpireB
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the eastern half of the Roman Empire that survived after the decline and collapse of the Roman empire in the West
Ec[000000]f[16]LBByzantium
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Another name for the Byzantine Empire 9 (q.v.).
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcadaverB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a dead body; a corpse
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcadence
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
A progression of chords, usually two, giving an effect of closing a "sentence" in music.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcadenza
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
A solo vocal or instrumental passage, either of an improvised nature, or in some other way suggesting an interpolation in the flow of the music.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCafe Chat Noir
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
A cafe in Paris where members of the avant-garde met and exchanged ideas.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCafe Lapin Agile
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
A Paris cafe that attracted many painters during the late 1800s and early 1900s, Pablo Picasso among them.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcalligraphyB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
fine or elegant handwriting created by linear yet flowing and rhythmic strokes
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCalvinism
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Doctrine of the Protestant theologian, John Calvin (1509-1564), followed by many religious groups in many countries of Europe.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCamille Pissarro
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
An Impressionist painter whose production of paintings was prolific, and in all techniques: oils, pastels, etchings, drawings, and lithography.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcamouflageB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a protective coloration used by individuals in order to appear disguised as part of their natural surroundings
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcanopyB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
a protective covering, such as an ornamental cloth, suspended above an altar
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcantata
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
The Italian term for music that is sung rather than played on instruments.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcantus firmus
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
A plain song serving as the basis of a polyphonic composition by the addition of contrapuntal voices, as in 15th-century polyphony.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcapitals
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The tops of columns or pillars.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCaravaggio
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1573-1610); influential Italian painter.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCarbonariB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
members of an Italian secret society that worked for the independence of Italy during the early 1800s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcarewornB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
showing signs of worry; haggard
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcaricatureB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
cartoon-like drawing or painting that exaggerates the features of its subjects for the sake of humor
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCarracci
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Annibale Carracci (1560-1609); Italian painter from Bologna.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcarrackB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
a merchant ship with sails used on the Mediterranean Sea in the 15th and 16th centuries
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcaryatidsB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
sculptured images of female figures, who are wearing draped clothing, used as columns in classical architecture
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCasa MilaB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a building in Barcelona, designed by the Spanish architect Antonio Gaudi, that exemplifies the Art Nouveau style of architecture
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCascade Mountains
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
a chain of mountains that extends from northern California through Oregon and Washington into southern British Columbia
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcastleB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
in feudal times, the fortified dwelling of a prince or nobleman
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcatacombB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
an underground place of burial consisting of passages and small rooms with excavations in their sides for tombs
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcatapultedB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
launched or thrown with great force
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcatcall
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
A shrill or harsh cry intended to signify disapproval, especially for a performance.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCathedra Petri
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Throne of St. Peter in St. Peter's in Rome; a luxurious setting designed by Bernini for the wooden chair believed to have belonged to Peter himself.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcathedralB
(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the church containing the cathedral, or official chair, of a bishop
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCatherine IIB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
czarina of Russia known as Catherine the Great, who ruled Russia from 1762-1796; Catherine imported French fashions, and exported Russian rule to much of Poland
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcavatina
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
An operatic song in slow tempo, either complete in itself or followed by a faster, more resolute section.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcentipede
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Any one of a class of creatures that are wormlike, with many legs, and as long as from one inch to a foot.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCervantes
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Spanish novelist, author of the satiric Don Quixote de la Mancha, which was first published between 1605 and 1615. Don Quixote inspired Fielding, Richardson, and other eighteenth-century writers of picaresque novels.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCesare Borgia
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Son of Pope Alexander VI; He was an outstanding figure of the Italian Renaissance; a cardinal by 1493, Cesare resigned after the death of his elder brother (in whose murder he was probably involved) and entered politics; an ally of Ec[000000]f[16]LFLouis XII of France, he overran the cities of Romagna one by one. (1476-1507)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCh'ing dynasty
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Another term for the Manchu dynasty, the last dynasty to rule China. The Ch'ing, or Manchu, dynasty established its control over all of China during the eighteenth century. Emperor Chien-Lung (1736-1796) was opposed to foreign trade. So China Ec[000000]f[16]LFwas among the most isolated civilizations on Earth.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBchaliceB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a cup or goblet
Ec[000000]f[16]LBchamber musicB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
music developed during the late 1600s and early 1700s, intended for playing in smaller chambers rather than in concert halls; the popularity of the music came when the ability to play music was one of the signs of an educated person
Ec[000000]f[16]LBchance
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
In this sense, random choice that is not guided by anything but luck.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBchants
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Songs that are either sung in a monotone or that consist of a few words and that are sung in as hymnlike way.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBchapels
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Religious buildings smaller than a church; also, a small area within a church or an entirely different institution such as a hospital set apart from the main part of the building for religious services.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcharacteristic
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Being typical of a certain person or thing, such as a special style used by an artist.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBChardinB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
French painter who lived from 1699-1779; he was known for his still lifes and intimate portraits of middle-class subjects
Ec[000000]f[16]LBchariotB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
a light two-wheeled vehicle, usually pulled by two horses and driven from a standing position
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCharlemagneB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
Carolingian king of the Franks (768-814) who was crowned emperor of the West in 800 by Pope Leo III, thereby creating the so-called Holy Roman Empire
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCharles DarwinB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a nineteenth-century British naturalist whose scientific investigations led him to formulate the theory of evolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCharles DickensB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a nineteenth-century novelist who was considered one of the greatest writers of his time; his work described contemporary life in England
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCharles Griffes
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
The American Impressionist composer who wrote The Pleasure Domes of Kubla Kahn.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCharles I of EnglandB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
English ruler (1600-1649) who lost his head after the defeat of Royalist forces in the English civil war; the murder of the English monarch sent shock waves throughout the monarchies of Europe, leading them to tighten their absolutist policies
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCharles VI of AustriaB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Hapsburg ruler of Austria (1685-1740) whose claims to the throne of Spain helped bring on the War of the Spanish Succession; Louis XIV, a Bourbon, opposed the Hapsburgs in this war
Ec[000000]f[16]LBChartresB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a cathedral in France that is regarded as the first fully developed example of the High Gothic architectural style; Chartres, a spectacular structure that sits on a broad, flat plain, is a major French tourist site
Ec[000000]f[16]LBChasidism
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Reform movement within Judaism that began in the 1700s among Polish Jews and spread through the Jewish communities of Eastern Europe during the 1800s.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBChassidimB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
reform movement within Judaism that began in the 1700s among Polish Jews and spread through the Jewish communities of Eastern Europe during the 1800s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBchastityB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the state or quality of being pure in character or conduct, virtuous, and not guilty of unlawful sexual intercourse
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcherub
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
An angel; often represented as a chubby, rosy-cheeked infant with wings.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCheyenneB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a Native American tribe of the Midwest; the Cheyenne were buffalo hunters; in the 1870s, the Cheyenne joined with other Plains Indians in uprisings against white settlers and the U.S. Army; the capital of Wyoming is named Cheyenne in honor of this tribe
Ec[000000]f[16]LBchiaroscuroB
(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(Art & Music: The Baroque)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
the use of dramatic contrasts of light and shadow
Ec[000000]f[16]LBChicagoB
(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
the third largest city in the United States; this city is located in Illinois on the western shore of Lake Michigan
Ec[000000]f[16]LBchord
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
A blending of two or more notes.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBchords
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The simultaneous playing of several harmonious notes.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBChristendom
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
That part of the world considered Christian.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBChristianityB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
general term used to describe the religion that arose in Palestine in the 1st century A.D.; this religion, based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, has spread to nearly every part of the world
Ec[000000]f[16]LBChristinaB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Swedish queen who ruled from 1644-1654; she was noted for her intelligence and learning and for gathering at her court the best minds of the age
Ec[000000]f[16]LBChristophe Gluck
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
German composer who lived in London, Paris, and Vienna at different times of his life. He wrote at least 45 stage works, including several operas on Classical themes, such as Orpheus, Alkestis, and Iphigenia in Aulis.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBChristopher ColumbusB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Genoese mariner who, sailing under the flag of Spain, reached and claimed America on October 12, 1492; the European discovery of America is one of the key events that divided the Renaissance from the Middle Ages
Ec[000000]f[16]LBchromatic
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
Pertaining to musical intervals outside the diatonic (major or minor) scale.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBchurchB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a building for Christian worship
Ec[000000]f[16]LBciboriumB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
a vaulted canopy, suspended above a high altar, that is held in place by four columns
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCicero
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Roman orator, politician, and philosopher who gave his name to the first great period of Latin literature; his Orations reveal the crosscurrents of Roman politics and are a useful source of material for historians.
(104 B.C.-43 B.C.)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCistercian Order
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
A Christian order of religious, part of the Benedictine Order, and founded in France in 1098.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCivil Rights Movement
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the political movement of the 1960s seeking equal rights for all minorities; Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was one of the leaders of this movement
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCivil WarB
(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
the war that occurred from 1861-1865 in the United States between the Northern states and the Southern states; the war was fought over slavery and other economic and political issues
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcivilizationB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
an advanced state of human society in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been Ec[000000]f[16]LFreached; people or nations that have reached such a state
Ec[000000]f[16]LBclaimB
(U.S. Geography: The West)
legal permission to work or occupy a piece of land; used especially in mining
Ec[000000]f[16]LBclamB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
any of the marine or freshwater mollusks of the class Pelecypoda; clams are a popular seafood in the Northeast region
Ec[000000]f[16]LBClara BartonB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
founder of the American Red Cross who lived between 1821-1912
Ec[000000]f[16]LBclassicalB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
pertaining to the art, architecture, and literature of ancient Greece, especially those works created during the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBclassical mythology
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Legends and stories from the Greek and Roman period which seems to reveal and express the world view and traditions of the people of that time.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBClassical PeriodB
(History through Art: Ancient Greece)
the period of Greek history dating from 477 B.C. to 326 B.C.; 477 B.C. to 431 B.C. is regarded as the Golden Age of Greece
Ec[000000]f[16]LBClassicismB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
the artistic style and spirit of Ancient Greece and Rome
Ec[000000]f[16]LBClaude DebussyB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a nineteenth-century French composer whose music suggested fleeting moods and emotions
Ec[000000]f[16]LBClaude MonetB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
the prolific nineteenth-century painter who was the leading member of the Impressionists
Ec[000000]f[16]LBclimateB
(U.S. Geography: The West)
the weather characteristic of a certain place, including rainfall, heat, coldness, and dryness
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcloisterB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a covered walk that runs along the inside walls of buildings in a quadrangle, such as in a monastery or college
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCluny
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
A community in the east of central France.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcodified
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Organized into a system, placed in a systematic order.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcoherenceB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
unification
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcollage
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Anything that is constructed of odd parts or pieces that are placed together; often on a canvas.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBColonialB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
pertaining to the original 13 colonies that formed the United States following the American Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcoloniesB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
new territories subject to a ruling state
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcolonnadeB
(Art & Music: The Baroque)
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
a series of regularly spaced columns supporting the base of a roof
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcolor toneB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
a quality of color that refers to the degree that the color absorbs or reflects light; a tint or shade; value
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcolumnB
(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a post or pillar, especially one consisting of a base, shaft, and capital, serving as a support for ornamentation
Ec[000000]f[16]LBComedy
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Branch of drama or fiction in which the characters are treated humorously and that has a happy ending.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBComedy of manners
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
A type of satiric comedy in which the artificial manners of the aristocracy and others are satirized. A common feature of these comedies, which were very popular in the eighteenth century, was having characters personify vices.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcommemorateB
(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
to remember and honor the memory of an individual(s) through a ceremony or other observance
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcommemorativeB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
serving to honor the memory of someone or some event
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcommissioned
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Paid to be done, as a patron of the arts would commission a painting be created.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcommunicateB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
to pass information or knowledge from one person to another
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcomplementary color
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
A term meaning that each primary color--red, blue, yellow--has a complementary color, formed by a mixture of the other two.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcomplex
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
The state of being complicated or difficult to understand, as opposed to being simple.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcompositionB
(Art & Music: Surrealism)
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
a proportional, interrelated, and unified arrangement of elements
Ec[000000]f[16]LBconceptual art
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Art in which the purpose is to get across an idea or concept, rather to present a concrete work of art.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBconcerto
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
A work making contrasted use of solo instruments and orchestra, generally in three movements.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBconcerto grosso
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Musical form in which a small group of solo instruments is set against the sound of the whole orchestra.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBconcordB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
harmony
Ec[000000]f[16]LBconcrete
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Existing as a real thing, not as an idea; something specific and real.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcondenseB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
to form a vapor as a result of weather conditions
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcondottiereB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a leader of mercenary soldiers between 1300 and 1600; from the Italian word meaning to conduct or lead
Ec[000000]f[16]LBconduitB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a channel or pipe for conveying fluids or electrical wires
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCongreve
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Anglo-Irish playwright whose most lasting work was The Way of the World. This comedy of manners, written in 1700, is still performed today. Congreve lived from 1670 to 1729.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBconsciousB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
fully aware of; having your mental faculties fully active; known to you
Ec[000000]f[16]LBconspicuousB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
easily seen or noticed
Ec[000000]f[16]LBConstantineB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
Roman emperor who began ruling the western half of the Roman Empire in A.D. 312 and who became sole emperor of a unified Roman Empire in A.D. 324
Ec[000000]f[16]LBConstantinopleB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the name given by Emperor Constantine to the city founded in A.D. 330 at the site of the old town of Byzantium; the city, designated by the Emperor Constantine as the new capital of the Roman Empire, also served as the capital of the Byzantine Ec[000000]f[16]LFEmpire; Constantinople is now known as Istanbul
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcontemplatedB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
considered thoroughly
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcontemporaryB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
from the same period or time
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcontemptB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
the feeling with which a person regards anything considered beneath them
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcontinentB
(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
(U.S. Geography: Alaska & Hawaii)
(U.S. Geography: The West)
one of the seven great masses of land on earth
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcontour
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The outline of a figure, form, or shape.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcontrapuntal
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Characterized by counterpoint, the technique of combining two or more distinct lines of music that sound simultaneously.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBconventB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a home for a community of nuns
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCorelli
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Archangelo Corelli (1653-1713); Italian composer, conductor and violinist.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcoronationB
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
a ceremony for the crowning of a sovereign or the sovereign's consort
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcorpsB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
a group of persons associated or acting together
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcorpse
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
A dead body, especially of a person.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcorruptionB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
decay; also, dishonest or illegal practices
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcosmopolisB
(History through Art: Ancient Greece)
a city with international relations of importance
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcosmopolitanB
(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(Art & Music: The Baroque)
(U.S. Geography: The West)
having to do with all parts of the world; a place where people of many nations are welcome
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCounter-ReformationB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
the movement for reform within the Catholic Church that followed the Protestant Reformation
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCounterpoint
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
The interweaving of several complex melodies around a single group of chords. Counterpoint was a characteristic of "the Italian style," which swept over the musical world in the 1700s. Bach and other Ec[000000]f[16]LFnorthern composers adapted the technique.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcountry and western
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
American form of popular music with origins in the country dance music of the British Isles and France.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcourtB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a sovereign together with his council and retinue
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcoveB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a small, shallow inlet or bay of saltwater; in the Northeast, there are many shallow coves that provide a habitat for marine animals and other wildlife
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcredulous
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Gullible, or easily deceived by something or someone.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcropsB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
agricultural produce such as corn or wheat
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcrucifixB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a cross bearing an effigy of Christ crucified
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcrucifixionB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
execution on a cross
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCrusadesB
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the military campaigns of feudal Christendom against the Islamic people who held the Holy Land of Palestine; these campaigns took place between the 11th and 14th centuries
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcruxB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
a vital, basic, or decisive point
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCrystal PalaceB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an iron and glass building of innovative design constructed in England in 1851 to house the first World's Fair
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCubismB
(Art & Music: Surrealism)
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a modern artistic movement (1907-1915) led by Picasso and Braque that depicted, in a departure from representational art, geometric forms in nature
Ec[000000]f[16]LBCubistsB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
artists who practiced a style of painting and sculpture characterized chiefly by reducing natural forms to their geometrical equivalents
Ec[000000]f[16]LBculminatedB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
ended or concluded; arrived at a final stage
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcultB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
great reverence of a person, idea, or thing, especially as manifested by a body of admirers
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcultureB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a specific stage or period in the development of civilization
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcurrentB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a steady movement of water
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcurvilinear
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
Consisting of or bounded by curving lines.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcustodians
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Those who are caretakers or keepers of something.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcustomsB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
habits, usage, or conventions; a practice so long established that it is thought of as a law
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcycle
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
A set of works, especially songs, intended to be performed as a group and often linked musically or by other means.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBcynicismB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a scornful or mocking attitude
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDaciansB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
people of Dacia, an ancient kingdom and later a Roman province between the Carpathian
Mountains and the Danube River
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDadaB
(Art & Music: Surrealism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
international anti-art movement that produced absurd and nonsensical works reflecting the cynicism of the post-World War I era
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDadaist
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
One who paints in the Dada style, in which the purpose is to produce both hysteria and shock.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdaguerreotypeB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an early photograph made using Daguerre's process
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDaniel Defoe
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
English writer who lived from 1660 to 1731. Defoe wrote hundreds of pieces of literature, but earned literary immortality through only two, the novels Robinson Crusoe and Moll Flanders.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDark AgesB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the period in European history between the fall of the Western Roman Empire in A.D. 476 and the Italian Renaissance that began in the 14th century; the Dark Ages refers especially to the early part of that period because it was a time characterized by ignorance and reaction
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDavid
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
The second king of Israel (1013-973 BC); one of the great figures of the Old Testament and, as an heroic figure, a popular subject during the Renaissance and Baroque period.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDay of Judgment
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
In the Christian religion, the day when God will judge all the world.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdecimal currencyB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
currency whose units are divided and multiplied by tens; thanks to Alexander Hamilton, the money of the United States is a decimal currency; thinkers in Enlightenment times were obsessed with Ec[000000]f[16]LFregulating their currencies because so much financial havoc had resulted from the currency being a royal plaything
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdeclarationB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a formal statement, usually written formal document
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdematerializeB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
disappear; go out of existence
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdemonB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
an evil spirit; the devil
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdemoralized
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Having been thrown into disorder or confusion, on the order of being weakened in a belief.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdenigrateB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
belittle or defame
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDenis DiderotB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
leading writer and intellectual figure during the Enlightenment; between 1750-1772 Diderot compiled and edited an encyclopedia of all current knowledge
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdenounceB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
to openly condemn
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdespairB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
loss of hope; hopelessness
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdevelopment
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
In music: the section of a movement between the initial statement of themes and their final recapitulation.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdevoutB
(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
deeply religious
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDewey decimal systemB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a widely used system of classification, developed at Amherst Collage in 1873, that catalogs all knowledge under ten divisions
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDiaghilev
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
Sergei Diaghilev (1872-1929) Russian founder of the Ballet Russes, which performed first in Paris in 1909.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdiatonic
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
In music: pertaining to a given major or minor key, the opposite of Chromatic.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdictatorshipB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
a country, government or form of government in which absolute power is held by one person
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDiego de VelazquezB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Spanish painter (1599-1660) known for his portraits of Philip IV and other members of the Spanish royal family
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdignitariesB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
people who hold high rank in office, as in the government
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdiscipleB
(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
a pupil or follower of another
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdisciples
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
The followers or students of a person, particularly one who teaches a specific system or belief.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdiscredit
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Cast doubt on, seek to create distrust in, as in discrediting someone's story.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdisdainfulB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
looked upon or treated with contempt; despised; thought unworthy of notice
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdisenchantedB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
to lose a sense of illusion or belief in a thing
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdisintegratedB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
lost its unity or came apart
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdissectB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
to cut apart and analyze in detail, especially anatomical tissue
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdistortionB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
twisted out of shape; made crooked or deformed; misrepresented
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdoctrine
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Archaic: a teaching, instruction; something that is taught; a principle or position or the body of principles in a branch of knowledge or system of belief: dogma. Ec[000000]f[16]LBdomainB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
territory or range of rule or control
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdomeB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a roof resembling an inverted cup or hemisphere, formed by grouped, rounded arches or vaults rising from a round or many-sided base
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdominateB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
to rule over; govern; control
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDonatello
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Not only the greatest Florentine sculptor before Michelangelo, he was the most influential individual artist of the 15th century (1386?-1466).
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDorothea DixB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
American reformer (1802-1887) who campaigned extensively on behalf of the poor, the imprisoned, and asylum inmates; she also headed Union nursing efforts during the Civil War
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdreamscapes
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
A landscape that resembles a dream more than reality, used often by artists in painting.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdredgeB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a scooping machine used to deepen harbors or rivers; the act of deepening harbors or rivers
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdrudgeryB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
tedious or unpleasant work
Ec[000000]f[16]LBduple time
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Time in which the primary division is into 2 or 4, e.g., 2/4, 4/4, as distinct particularly from triple time (primary division into 3).
Ec[000000]f[16]LBDynamics
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Musical term for degree of loudness or softness in music. During the late 1700s and early 1800s, the dynamic range of instruments and orchestras increased dramatically.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBdynasty
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
A succession of rulers from the same family or line.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBearth works
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Art that consists of moving or shaping the ground to form a pattern or object.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEcole des Beaux-Arts
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
One of the most famous academics of art studies in the world, located in France.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBecstasyB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
an emotion so intense that it carries one beyond rational thought and self-control
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEdgar Degas
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
One of the Impressionist painters who was technically the greatest experimenter and innovator of the group. He recorded the manners and movements of a society he observed almost as if it were another world.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEdict of NantesB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
French law passed by King Henry IV, first Bourbon king of France, guaranteeing freedom of religion to French Protestant Huguenots; the edict was revoked by Louis XIV in 1685
Ec[000000]f[16]LBedifice
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
A building, especially one of imposing appearance or size.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEdmund BurkeB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
British statesman (1729-1797) who supported in Parliament the American colonists at the time of the American Revolution; later, after the excesses of the Ec[000000]f[16]LFFrench Revolution, he became more conservative
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEdouard ManetB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an innovative and creative nineteenth-century painter who was noted for his brilliant technique; he painted with great immediacy directly from his models
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEdvard MunchB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a late nineteenth-century Norwegian painter whose artistic style reflected the sinuous curves of Art Nouveau
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEiffel TowerB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
the tower constructed by Alexandre Gustave Eiffel to commemorate the Paris exposition of 1889
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEl Greco
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Spanish Old Master who lived from 1541 to 1614, during late Renaissance times. His distinctive elongated figures and heavily contrasting shadows are the best examples of the painting style called mannerism.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBelectronic music
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
Term applied to a type of composition in which musical elements are assembled under the composer's direction on recorded tape. The playback of the tape then functioning as performance, no written score being necessary.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBElevatedB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an urban, public railway system operating on tracks erected over the streets; iron or steel girders support the tracks
Ec[000000]f[16]LBeloquent
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Having the quality of expressing things well, whether in a person's speech or innately through an object's beauty.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBembellishment
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Something added to another thing to make it more beautiful, such as a decoration.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBembellishments
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Added decorations or adornments.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBembracingB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
encircling, as with the arms
Ec[000000]f[16]LBembroideredB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
cloth work that has been embellished with ornamental needlework
Ec[000000]f[16]LBemperorB
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
the sovereign or supreme ruler of an empire
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEmperor Franz Josef I
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
Born 1830-1916; crowned Emperor of Austria in 1848, and King of Hungary in 1867; he was part of the Triple Alliance.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBengineersB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
a person trained and skilled in the design, construction, and use of engines or machines, or in any of various branches of engineering such as chemical engineer, mechanical engineer, civil engineer, etc.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEnglandB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
an island nation adjacent to the European continent; England, as part of Great Britain, founded the original 13 colonies in the U.S. Ec[000000]f[16]LBEnglish Civil WarB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
successful rebellion of the English Parliament, led by its Puritan contingent, against the English monarchy; after the war, which took place from 1642-1649, the English overthrew and beheaded their monarch, Charles I; propaganda by John Ec[000000]f[16]LFMilton and other English civil war-era writers spread radical Protestant ideas throughout Europe
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEnglish language
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the principal language of the United States and Great Britain
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEnglish RestorationB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
the restoration in 1660 of the Stuart dynasty to the English throne
Ec[000000]f[16]LBenlightened despotB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
powerful monarch who did what was best for his subjects, a popular ideal in the 1700s; Joseph II of Austria and Frederick Ec[000000]f[16]LFII of Prussia were the most commonly cited examples of enlightened despots; neither, however, was particularly enlightened in comparison to modern standards of civil rights or justice
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEntr'acte
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
French; an intermission between acts, and sometimes referring to the music or entertainment performed during the intermission.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEquality, Fraternity Liberty
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Slogan of the French Revolution.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBErasmus
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Dutch humanist. One of the great figures of the Renaissance, he taught throughout Europe, influencing European letters profoundly from 1500. Among his satirical works, written in Latin, are in Praise of Folly (1509) and The Education of a Ec[000000]f[16]LFChristian Prince (1515). He was intimate with most of the scholars of Europe; his English friends included Henry VIII and Thomas More. (1466--1536)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBErik Satie
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
french composer (1866-1925) known for his cool, clear style, wit, and wry sense of humor that surfaced in his compositions.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEskimos
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
hardy people who live in the cold Arctic regions of North America; Eskimos belong to the Mongoloid stock, with straight black hair, brown eyes, high cheekbones, and wide faces
Ec[000000]f[16]LBestateB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
usually an extensive piece of landed property or the residence built on it
Ec[000000]f[16]LBestatesB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
large properties which include elaborate houses
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEstates-GeneralB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
traditional parliament of feudal France, divided into three estates: the nobility, the clergy, and the commons; this body was dissolved by the Bourbons and did not Ec[000000]f[16]LFmeet at all from 1614-1789; its reconvening was one of the steps that led to the French Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBesteemB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
to regard highly
Ec[000000]f[16]LBetchings
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Prints created by the use of a metal plate on which designs have been etched by means of acid.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEtruscansB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
inhabitants of Etruria, an ancient country roughly corresponding to modern Tuscany in Italy
Ec[000000]f[16]LBeucharist
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
The Christian sacrament in which consecrated bread and wine are partaken of in celebration of Christ's Last Supper.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEuclid
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
A Greek mathematician who wrote the basic book about geometry about the third century B.C.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBEugene BoudinB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a nineteenth-century French painter who tried to record his impression of a subject as rapidly as possible
Ec[000000]f[16]LBevangelicalsB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
members of churches that emphasize the authority of the Scriptures and center on personal conversion through faith in Christ
Ec[000000]f[16]LBevangelistB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
one who preaches the authority of the Scriptures
Ec[000000]f[16]LBexcerpt
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
A selection from something, usually a work of music or literature.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBexcursion
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
A trip or jaunt to some place, as an excursion to a park or down a river.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBexecutiveB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
in government, pertaining to or charged with the carrying out of laws and the administration of public affairs
Ec[000000]f[16]LBexemplifiesB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
shows; illustrates by example; typical of
Ec[000000]f[16]LBexistentialismB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a modern philosophy focused on the uniqueness and isolation of the individual in an indifferent and even hostile world
Ec[000000]f[16]LBexoticB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
belonging by nature or origin to another part of the world; not native; foreign
Ec[000000]f[16]LBexperiments
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Actions that are done with the purpose of researching or finding out something for the sake of knowledge.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBExpressionismB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a twentieth-century artistic movement in which the subjective feelings of the artist Ec[000000]f[16]LFtook precedence over the rational and objective depiction of the subject matter
Ec[000000]f[16]LBExpressionists
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
A school of artists asserting personality, individuality, and identity in their works.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBexquisite
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Being very lovely, fine, or delicate; a term used in the sense of high praise.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBextension
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
The extending of something, or stretching it out further than its normal area.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBexteriorB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
of, pertaining to, or situated on the outside of a building, etc.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBexternal
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Referring to the outer element of something, such as the weather outside a house.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBextraneousB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
not pertinent or relevant; coming from outside
Ec[000000]f[16]LBexultantB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
jubilant or triumphant
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFabian Society
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
Founded in 1884 in London; believed in slow, gradual change in government rather than revolutionary change; members spread socialists' ideals.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfacadeB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
the face of a building
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfacetsB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
small, polished surfaces as on a cut gem
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfaction
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
A group of persons forming a cohesive, usually contentious minority within a larger group.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfan vaulting
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The vaulting that resembles the shape of a fan.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfanaticalB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
driven by excessive or irrational zeal
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfantasticB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
bizarre, strange, or unreal
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfantasy
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Fancy; something created by the imagination.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFarnese family
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Wealthy and powerful Roman family during the Baroque period.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFarnese Gallery
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Large room in the palace of the Farnese family in Rome; decorated by Annibale Carracci with pictures from classical mythology, it became one of the most famous galleries in Europe.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFauvismB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an artistic movement in the early twentieth century characterized by strident color, distortions, and bold brushwork
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFauvist
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
A member of a group of twentieth-century artists who earned the nickname of Fauves, following the annual exhibit of avant-garde art, where they (Henri Matisse and his friends) unveiled a roomful of vividly colored canvases. A prominent Ec[000000]f[16]LFcritic compared them to fauves, or wild beasts. Fauves used color in a decorative rather than in a realistic way.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfertileB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
soil capable of producing a wealth of plant growth and good crops
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfeudalismB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a system based on the exchange of land and services that was prevalent in medieval Europe between the 8th and 14th centuries
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfin-de-siecleB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a French phrase, meaning "end of an age," used to define the last years of the nineteenth century
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFirst Continental CongressB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
assembly of elected delegates from the thirteen English colonies that was convened in 1774 following the Intolerable Acts, a new series of taxes and duties Ec[000000]f[16]LFimposed by Great Britain in response to the Boston Tea Party of 1773
Ec[000000]f[16]LBflagellationB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
whipping
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFlat Iron buildingB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an early steel-framed skyscraper-- now an historic building-- built in New York City in the 1880s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBflawlessnessB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
with nothing to mar or take away from perfection; beauty without a fault or flaw
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFlorenceB
(Art & Music: The Baroque)
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a city in Italy
Ec[000000]f[16]LBflowering
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
The blooming of something, especially used when referring to the flowering of culture or art.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfluer-de-lisB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a three-petaled iris flower often used in heraldry
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfluid
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Like a liquid, flowing like a liquid.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBflying buttressB
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a bridge of masonry that carries the thrust of a vault or roof to an outer support
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfogB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
water vapor in the form of a cloud-like mass that hovers close to the ground
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFolies BergereB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a Parisian music hall that produced advertising posters in the Art Nouveau style in the late nineteenth century
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfolk music
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
Terms implying that the work concerned has been transmitted aurally among "the people" from one generation to the next and can be ascribed to no particular composer
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfool the eye
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
A type of representation in painting in which the illusion of form, space and light appears three-dimensional on a two-dimensional surface; often identified by the French phrase, "trompe-l'oeil".
Ec[000000]f[16]LBforegroundB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
the near portion of a scene (as opposed to the background)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBforeshortening
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
The use of perspective to represent the apparent visual contraction of an object that extends back in space.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBform
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
The layout of a piece of music considered as a succession of sections.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFormalism
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
Twentieth-century art, represented by Seurat and Cezanne, in which the artist reduced nature to a series of simple geometric shapes, giving solidity to the subject matter. Painters sometimes used different perspectives within the same Ec[000000]f[16]LFwork to translate abstract ideas of motion and the passage of time into concrete visual images.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFormalistB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
the school of Post-Impressionist painters, represented by Seurat and Cezanne, who artistically were concerned with structure
Ec[000000]f[16]LBforsakeB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
give up; leave behind
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfortepiano
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
An early Italian name meaning the same as pianoforte. Its use in English to denote the late 18th-century piano is arbitrary.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfortificationsB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
in the military, works constructed for the purpose of strengthening a position
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfortressB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a large military stronghold; a fort or heavily fortified town
Ec[000000]f[16]LBforty-ninerB
(U.S. Geography: The West)
any person who headed for California in 1849 to find gold
Ec[000000]f[16]LBforumB
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a public square or market; any place or medium for open discussion
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfounderingB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
sinking; failing utterly; collapsing
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfragmentedB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
broken into pieces
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFranceB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
Western European nation from which the United States acquired territory through the Louisiana Purchase in 1803
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrancisco de GoyaB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a Spaniard who became court painter of King Charles III in 1789; Goya's concern Ec[000000]f[16]LFfor humanity grew increasingly; his works of art disclosed his sense of despair and provided biting social commentaries; his work significantly influenced many nineteenth century artists
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrancisco Javier Clavijero
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Mexican historian who lived from 1731 to 1787. His great work, the Ancient History of Mexico, was not published until 1780. Clavijero had access to the historical documents collected by Carlos de Siguenza y Gongora, the great seventeenth-century scholar.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrancois VoltaireB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
French Enlightenment writer and encyclopedist (1694-1778) who is known for popularizing the discoveries of Newton and other scientists and for speculating about the philosophy of Deism
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFranz LizstB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
Hungarian composer (1811-1886) who extensively used folk melodies in his works
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFranz Marc
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
A French artist (1880-1916) who with Kandinsky was a founder of Der Blane Reiter and the Fauvist movement.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrederic ChopinB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
Polish composer (1810-1849) who is best known for his piano works
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrederick DouglassB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
American writer, born into slavery in 1817, who became the most famous and convincing orator of the abolitionist movement
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFreedom of ReligionB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
the right to follow any or no religion, according to individual conscience; establishing this right in Europe was a centuries-long process, which erupted in Ec[000000]f[16]LFviolence during the wars of the Reformation; the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution both helped establish this right; in the United States, it was established by the Bill of Rights
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrench and Indian WarB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
name given to the American branch of the Seven Years War (1756-1763); this war was an international war between Great Ec[000000]f[16]LFBritain and France, and their respective allies; at the end of the war, France lost most of its territories in America
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrench and Indian WarsB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
North American colonial wars in which the French and Indians fought together against the British from 1689-1763
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfrenzy
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
A state of being frantic or engaging in wild activity, but often used just to describe a state of excitement.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfrescoB
(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(Art & Music: The Baroque)
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
a painting made from watercolors applied to fresh, moist plaster
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFrescobaldi
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Girolamo Frescobaldi (1583-1643); Italian musician; organist at St. Peter's in Rome starting in 1608.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfriezeB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
(History through Art: Ancient Greece)
the middle section of a horizontal band of decoration on a building; usually a carving in stone
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfrontierB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
the region just beyond the settled or civilized area of a country or territory
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfunctionB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
the purpose for which something is designed or exists; its role
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFunctionalismB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an architectural philosophy of design (late nineteenth century) that emphasized the practicality and utility of a building; the functionalism of the engineer began to replace the historical styles copied by the architect
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfundamentalB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
being an essential part of, a foundation or basis
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfurniture music
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
A term in surrealism that refers to music that supposedly is unpretentious, like furniture, and is ordinary and useful.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBFuturismB
(Art & Music: Surrealism)
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an Italian artistic movement (1910) that stressed motion and sought to glorify the age of the machine through the painting and sculpting of multiple moving parts
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfuturist
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
One who follows the art movement known as futurism, q.v.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBfuturists
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
A group of intellectuals, writers, artists, and composers who praised and glorified the mechanized, militaristic society.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGabrieli
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Giovanni Gabrieli (1557-1612); organist and composer, recognized as one of the great masters of Italian Renaissance music.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGaulB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the ancient name for the area now comprising modern France that was once inhabited by Celts
Ec[000000]f[16]LBgentryB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
well-born and well-bred people; the aristocracy
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGeorge BerkeleyB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Anglican bishop and philosopher (1685-1763) whose work dealt with the relationship between reality and perception
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGeorge Frederick HandelB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
German-born English composer (1685-1759) who was a master of Baroque music; he is best-known for his oratorio, The Messiah, which is performed around the world at Christmas and Easter
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGeorges BraqueB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a twentieth-century painter who, with Picasso, developed a new approach to painting that became Cubism
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGeorges SeuratB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
one of the great Post-Impressionist artists who developed the painting technique called pointillism, in which the color of light is broken down into dots
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGhiberti
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
A Florentine goldsmith and sculptor, Lorenzo Ghiberti won the competition held by the merchant guild of Florence to design a series of doors for the baptistery of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBghost townB
(U.S. Geography: The West)
usually, a mining settlement that has been abandoned and left deserted; it also can mean any abandoned town
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGilded AgeB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
the years following the Civil War when speculators and railroad barons made a great deal of money
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGiotto
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
A Florentine, Giotto is generally regarded as the founder of modern painting, since he broke away from the stereotyped forms of Byzantine art and tried to give his figures solidity and naturalism while imbuing passion and imagination into his scenes. (1266-1337)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGiovanni Battista Pergolisi
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Italian composer who lived from 1710 to 1736. Pergolisi created a new music form, the light, comic opera, with La Serva Padrona. The opera achieved its greatest success in the 1750s, when it was imported into France, inspiring many imitations "in the Italian style."
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGiovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Italian composer. He was undisputed master of the mass, of which he wrote 105, for four, five, six, and eight parts. His other works included motets, madrigals, magnificats, offertories, litanies, and settings of the Song of Songs. (1525-1594)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGlorious RevolutionB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
peaceful political upheaval in which two Protestant rulers, Prince William of Orange and his wife, Mary Stuart, assumed the throne of England at the request of Parliament; Queen Mary's Ec[000000]f[16]LFgrandfather, the pro-Catholic James II, was forced to abdicate the throne
Ec[000000]f[16]LBgold leaf
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Gold that has been beaten thin into a sheet and backed by an adhesive so that it can be applied to something.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBgold rushB
(U.S. Geography: The West)
the hasty travel to a place that is said to be rich with goldfields
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGonzaga Family
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Ruling family of the Italian state of Mantua during the Baroque era.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGood Friday
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
A holiday on the Christian calendar; the day that Jesus died on the cross.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGothicB
(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
architectural style (1140-1560) featuring high naves with flying buttresses (bridges of stone) and large windows sectioned by stonework into many small panes
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGottfried Wilhelm LiebnizB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
German philosopher and mathematician (1646-1716) who, along with Descartes and Spinoza, helped found modern philosophy and modern mathematics
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGotthold Lessing
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
German writer who lived from 1729 to 1781. He was a leader of the German Enlightenment. Like Enlightenment writers in England, France, America, and other places, Lessing promoted the ideal of religious tolerance. Lessing was a dramatist and essayist.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGraces
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Three goddesses who enhanced the enjoyment of life by refinement and gentleness; these three goddesses were named Aglaia (brilliance), Euphrosyne (joy), and Thalia (bloom).
Ec[000000]f[16]LBgraffiti
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Writings or drawings on public walls or structures, such as subway stations or on subway cars.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGrand Canyon National Park
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
a 1,218,375-acre park in north and central Arizona that includes 105 miles of the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River
Ec[000000]f[16]LBgrandiose
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Grand in the sense of being imposing, magnificent.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGreat Exhibition of the Works of IndustryB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
the name given to the first World's Fair, held in London in 1851 in the innovative Crystal Palace designed by Joseph Paxton
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGreat LakesB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
five freshwater lakes located in the interior of the United States; these five lakes, among the largest freshwater lakes in the world, are named Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGreat PlainsB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a sloping plateau in western North America, bordering the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains from Canada in the north to the states of New Mexico and Texas in the south
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGreat Smoky Mountains National Park
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
a 520,269-acre park lying on either side of the boundary between North Carolina and Tennessee; the park contains some of the most extensive virgin hardwood and red spruce forests in the United States
Ec[000000]f[16]LBgrowing seasonB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
the period of favorable weather during which a crop can be planted, grown, and harvested
Ec[000000]f[16]LBguildsB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
an association or group of tradespeople, formed to further their own interests
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGulf of MexicoB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
part of the Atlantic Ocean that forms much of the southern boundary of the continental United States
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGulliver's TravelsB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
bitter political and social satire written by Jonathan Swift and published in 1726
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGustave CourbetB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a nineteenth-century French painter recognized for his use of chiaroscuro and his vivid, unconventional, and dramatically exciting artistic style
Ec[000000]f[16]LBGustave FlaubertB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
French writer who lived from 1821-1880; his best-known work is Madame Bovary
Ec[000000]f[16]LBhabitatB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
an area of the environment in which a biological organism lives
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHagia SophiaB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
originally built as a Christian church, this structure in Constantinople is considered the masterpiece of Byzantine architecture and is one of the world's most magnificent buildings
Ec[000000]f[16]LBhallelujah
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
From the Hebrew, "Praise be the Lord."
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHandel
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
George Frideric Handel (1685-1759), German composer especially famous for his oratorios, such as The Messiah.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHans Holbein the younger
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
An outstanding portrait and religious painter of the northern Renaissance. In Basel, Switzerland he illustrated Erasmus' Praise of Folly. He was also court painter to Henry VIII, and painted numerous portraits of the king and his wives. (1497-1543)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHapsburgB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
family that controlled several European thrones from the 13th century through the 20th century; the most important throne that they controlled was that of Austria
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHarmonic
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
A weaker subsidiary tone of a fundamental tone, also known as overtones.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHarmonic series
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
The natural series of harmonics that occurs when a fundamental tone is sounded; a set of graded tones. Measured scientifically, the tones represent fractions or multiples of vibrations. For example, an octave is an interval of twelve half-steps. Ec[000000]f[16]LFThe octave tone vibrates twice as fast as the fundamental tone of that series.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBharmony
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The playing together of musical parts so as to make a pleasing sound.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHarriet TubmanB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
an escaped slave and American abolitionist who helped bring other slaves to freedom by way of the Underground Railroad
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHarunobo
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
Japanese artist whose painting, The Evening Bell of the Clock, inspired Degas' Melancholy.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHarvard UniversityB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
oldest university in English North America, founded in 1636
Ec[000000]f[16]LBhatching
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
A technique of shading created by closely spaced parallel lines.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBhavocB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
great confusion and uncertainty
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHawaiians
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
descendants of the people who came to live in the Hawaiian Islands hundreds of years ago; the Polynesians, who sailed to Hawaii in their giant canoes from other Pacific islands about 2,000 years ago, Ec[000000]f[16]LFwere the first people to live in the Hawaiian Islands
Ec[000000]f[16]LBheld-drone
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
A drawn-out musical line that sounds like a drone.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHelen Fourment
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Second wife of Peter Paul Rubens; after the death of his first wife Rubens married the much younger Helen Fourment, then only sixteen; she became the theme and inspiration of his late mythologies and subject of many portraits.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHellenisticB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
pertaining to the period of ancient Greek culture following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. and continuing until the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 B.C.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHellenistic PeriodB
(History through Art: Ancient Greece)
the period of Greek history dating from 323 B.C., the time of Alexander the Great's death, to 146 B.C., when Rome conquered Greece
Ec[000000]f[16]LBhemisphere
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the two halves of the earth, north and south
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHenri LabrousteB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a nineteenth-century French architect who designed the Biblioteque Nationale (National Library) with a traditional neoclassic exterior and a functional interior
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHenri MatisseB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
the principal artist of Fauvism, noted for his still lifes; he was strongly influenced by Impressionism
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHenry Fielding
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Henry Fielding, who lived from 1707 to 1754, wrote plays, novels, and political reports, and served as a magistrate. Tom Jones earned him a place in literature as one of the fathers of the modern English novel.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHenry IVB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
first Bourbon king of France, who ruled from 1589-1610
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHenry JamesB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a nineteenth-century American novelist; some of his writings are described as psychological realism
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHenry Purcell
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
English composer who lived from 1659 to 1695. He brought a light "Italian" touch to English music, composing charming vocal and orchestral works for the musical theater, the Church, and the court of Queen Mary, a noted patroness of the arts.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHerbert HooverB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
31st president of the United States (1929-1933) who was born in West Branch, Iowa; his birthplace is now a national historic site; Hoover Dam, built across the Colorado River in Arizona, is named in his honor
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHerculesB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
a celebrated Greek mythical hero who possessed exceptional strength; the son of Zeus and Alcmene
Ec[000000]f[16]LBheritageB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
customs and traditions passed down from from one generation to the next
Ec[000000]f[16]LBhiatusB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a gap or break in time
Ec[000000]f[16]LBhighlandsB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
elevated land, such as a hilly or mountainous region
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHiroshige
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
Japanese artist whose painting, Moonlight, Nagakubu, was a model for Whistler's Nocturne in Blue and Gold.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHollenzollernB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
family of German nobles who became the rulers of Prussia
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHollywood
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the district of Los Angeles, California, where most movies and network television programs are produced
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHoly Cantile
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
Composed by Igor Stravinsky who adopted the twelve-tone technique used by Webern.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHoly Roman EmpireB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a political entity in central Europe from the 10th to the 19th centuries that gave rise to the modern states of Germany and Austria
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHomo sapiens
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
all humans belong to the species Homo sapiens, which means that the genetic material of all people is so similar that all humans can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Ec[000000]f[16]LBhomophony
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Term used as opposite of "polyphony", i.e., signifying that the parts move together, presenting only a top melody and chords beneath, as distinct from the contrapuntal interplay of different melodies simultaneously.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHonore DaumierB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
French artist (1808-1879) who was known for his realistic scenes of the lives of the poor
Ec[000000]f[16]LBhubB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
a center of activity or the part in the center around which all else revolves
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHudson RiverB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
one of the major rivers in New York
Ec[000000]f[16]LBHuguenotsB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Protestants who lived in southern France, outlawed when Louis XIV revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1685; their emigration to Holland, America, and England was enriching to these countries because of their business expertise and wealth
Ec[000000]f[16]LBhumanism
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
The agnostic philosophy that regards humans as "the measure of all things," as opposed to religious beliefs.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBhumanistsB
(History through Art: Ancient Greece)
followers of a school of thought that places human values above those of state and religion
Ec[000000]f[16]LBhumbleB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
modest and meek; aware of one's shortcomings
Ec[000000]f[16]LBhumilityB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
lack of pride; being humble
Ec[000000]f[16]LBidealize
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
To regard as ideal.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIdiophone
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Scientific term for a class of instruments that are "self-sounding," such as cymbals and rattles. This instrument class includes xylophones, but not drums, wind instruments, or stringed instruments like pianos.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIgor StravinskyB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a twentieth-century Russian composer whose music interweaves various rhythms within different sections of the orchestra
Ec[000000]f[16]LBilluminated manuscriptB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a heavily ornamented and painted manuscript that is made from vellum or parchment
Ec[000000]f[16]LBillumination
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Decoration painted on the vellum or parchment leaves of a manuscript. A illumination is an illustration, ornamental initial, or painted pattern.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBilluminations
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
In manuscripts, handwritten texts made by hand and adorned with ornamental design, letters, and paintings, often using silver and gold leaf.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBillusionB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
something that deceives by producing a false or misleading impression of reality
Ec[000000]f[16]LBillusionism
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
A movement in art often associated with Giorgio de Chirico, in which perspective and realism are used to create the illusion of distance.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBImmigrantB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
one who comes into a country or region of which one is not a native in order to settle permanently there
Ec[000000]f[16]LBimmigrantsB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
(U.S. Geography: The West)
those persons who have moved from one country to find a home in another country
Ec[000000]f[16]LBimpending
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
About to take place.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBimpersonalB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
having no personal reference or connection
Ec[000000]f[16]LBimportB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
to bring or cause to be brought into a country from abroad for commercial purposes
Ec[000000]f[16]LBImpressionismB
(Art & Music: Surrealism)
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
late-nineteenth-century French school of painting that emphasized the artist's visual impression of light and color in nature at a given moment
Ec[000000]f[16]LBimprovisationB
(Art & Music: The Baroque)
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
performing without previous practice
Ec[000000]f[16]LBimprovise
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
To perform music according to a spontaneous fancy, not from memory or written copy.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBimpulses
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Sudden tendencies to act on something not planned in advance; spontaneous acts.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIndependence HallB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
the site in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where the Declaration of Independence was signed
Ec[000000]f[16]LBindeterminacy
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
The principle, employed by some modernistic composers from the 1950s, of leaving elements of the performance either to pure chance or to the decision of the performer.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIndians
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the first people to live in America; they made their home in North and South America thousands of years before Christopher Columbus reached the Western Hemisphere; Columbus gave the Ec[000000]f[16]LFpeople he met the name "Indians" because he mistakenly thought he had reached India; Indians belong to the Mongoloid stock, with straight black hair, brown eyes, high cheekbones, and wide faces; they probably entered North America from Asia by crossing a land form over the Bering Strait more than 20,000 years ago
Ec[000000]f[16]LBindividualityB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
having a characteristic that makes the object distinct or different from other objects
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIndo-Aryans
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
a lighter-skinned race of people living in India who speak a form of the Aryan language; the group includes Moslems, Hindus, Sikhs, and Jains
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIndustrial Age architectureB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an architectural period (1800-1915) marked by the utilitarian construction of factories, apartment houses, stores, and railroad stations using durable materials such as steel, iron, cement, and wrought iron
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIndustrial RevolutionB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
Ec[000000]f[16]LF(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a historical period (1750-1850) that saw industry become the predominant force in economic and social life
Ec[000000]f[16]LBindustrial wasteB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
waste produced by industrial pursuits
Ec[000000]f[16]LBindustryB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
commercial production and the sale of goods and services
Ec[000000]f[16]LBinfantile
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Something that has the qualities of a child, in the sense of being childish.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIngres
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres was a French painter who lived from 1780 to 1867. Although Jacques-Louis David, his mentor, and many other painters made scenes from Greek and Roman times, Ingres insisted not only on Classical Ec[000000]f[16]LFsubject matter, but also on rigid, formal style and content. He remained an arch-conservative throughout the Romantic Era.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBInigo Jones
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
English architect who lived from 1573 to 1652. Jones helped introduce Classical forms into England. Influenced by the Italian architect Palladio, Jones helped create what came to be known as the Palladian style. Wren and Vanbrugh later modified the style, making it more graceful.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBinitials
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
In illuminated manuscripts, the beginning letter of a word that opens a book, chapter, section, and is highly decorated.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBinletB
(U.S. Geography: The West)
a narrow strip of water entering the land from a larger body of water
Ec[000000]f[16]LBinnardsB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
internal body organs
Ec[000000]f[16]LBinstrumentation
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
The balance of the different instruments within an orchestra.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBintellectB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
the part of the mind that reasons abstractly or profoundly
Ec[000000]f[16]LBinternal
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Referring to the inner element of something, such as the inside of a house or a person's body.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBinternal-combustion engineB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
an engine wherein fuel is burned
Ec[000000]f[16]LBinterplay
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The action of mutual exchange between persons or things.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBInterval
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
The spaces between the tones in a harmonic series. Like notes, octaves, and keys, intervals are scientific units, based on measuring the vibrations of air. During the eighteenth century, music became a science as well as an art.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIntolerable ActsB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
series of harsh new laws and taxes: Great Britain's response to the Boston Tea Party of 1773; the Acts led to the calling of the First Continental Congress and, eventually, the American Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIntonation
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Tuning an instrument or a human voice. During the eighteenth century, advances in the science of sound made it possible to measure the vibrations of air. This gave a scientifically accurate meaning to the phrase "perfect pitch."
Ec[000000]f[16]LBintrigue
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
A secret or underhanded scheme; a plot.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBintrospective
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Being inward looking, or quietly thoughtful.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIroquoisB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a Native American tribe that inhabited the Northeast
Ec[000000]f[16]LBirrationalB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
deprived of reason; without normal mental clarity or sound judgment; utterly illogical
Ec[000000]f[16]LBirrationality
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
The quality of being contrary to reason, not rational, as in behavior or speech.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIsaac
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
The only Son of Abraham, q.v., and who was almost sacrificed by Abraham.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIsabella Brandt
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
First wife of painter and diplomat, Peter Paul Rubens.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBIslamB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a religion founded by Mohammad, an Arabic man who believed himself to be the final prophet
Ec[000000]f[16]LBisolatedB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
being alone, set apart from others
Ec[000000]f[16]LBivory
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The material that forms the tusks of elephants and walruses, and often used for making carvings.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJacobinsB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
radical political faction during the French Revolution, led by Robespierre
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJacobitesB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
supporters of James Stuart (James II) of England, who was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution; Jacobites made two unsuccessful invasions of Great Britain, one in 1715 and the other in 1745; in both cases, the invasions were launched from Ec[000000]f[16]LFFrance, with the support of the French monarchy
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJacopo Bellini
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
The first Renaissance artist of Venice, whose paintings are mostly of religious subjects.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJacques Vache
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
A Parisian Dadaist who caused a riot during a theater intermission by threatening to shoot up the audience.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJacques-Louis DavidB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
leading painter of the French Revolution, who lived from 1748-1845; he was "dictator of the arts" under Napoleon Bonaparte; David used classical images to Ec[000000]f[16]LFevoke feelings of patriotism toward the new French Republic
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJames EnsorB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a Belgian painter of the late nineteenth century whose themes, like those of Edvard Munch, expressed a deep-seated fear of the present and future
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJames Whistler
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
An American painter, famous for his technique in placing a figure against an almost empty and colorless background, as in his popular painting, Whistler's Mother.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBjazzB
(Art & Music: Surrealism)
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
American music developed from ragtime and blues
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean Alembert
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Alembert (1717 to 1783) was the French mathematician who edited all the scientific articles in Diderot's encyclopedia. Most of the literary credit for the encyclopedia has gone to Diderot.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean Antoine Watteau
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Flemish painter who lived from 1684 to 1721, best known for painting rural scenes in theatrical settings.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean Honore Fragonard
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Fragonard, who lived from 1732-1806, typified most of the painters of the Enlightenment era by painting sentimental subjects.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean Jacques Rousseau
B(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Novelist and essayist of the French Enlightenment (1712-1778). The Social Contract, one of the most influential books of the Enlightenment, was written in 1776. Rousseau's works also included the novel Ec[000000]f[16]LFEmile (1762) and his autobiographical Confessions (1765).
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean LaFontaine
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
French writer who lived from 1621 to 1695. He translated Aesop's fables and other Classical tales into French. Most of the writers of the eighteenth century were raised on LaFontaine's fables. In those days, almost all educated Europeans knew some French.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean Philippe Rameau
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
French composer who lived from 1683 to 1764. Rameau's textbook, Treatise on Harmony, helped to educated most young European musicians.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean Racine
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
French writer (1639-1699), considered the greatest writer of Classical drama. In 1677, he became the official historiographer to Louis XIV, the King of France. His ten plays are still performed frequently.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean-Antoine Houdon
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
French sculptor who lived from 1741 to 1848. He sculpted many of the leading figures of the Enlightenment, even sailing to America to sculpt George Washington. Houdon's statue of Washington stands in front of the state capitol in Richmond, Virginia.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean-Antoine WatteauB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
French painter (1684-1721) best known for painting rural scenes in theatrical settings
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean Baptiste ColbertB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
chief advisor to Louis XIV of France from 1661-1683
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean-Baptiste-Simeon ChardinB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
the finest eighteenth-century French painter of still life; his works are noted for their solid color and depth of tone
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean-Honore FragonardB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
French painter (1732-1806) of landscapes and aristocratic scenes who typified most of the painters of the Enlightenment era by painting sentimental subjects
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean Jacques RousseauB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
novelist and essayist (1712-1780) of the French Enlightenment; The Social Contract, one of the most influential books of the Enlightenment, was written in 1776; Rousseau's works also included the novel Ec[000000]f[16]LFEmile (1762) and his autobiographical Confessions (1765)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJean RacineB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
French writer (1639-1699) who is considered the greatest writer of classical drama; in 1677, he became the official historiographer to Louis XIV, the king of France; his ten plays still are performed frequently
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJesuitsB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
members of a Roman Catholic religious order for men named the Society of Jesus
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJethro TullB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
English inventor of the seed drill, which revolutionized agriculture in the 1700s; the drill was used for planting seeds in straight rows
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJoan Miro
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
A twentieth-century painter of Spanish origin who became one of the leading Surrealists.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohann Sebastian BachB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
German composer whose life span (1685-1750) marks the Baroque era in music; Bach, one of the most influential composers in music history, perfected Ec[000000]f[16]LFsuch forms as the fugue and broke new ground in the use of counterpoint
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohannes KeplerB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
German scientist (1571-1630) and forerunner of Newton who worked on the law of planetary motion
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn Adams
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Second president of the United States. Adams also helped to negotiate the Peace of Paris of 1783, which ended the American Revolution. Always a conservative, he deplored the violence of the French Revolution and objected to Ec[000000]f[16]LFallowing Thomas Paine's The Rights of Man to be printed and distributed in the United States. Adams lived from 1735 to 1826.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn BrownB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
abolitionist who led a band of armed men in an attack on the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, in October, 1859; he subsequently was hanged
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn Bunyan
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
English Dissident preacher and author. In his book Pilgrim's Progress, Bunyan not only wrote an immortal novel, but also gave many new phrases to the English language, including "muckraking," "Vanity Fair," and "the Celestial City." Bunyan lived from 1628 to 1688.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn ConstableB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
English artist who studied landscapes by the Dutch "Old Masters" to perfect such techniques as chiaroscuro-- the use of dramatic lights and shadows
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn Dryden
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Leading English neoclassic writer. Dryden, who lived from 1631 to 1700, is best known for his Essay of Dramatic Poesy, written in 1668. He also wrote stage plays, including adaptations of Shakespearian tragedies, into musical comedy form.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn HancockB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
American Revolutionary leader (1737-1793) who was serving as president of the Second Continental Congress when the Declaration of Independence was signed; Ec[000000]f[16]LFthe first to sign, Hancock wrote his name in huge letters
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn LockeB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
English political philosopher (1632-1704) who developed many ideas that later became important to democratic government, including the idea of checks and balances and the concept of the Ec[000000]f[16]LFsocial contract; he was an important influence on Montesquieu and other French writers
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn MiltonB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
English poet (1608-1674) whose masterpiece, Paradise Lost, was completed in 1665; in his own time, Milton was better known for the pamphlets that Ec[000000]f[16]LFhe wrote during the English Civil War, advocating freedom of religion and the press
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn Singleton CopleyB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
American painter (1738-1815) of the late colonial and early national periods
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn TrumbullB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
American painter (1756-1843) whose best paintings, of Revolutionary-era subjects, were made around the turn of the century
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJohn Vanbrugh
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
English architect who lived from 1664 to 1726. He is best known for designing Blenheim Palace, the lavish "English Versailles," for Churchill, Duke of Marlborough. Curiously, one of Vanbrugh's first literary works was a dramatic farce in the French style, The Country House.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJonathan SwiftB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Anglo-Irish satirical writer (1667-1745) whose best-known work is Gulliver's Travels (1726)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJose de San MartinB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
liberator of Argentina, Chile, and Peru during the South American Revolution fought against Spain
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJoseph Addison
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
English essayist and editor. With Richard Steele, published the first English magazines, The Tatler and The Spectator. Addison lived from 1672 to 1719.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJoseph PaxtonB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an English architect who designed the Crystal Palace
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJoshua ReynoldsB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
British painter (1723-1792) who is important in art history not only for his paintings but also for his influence on other artists, including the American artists Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, and Gilbert Stuart
Ec[000000]f[16]LBjousting
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The game of mock combat between knights, who ride with lances held to unseat each other.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBjunctureB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
the point at which two bodies join together
Ec[000000]f[16]LBJustinianB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
Byzantine emperor from A.D. 527-565; one of the great rulers of the Byzantine Empire, he is remembered especially for the legal codex complied at his direction
Ec[000000]f[16]LBjuxtaposition
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
The placing together of several things side by side, sometimes in art in order to create a new effect.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBKaren HorneyB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a German psychiatrist who came to the United States in 1932 and was associate director of the Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis
Ec[000000]f[16]LBKarl MarxB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
nineteenth-century German economist and philosopher; regarded as the founder and premier theorist of modern socialism and international communism
Ec[000000]f[16]LBkeenB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
fine, sharp, acute
Ec[000000]f[16]LBkelpB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a brown-colored seaweed
Ec[000000]f[16]LBkermessB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
an outdoor fair or festival held in the Netherlands and Belgium
Ec[000000]f[16]LBkeylessness
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
Musical compositions that have no specific key signature.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBkinetic art
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Art that consists of machinery or working parts that are put together so that they move or operate.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBKing George's War
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Term for the North American branch of the War of the Austrian Succession.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBKing Philip IV of Spain
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Reigned from 1621 to 1625; during this period Spain declined as a European power.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBKlavier
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
General term for keyboard instruments, including the harpsichord and piano. Pianos first came into use in the late 1700s. During the eighteenth century, the keyboard became the standard for harmonic tones.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBKlee
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
Paul Klee (1879-1940) a Swiss painter, also called a fantasy painter, whose work is filled with childlike whimsy and muted colors.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBknightB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
in medieval times, a feudal tenant serving his superior as a mounted soldier; also a gentleman, usually of the nobility, trained for mounted combat and raised to honorable military rank and the order of chivalry through special ceremonies
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlairB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
the den of a wild animal
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLake ErieB
(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
one of the five Great Lakes; the shoreline of this lake touches Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Michigan
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLake HuronB
(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
one of the five Great Lakes; the shoreline of this lake touches Michigan
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLake MichiganB
(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
one of the five Great Lakes; the shoreline of this lake touches Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLake OntarioB
(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
one of the five Great Lakes; the shoreline of this lake touches New York
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLake SuperiorB
(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
one of the five Great Lakes; the shoreline of this lake touches Minnesota and Wisconsin
Ec[000000]f[16]LBland enclosureB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
an important development in the 1700s in the movement toward more scientific farming; enclosure involved fencing in common lands in order to make possible crop rotation, fertilizer application, and Ec[000000]f[16]LFother agricultural improvements; unfortunately, since villagers and peasants had traditionally grazed their cattle on common lands, enclosure also led to widespread displacement and hunger
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlandmarkB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
(U.S. Geography: The West)
a building or object that is outstanding or has historical significance, and is set aside for preservation as such
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlandscapeB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
the depiction of an expanse of natural outdoor scenery
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLarB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a guardian god or spirit of the household in Ancient Rome
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlares and penatesB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
highly regarded household possessions, from Lares and Penates, household gods from Ancient Rome
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLas Meninas
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
(Spanish for "The Handmaidens") The title of a painting of the Infanta Margareta Teresa with her retinue of ladies and dwarfs painted by Velazquez in 1656; considered by many art historians and critics as one of the greatest paintings of all time.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLatinB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
language of the ancient Romans; it survived the collapse of the Roman Empire because it had become the liturgical language of the Roman Catholic Church; Latin remained the language of Ec[000000]f[16]LFWestern scholarship until the Enlightenment
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLatinsB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
the ancient people of Latium in central Italy, which was part of the Roman Empire
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlatitude
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the distance north or south of the equator measured in degrees, also called parallels
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlaude-Achille Debussy
B(Art & Music: Romanticism)
French composer and noted critic who lived between 1862 and 1918. Debussy was noted for his new outlook on harmony and musical structure during the era of Impressionism.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLaura Ingalls WilderB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
an American author whose stories about her 19th century childhood in the Midwest still are read widely and loved today
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLBJ Space Center
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
a center for America's space program in Houston, Texas; it was named for President Lyndon B. Johnson
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlegacyB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
anything handed down from the past, as from an ancestor or predecessor
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLegislative AssemblyB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
ruling body of France from 1791-1792; it was dominated by moderate, middle- and upper-class Girondists, many of whom lost their heads to the newly liberated mobs who took over during the Reign of Terror
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLeipzig
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
A major industrial and cultural center of Germany, at one time famous for its musical life.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLeonardo
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519); One of the greatest of the "universal men" produced in the Italian Renaissance; known for his work in art, science, philosophy etc.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLeonardo da Vinci
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
One of the greatest universal men produced by the Renaissance. Leonardo's intellectual powers were such that he anticipated many later discoveries in anatomy, aeronautics, and several other fields, as well as being one of the greatest Ec[000000]f[16]LFof Italian artists. His intellectual powers were so diffused over an enormous range of interests that he brought hardly any major enterprise to a conclusion: He almost discovered the circulation of blood, he invented the first armored fighting vehicle, projected several aircraft and helicopters, and anticipated the submarine; however, not one of these Ec[000000]f[16]LFdiscoveries was completed. In the same way he left thousands of notes and drawings, but only a handful of paintings, and fewer still completed ones. (1452-1519)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLewis and Clark ExpeditionB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
an exploration from 1804 to 1806 of the newly-acquired Louisiana Territory and the land further west to the Pacific Ocean; authorized by President Thomas Jefferson; the expedition was led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark; their Ec[000000]f[16]LFguide was a Native American woman named Sacajawea
Ec[000000]f[16]LBliberation
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
The act of freeing something, either from physical bondage or from intellectual limitations.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLiberty BellB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
the bell in Independence Hall that was rung in July of 1776 to proclaim the Declaration of Independence
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLibretto
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Term for the text of an opera or oratorio. For example, the libretto for Mozart's operas The Barber of Seville and The Marriage of Figaro came from comic dramas by Beaumarchais.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlimestoneB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a type of rock formed over many centuries by the slow buildup of mud and other materials, usually on the bottom of a lake or ocean
Ec[000000]f[16]LBliraB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
the basic monetary unit of Italy
Ec[000000]f[16]LBliteracyB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the state or condition of being able to read and write
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlithographsB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
multiple prints produced from a smooth-surfaced stone on which the design is drawn using a special ink or crayon
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlivestockB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
domestic animals raised and maintained as a food source
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlockB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
the section of a canal in which water is raised and lowered
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlogical
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Something that follows a system of logic, or that is reasonable and rational.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlonghorns
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
a breed of cattle descended from the cattle brought to America by Spanish explorers in the sixteenth century
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlongitude
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the angular distance east or west of the prime meridian, also called meridians
Ec[000000]f[16]LBloomB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
machine for weaving cloth; hand looms were invented in ancient Egypt and known throughout antiquity; weaving technology Ec[000000]f[16]LFchanged little until the late 1600s and early 1700s; looms were among the first water- and steam-powered machines of the Industrial Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBloot
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
To pillage, steal.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLorenzo Ghiberti
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Florentine sculptor. In 1401 he won the competition to produce a bronze portal for the Baptistery in Florence. The reliefs, executed between 1403 and 1424, depict the life of Christ, the Evangelists, and the Church Fathers. (c. 1378--1455)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlottery wheel
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
A revolving hollow drum in which lottery tickets are mixed and then withdrawn as winning tickets.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLouis Jaques DaguerreB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
the inventor of the daguerreotype (1839), a type of photograph
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLouis SullivanB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an American architect who pioneered modern skyscraper construction; he also developed the use of ornamental forms in architecture, as exemplified in the feather ornamentation of the Auditorium building in Chicago
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLouis XIII
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
(1601-1643) French king from 1610 to 1643; his reign marked by strong leadership from his ministers who centralized royal authority and laid the foundation for absolutism in France.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLouis XIVB
(Art & Music: The Baroque)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
ruler of France from 1643-1715; known as "The Sun King", Louis XIV made France the most powerful nation in Europe; he expanded French territory through warfare, Ec[000000]f[16]LFand, as a symbol of his power, built the palace of Versailles
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLouis XVB
(Art & Music: The Baroque)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
great-grandson (born 1710) of Louis XIV who ruled France from 1715-1774
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLouis XVIB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
monarch who ruled France at the time of the French Revolution; he and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were beheaded by guillotine during the Reign of Terror
Ec[000000]f[16]LBLouisiana PurchaseB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
purchase from France by President Thomas Jefferson of the entire Mississippi Ec[000000]f[16]LFRiver basin; this huge acquisition more than doubled the land area of the United States
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlowlandsB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
land that lies lower than that of the nearby country
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlucrativeB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
profitable, producing wealth
Ec[000000]f[16]LBluminescenceB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
giving off light
Ec[000000]f[16]LBluteB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
a stringed musical instrument that has a long neck and pear-shaped body
Ec[000000]f[16]LBluxury
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Possessions and wealthy beyond the normal need.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBlyreB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a musical instrument in the harp family; in Ancient Greece it often accompanied singing and poetry
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMadonnaB
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
the Virgin Mary
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmanifestoB
(Art & Music: Surrealism)
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
a public declaration of intentions, opinions, objectives, or motives
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmannerism
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
An artistic style of the late 16th century, characterized by the distortion of such elements as scale and perspective.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmantle
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
A loose cloak that has no sleeves.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMaria TheresaB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Hapsburg ruler of Austria who reigned from 1740-1780; the War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748) was fought over the right of Maria Theresa to the Austrian throne; she won her throne and went on to Ec[000000]f[16]LFmarry her children into the other ruling dynasties of Europe; her daughter, Marie Antoinette, married Louis XVI of France
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMarie AntoinetteB
(Art & Music: The Baroque)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Hapsburg queen of France beheaded by guillotine in 1793 during the Reign of Terror; the daughter of Maria Theresa of Ec[000000]f[16]LFAustria, her marriage to Louis XVI of France was arranged to unite the Hapsburg and Bourbon dynasties
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMarie de' Medici
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
(1573-1642) Queen consort of French king Henry IV of France and regent for their son, Louis XIII.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMarie Louise
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Empress of France from 1810 to 1815; second wife of Napoleon I, mother of Napoleon II and daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Francis II.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmaritimeB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
(U.S. Geography: The West)
having to do with the sea, as in a climate
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMarquis de LafayetteB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
French hero (1757-1834) of the American and French Revolutions; Louis XVI, the French monarch, allowed Lafayette to help Ec[000000]f[16]LFthe Americans because he hoped to weaken Great Britain, which recently had defeated France in the Seven Years War
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMarseilles
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Seaport and major trade center in southeastern France.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmartyr
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
One who chooses to suffer death rather than renounce religious principles.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmartyrdomB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
extreme suffering and torment because of one's faith
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmarvelous
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Having the quality of being splendid or wondrous, and often used as an expression of praise.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMary Cassatt
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
An American painter who studied in Paris and became an Impressionist. Her works are noted for their discipline of line and subtlety of color.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMary StuartB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
English queen who assumed the throne in 1688 with her husband, Prince William of Orange, at the request of Parliament; Queen Mary's grandfather, James II, was forced to abdicate the throne because of crimes that included trying to bypass a Ec[000000]f[16]LFparliamentary government and favoring the Roman Catholic Church; William and Mary were Protestants and agreed to give powers to rule to the English Parliament
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMary WollstonecraftB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
English writer noted for penning the first declaration of the women's rights movement, A Vindication of the Rights of Women, and her novel, Frankenstein
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMary Wollstonecraft Shelley
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
British author who created Frankenstein, the most misunderstood Romantic character of them all. The full title of her famous novel was Frankenstein: The Modern Prometheus. She lived from 1797 to 1851.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMasaccio
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Italian painter who was one of the foremost figures of the Florentine Renaissance; his great Trinity fresco in Santa Maria Novella, Florence, revolutionized the understanding of perspective in paining. (1401-1428?)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMassB
(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the Eucharist liturgy in the Roman Catholic Church and some Anglican churches, consisting of various prayers and ritual ceremonies and regarded as a Ec[000000]f[16]LFcommemoration or repetition of Christ's sacrifice on the Cross
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmass-productionB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
produce or manufacture goods in large quantities, especially by machinery and often using an assembly line
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmaterialize
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
To make come to life or reality, especially when speaking of making something materialize.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMaurice de Vlaminck
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
German painter who lived from 1876 to 1958. Along with Matisse and Derain, he became a leading exponent of Fauvism.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMaurice Ravel
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
French composer noted for his Impressionist technique, mastery of orchestration, and innovations in exploiting the sonorities of the piano.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMediterranean
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
The sea between Europe, Asia, and Africa, connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the Strait of Gibraltar and to the Black Sea by the Dardanelles and Bosporus.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmelody
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
A succession of notes varying in pitch and having a recognizable musical shape.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmementosB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
things that serve as a reminder of what is past or gone; a souvenir
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMennonitesB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a religious group made up originally of Dutch and Swiss Anabaptists who came to call themselves Mennonites in honor of one of their 16th century leaders, Menno Simons; Russian Mennonites who immigrated to the Midwest brought seed Ec[000000]f[16]LFgrain for winter wheat with them; winter wheat became a major Midwestern crop
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMercury
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
The god Mercury was the Roman equivalent of the Greek god Hermes, the messenger; also the god of science and commerce and the patron of travelers.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMessiah
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Any leader expected to save a people; especially used for Jesus Christ.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmetaphysicalB
(History through Art: Ancient Greece)
having to do with the abstract or hard to understand subjects; from the word "metaphysics"
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmeteB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
hand out or pass out, allot
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmethodicalB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
act in a systematic way; orderly, painstaking, especially slow and careful; deliberate
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMethodismB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
reform movement within Protestantism founded in the 1730s by Charles and John Wesley; the movement spread rapidly during the 1700s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmetropolisB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a large, urban center of culture, trade, and transportation
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMichelangeloB
(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Renaissance artist (1475-1564) who was a sculptor and architect as well as a painter; his most famous works are his statue of David and the paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMichelangelo (Buonarroti)
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
One of the great masters of the Italian Renaissance; was noted for his sculpture, painting and poetry (1475-1564).
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMichelangelo Buonarroti
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
Italian born (1474-1564) artist; sculptor, painter, and architect.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMichelangelo Merisi da CaravaggioB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Renaissance artist (1573-1619) noted for his still lifes
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMidwest region
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the region of the United States consisting of the states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmilitantB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
combative; hostile; fighting
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmineral resourcesB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
solid materials found naturally in the earth, such as coal, diamonds, and gold, for which humans have found use
Ec[000000]f[16]LBminimal art
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Art that is abstract and geometrical, made with the intent of impersonality.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBminnesingers
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Members of a group of German poets and singers who flourished from the 12th to the 14th centuries.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBminutemenB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
colonial militiamen in the American Revolution who were ready to fight "at a minute's notice"
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMisia Sert
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
Patroness of the arts (1872-1950); a friend to all the important artists, writers, and musicians of the day.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmissionB
(U.S. Geography: The West)
a station or settlement of a religious group, with the intention of helping those living nearby
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMississippi RiverB
(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
one of the great rivers of the world; the Mississippi River begins in Minnesota and flows southward until it empties into the Gulf of Mexico
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMissouri RiverB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
one of the major western tributaries of the Mississippi River
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmodern architectureB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an era (1920-present) in which new technologies continue to create new design needs; low, steel-constructed buildings with glass walls covering large areas were in vogue at the beginning of this era
Ec[000000]f[16]LBModern art
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
In strict historic terminology, modern art began in the middle of the nineteenth century with the realism of Courbet, when art began to free itself from traditional requirements of subject matter and form.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmodern civilizationB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
period from the Industrial Revolution in the middle 1800s to the present
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmodification
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
A change or adjustment made to something.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMogulsB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Muslim dynasty that ruled India between the 1500s and the 1800s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMohawk RiverB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a river in upstate New York that parallels the Erie Canal
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmonasteries
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The buildings in which monks and nuns live in a community of prayer and work.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmonasteryB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a dwelling place occupied in common by persons, especially monks, living under religious vows and in seclusion
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMongol EmpireB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a great Asian empire founded in 1206 by the Mongol conqueror, Genghis Khan
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmonkB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
one who has taken the religious vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience and is usually a member of a monastic order
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmonks
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Men who abandon the world to live in a monastery and carry on a secluded, religious life.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmonophonic
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Being sung or played in unison and without harmony.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmonstrosity
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Something that is monstrous, or has the quality of being hideous or not normal in nature.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMontesquieuB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
influential French political writer (1689-1755) who proposed a government divided into executive, legislative, and judicial branches that would hold each other in Ec[000000]f[16]LFcheck; this idea later became part of the United States Constitution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMonteverdi
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643); Italian composer; director of music at the court of the Gonzagas in Mantua.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMontmartre
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
A district in Paris where avant-garde writers, artists, and musicians gathered during the late 1800s and early 1900s.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmonumentalB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
(History through Art: Ancient Greece)
the quality of being like a monument, large, impressive
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMoog Synthesizer
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
An electronic musical device with great and unusual flexibility of sound and tone.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmosaicB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
an artistic work that is created when small pieces of colored stone, marble, or glass are stuck on wet cement to form images and patterns
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmosaics
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Works of art composed of many small pieces of colored glass, stone, tile, or any other such material.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMoslemB
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a believer in Islam
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmotet
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
A polyphonic choral composition on a sacred text, usually without instrumental accompaniment.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmotifB
(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: Ancient Greece)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
a distinctive and recurring subject or idea
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMoulin Rouge
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
A cafe in Paris frequented by many painters during the late 1800s and early 1900s.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMuhammadB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
Arabian founder and prophet of Islam whose revelations are collected in the Koran
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmusic
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
An arrangement of, or the art of, combining sounds that please the ear.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBMusical Expressionism
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
Characterized by desperate intensity of filling and revolutionary modes of utterance.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmysticB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
characterized by otherworldly or symbolic practices and content
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmysticism
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The practice of being mystical or under the influence of mystics.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmythologicalB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
of or pertaining to myths, which are traditional or legendary stories, usually concerned with gods and demigods
Ec[000000]f[16]LBmythology
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
An allegoric narrative; a collection of myths about the origin and history of a people and their deities, ancestors, and heroes.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBnascentB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
emerging or coming into being
Ec[000000]f[16]LBnation
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
people, often of common descent, under the same government
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNational AssemblyB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
the first convening since 1614 of the Estates-General, the traditional representative body of France; the National Assembly took place in June, 1789
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNational ConventionB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
legislative body of France from 1792-1795 and the group in power during the Reign of Terror, which, under the leadership of Robespierre, was responsible for Ec[000000]f[16]LFdecapitating the king and queen; the National Convention was replaced by the Directory
Ec[000000]f[16]LBnationalismB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a political or social movement in which an individual's primary loyalty is given to the state; nationalism played a major role in late eighteenth and nineteenth-century Europe
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNative AmericanB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a member of a various groups of peoples whose ancestors lived in North America before the arrival of Europeans in the 15th century; Native Americans were named Indians by Christopher Columbus, who mistakenly believed upon landing in the Ec[000000]f[16]LFAmericas that he had reached the southern Asian country of India
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNative Americans
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
American Indians, Eskimos, and Hawaiians
Ec[000000]f[16]LBnatural resourceB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
industrial materials that are found in a natural state, such as forests or stone
Ec[000000]f[16]LBnaturalisticB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
imitating nature or the usual natural surroundings
Ec[000000]f[16]LBnaveB
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the main body of a church, situated between the side aisles and usually having a clerestory
Ec[000000]f[16]LBnavigableB
(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a water passage that is sufficiently wide and deep so that large ships can travel easily through it
Ec[000000]f[16]LBneo-Dadaism
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
The post-World War II return of Dada, q.v., especially among American artists searching for a new source of inspiration.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBneoclassicismB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an artistic movement (1790-1830) that Ec[000000]f[16]LFrejected Rococo in favor of a return to classical styles and motifs
Ec[000000]f[16]LBnetworkB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a system of interlacing lines, tracks, or channels
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNew York Stock Exchange
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the largest financial exchange, for buying and selling stocks, in the United States; it is located on historic Wall Street in New York City
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNiagara FallsB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
one of the world's natural wonders, Niagara Falls is located in the Niagara River between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNiccolo MachiavelliB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Italian statesman and author (1469-1527) whose book, The Prince, was a rational analysis of a ruthless ruler's use of political power; the book's ideas contributed to the rise of absolute monarchy
Ec[000000]f[16]LBniche
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
A small recess in a wall, often for the placement of a statue.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNicolas PoussinB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
the greatest of the French seventeenth century classical painters; he made many experiments with color and form in his early years as an artist
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNicolaus CopernicusB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Polish astronomer (1474-1543) who is considered the father of modern astronomy
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNikeB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
Greek goddess of victory
Ec[000000]f[16]LBnineteenth centuryB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
years from 1800 through 1899
Ec[000000]f[16]LBnobilityB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a social class composed of persons having hereditary title, rank, and privileges
Ec[000000]f[16]LBnocturne
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
A night piece. The term was first used by Whistler, who gave his landscapes musical titles.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNorth America
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
one of the great land masses of the globe, located in the northern and western hemispheres
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNorth Pole
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the North Pole is the northern end of the axis about which the earth revolves; the north magnetic pole, which attracts your magnetized compass needles, is located in northern Canada
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNortheast region
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the region of the United States consisting of the states of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Vermont, Maine, New York, Rhode Island, Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Connecticut
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNorthern WarB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
war that lasted from 1700-1721, fought by Sweden under Charles II against Russia under Peter I (Peter the Great); the war, in which Prussia and Hanover took part, helped build a strong Prussian army
Ec[000000]f[16]LBNotre DameB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a famous, early Gothic cathedral built between 1163 and 1257 in Paris, France
Ec[000000]f[16]LBnymph
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Any of the minor divinities of nature in classical mythology, represented as beautiful maidens dwelling in the mountains, forests, trees, and waters.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBnymphsB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
minor mythical deities represented as beautiful maidens inhabiting or personifying entities in nature such as water, trees, and mountains
Ec[000000]f[16]LBO'Hare International AirportB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
the nation's busiest airport, located in Chicago, Illinois; the airport is named in honor of Butch O'Hare, an American pilot who was killed in battle during World War II
Ec[000000]f[16]LBobedienceB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the act of obeying; submission; compliance; one of the three major vows taken by those in religious orders
Ec[000000]f[16]LBobjectiveB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
not influenced by personal feelings, interpretations, or prejudice; based on facts
Ec[000000]f[16]LBoctagonal
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The state of being eight sided.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBOhio RiverB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
one of the major eastern tributaries of the Mississippi River
Ec[000000]f[16]LBOliver CromwellB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
leader of the English Puritans who lead the rebel armies in the English Civil War (1640-1649) and then ruled during the Commonwealth
Ec[000000]f[16]LBOliver Goldsmith
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
British writer who lived from 1730 to 1774. A highly versatile craftsman, Goldsmith wrote such lasting works as the poem The Deserted Village, the novel The Vicar of Wakefield, and a hit comedy of manners, She Stoops to Conquer.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBOliver TwistB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an English novel written by Charles Dickens (1838) that deals realistically with the criminal class and attacks the social injustices of that time
Ec[000000]f[16]LBOmahaB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
A Plains Indian tribe; Omaha, Nebraska, is named in honor of this tribe
Ec[000000]f[16]LBomittedB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
left out; not included
Ec[000000]f[16]LBOp ArtB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a nonobjective art based on optical illusions; these optical illusions are created by geometric forms whose colors the eye must blend from a distance
Ec[000000]f[16]LBoperaB
(Art & Music: The Baroque)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
dramatic presentation in which the dialogues and interactions of the characters are set to music; the first operas were performed in Italy in the early Ec[000000]f[16]LF1600s; the form reached its peak during the Enlightenment and Romantic eras; Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was the most famous opera composer of the Enlightenment
Ec[000000]f[16]LBoppressionB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
burdened with cruel or unjust restraints or punishments
Ec[000000]f[16]LBoptimismB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
a disposition or tendency to look on the more favorable side of events and to expect a favorable outcome; the belief that good ultimately wins over evil
Ec[000000]f[16]LBopulence
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Abundance of wealth, richness of possessions.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBOpus
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Latin word for "work." The term is used in the dating and listing of various composers' works. Musical scholarship, like music publishing, grew during the eighteenth century. Music libraries and printed music kept Mozart's, Haydn's, and Beethoven's works alive.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBoratorioB
(Art & Music: The Baroque)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
musical presentation, usually of a story from the Bible, in which the narration is sung by both soloists and a chorus, who are accompanied by an orchestra; Ec[000000]f[16]LFalthough hundreds of oratorios have been written, the best known is The Messiah, by George Frederick Handel, which is performed every year at Easter and Christmas
Ec[000000]f[16]LBorchestra
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
A numerous mixed body of instrumentalists.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBorchestration
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
The art of writing suitably for an orchestra, band, etc.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBOrfeo
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
A fable in music; recognized as the first operatic masterpiece; written by Claudio Monteverdi and first performed in Mantua in 1607.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBorganic
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
In this case, anything that resembles living forms without specifically resembling any creature.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBOrganum
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
A style of religious music, in which a drawn-out musical line is sung to an ongoing tune.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBorthogonal
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Intersecting or lying at right angles; having perpendicular slopes or tangents at the point of intersection.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBostrich
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
A large, long-limbed bird that lives in Africa and Arabia, and that runs but does not fly.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBotherworldlyB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
of or pertaining to another world, as the world of the imagination or the world to come
Ec[000000]f[16]LBOttorino Respiggi
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
Italian composer of the Impressionist school, noted for his compositions, the Pines of Rome and the Fountains of Rome.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBoustedB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
expelled from a place or an occupied position
Ec[000000]f[16]LBoverlappingB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
to extend over and cover a part of another object
Ec[000000]f[16]LBoverwroughtB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
excessively nervous or excited
Ec[000000]f[16]LBOzark MountainsB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a highland area located in southern Missouri and northern Arkansas, between the Arkansas and Missouri rivers
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPablo PicassoB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a twentieth century painter who, along with Braque, developed what is called analytical Cubism
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPacific Ocean
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the ocean bordering the United States on the west coast
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpaganB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
in early Christian usage, an idol-worshipper
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPaganini NiccoloB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
skilled violin player who lived from 1782-1840
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpaganismB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a lack of religion, no religion
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpaintingB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
a picture or design executed in paints
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpanoramaB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
a picture or series of images presenting the entire, multi-directional view of an area
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpapalB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
of or from the pope
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpapal indulgenceB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
forgivenes for a sin and removal of punishment
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpapistsB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
Roman Catholics
Ec[000000]f[16]LBparadiseB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
the home of righteous souls after death; Heaven
Ec[000000]f[16]LBparallel
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
parallels measure in degrees the distance north or south of the equator
Ec[000000]f[16]LBparcelB
(U.S. Geography: The West)
a group of things
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPassion
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
In the Christian church a Passion is a large-scale work which depicts the story of the Crucifixion.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpassive
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
The state of not being active, of being acted upon, in the manner of passively watching television.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpatronage
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The support in the form of money or remuneration that is contributed by a patron.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPaul CezanneB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
one of the greatest of the Post-Impressionist painters; he is sometimes referred to as a Formalist because of his concern with structure
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPaul GauguinB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
one of the most famous Post-Impressionist painters who, along with Van Gogh, was known as an Expressionist because he tried to capture his feelings on canvas
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPaul RevereB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a colonial silversmith and militiaman who, on the night of April 18, 1775, warned colonists living in the Massachusetts countryside of an approaching British expeditionary force
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPaul SignacB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a French Neoimpressionist painter who used individual flecks of color
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpeakB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
the highest point of a mountain range
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpeasantB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
in Europe, a farmer, farm laborer, or rustic workman
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPenatesB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a guardian god or spirit of the household or state in Ancient Rome
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpentatonic
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
Term used for a scale comprising only five notes, particularly that represented by the five black keys of the piano.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBperception
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
The act of perceiving something, or the understanding of something through perceiving.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPercy Bysshe ShelleyB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
British lyric poet (1792-1822) whose masterpiece, Prometheus Unbound, celebrates the defiant spirit of the Greeks
Ec[000000]f[16]LBperspectiveB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
view of objects within three-dimensional space; a technique of depicting three-dimensional space on a flat surface
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPeter BrueghelB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Renaissance artist who lived from c. 1525(or 1530)-1569; he is noted for painting satirical peasant scenes
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPeter Paul RubensB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Flemish painter (1577-1640) of the Baroque era
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPetrushka
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
Ballet by Igor Stravinsky based on a Russian folk tale about a puppet who comes to life; 1911.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPhilip II of Macedonia
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Ruler of Macedonia from 359 to 336 BC; his conquest of Greece laid the foundation for the empire established by his son, Alexander the Great.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPhilip IV of France
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Known as Philip the Fair, he reigned from 1248 to 1314; it was through his efforts that Pope Clement V moved the papacy from Rome to Avignon in 1309.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPhilip VB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Bourbon ruler of Spain (1683-1746); Louis XIV supported Philip's claims in the War of the Spanish Succession
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPhilosophesB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
group of French writers and thinkers from the Enlightenment period; the most famous were Diderot and Voltaire
Ec[000000]f[16]LBphrase
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
A small group of notes forming what is recognized as a unit of melody.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBphysical map
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
a map that shows the lay of the land
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpiano
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
Common English word for the keyboard instrument called in Italian pianoforte.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpiazzaB
(Art & Music: The Baroque)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
an open public square in Italy
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPicasso
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
Pablo Picasso (1881-1973), born in Malasa; one of the most innovative artists of the 20th century; known for the creation of Cubism.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpiedmontB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
the foothills of a mountain range
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPierre Auguste RenoirB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a prolific nineteenth century French Impressionist painter noted for his elegant and graceful style
French writer who created the character of Figaro in his play The Barber of Seville, which Mozart also made into an opera. The play The Marriage of Figaro was first performed in 1784. Mozart's opera appeared in 1786. Beaumarchais lived from 1732 to 1799.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPierre Bonnard
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
A French painter influenced by Gauguin and by Japanese art. His paintings are noted for their great softness, gentleness, and intensity.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPierre-Auguste Renoir
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
A prolific nineteenth-century French Impressionist painter noted for his elegant and graceful style.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpiers
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Any kind of a solid architectural support, often made of masonry.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPietaB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
the artistic depiction of the Virgin Mary grieving over the body of Jesus following his removal from the cross
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpietyB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
reverence toward God
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpigeon-holedB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
assigned to a definite place in an orderly system often in order to ignore or neglect
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpilastersB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
shallow rectangular features projecting from a wall, usually imitating columns
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpilgrimage
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The journey of a pilgrim to visit a holy place.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpioneerB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
(U.S. Geography: The West)
a person who explores or settles in a wilderness area
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpiousB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
showing reverence to God
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpitch
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
The musical property, according to which notes appear to be "high" or "low" in relation to each other.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBplainchant
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
A style of singing in the early Christian church in which all the singers sang the same notes together.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBplaintiffB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
sorrowful or mournful
Ec[000000]f[16]LBplanet
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
a dark body revolving around a star; the only planets definitely known are those in orbit around the sun
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPlato
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Greek philosopher, follower of Socrates, and teacher to Aristotle; Plato's chosen literary form was dialogue, usually a dramatic account of a philosophical conversation. (c. 427 B.C.-c. 347 B.C.)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPlatonic
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Of, pertaining to or characteristic of Plato or his philosophy.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBplightB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
a condition, state, or situation, especially an unfavorable one
Ec[000000]f[16]LBplodding
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
A slow or dragging action; often meant as a criticism of something that is slow or boring.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBplowB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
simple or complex machine for turning the earth in rows for planting
Ec[000000]f[16]LBplunder
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
To rob of goods by force.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpointed arch
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
An arch that comes to a point in the center; a medieval adaptation of the Romanesque rounded arch.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpointillismB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a painting technique developed by Seurat in which the color of light is broken down
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpolitical map
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
a map that shows how men have divided the land
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpolyphonic
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Having to do with music that has several different parts; as opposed to the monophonic mode.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpolyphony
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Term literally meaning any simultaneous sounding of different notes, and correctly used in reference to instruments; as commonly used, it implies the presence of counterpoint opposite of homophony in which melodic interest is virtually confined Ec[000000]f[16]LFto one "line" of music, the other sounds acting as accompaniment.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPompeiiB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
an ancient Roman city, located at the foot of Mount Vesuvius, that was completely Ec[000000]f[16]LFcovered by ash after the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius in A.D. 79; the city was rediscovered in 1748 and has become a major source for our present knowledge of Roman civilization
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpony expressB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a postal system that operated from 1860-61 by which mail was delivered across 2,000 miles from St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California, by relay riders mounted on swift ponies; telegrams and railroads replaced the need for the pony express
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPop ArtB
(Art & Music: Surrealism)
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a primarily American art movement (1960s) derived both from popular culture and commercial art; representational works, such as soup cans and comics, were culled from everyday life
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPope Urban VIII
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Cardinal Barberini became Pope Urban VIII in 1623 and served until his death in 1644.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpopulaceB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
the inhabitants of a place or the common people, as distinguished from the elite classes
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpopulationB
(U.S. Geography: Alaska & Hawaii)
(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
the number of people who live in a given place: the population of Europe, which had remained stable or even declined through Ec[000000]f[16]LFthe religious wars of the 1600s, began to rise steadily in the late 1700s, due mostly to the Agricultural Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBportalB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a doorway or entrance
Ec[000000]f[16]LBportraitB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
an image of a person, especially one showing their face
Ec[000000]f[16]LBportraiture
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
The art of making a likeness of a person, especially one showing the face.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBposterityB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
future generations
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpovertyB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the condition or quality of being poor or without sufficient subsistence; one of the three major vows taken by those belonging to Christian religious orders
Ec[000000]f[16]LBprairiesB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
broad, grassy plains found in central North America
Ec[000000]f[16]LBprecedentB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
a previous occurrence or instance that serves as an example for subsequent cases with similar circumstances
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpredeterminedB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
decided in advance
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpresentationB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
the act or rite of proclaiming someone to be a suitable candidate for admission into a benefice
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpreservationB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
to maintain or preserve an area because of its historical importance or for the protection of its wildlife and natural resources
Ec[000000]f[16]LBprestigious
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Having much esteem, or prestige.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpriming
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
A layer of white applied over a sized canvas in preparation for painting.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBprimitiveB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
basic; from the earliest period of existence or human development
Ec[000000]f[16]LBprinting pressB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
printing from movable type; invented during the 1450s, the technology improved during the Renaissance and Baroque eras
Ec[000000]f[16]LBprocessionB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
a line of persons or things moving along in an orderly or formal and ceremonious manner
Ec[000000]f[16]LBprofoundB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
going far beneath the obvious; having deep meaning
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpropagandaB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
material distributed by the advocates of a doctrine or cause
Ec[000000]f[16]LBproportionB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
proper or significant relation between things or parts
Ec[000000]f[16]LBprospectorsB
(U.S. Geography: The West)
individuals who search for signs of precious minerals in order to mine them
Ec[000000]f[16]LBprosperityB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
having good fortune or success, especially financial
Ec[000000]f[16]LBprotectressB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
a female person who defends or guards something
Ec[000000]f[16]LBProtestantB
(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(U.S. Geography: Alaska & Hawaii)
any Western Christian who is not an adherent of the Roman Catholic Church
Ec[000000]f[16]LBprovidence
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
The care, guardianship, and control exercised by a deity; divine direction.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBprovincialB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
unsophisticated or countrified
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpsychedelicB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
a mental state characterized by intensified sensory perception, sometimes accompanied by distortions of reality, hallucinations, and by extreme feelings of either happiness or despair
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpsychoanalysisB
(Art & Music: Surrealism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a psychological method developed by Sigmund Freud that seeks in the unconscious mind the basis for human behavior and motivation
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPtolemy
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Greco-Egyptian mathematician and geographer, the last great astronomer of ancient times. In his famous treatise, the 13-volume Almagest, which remained influential until the time of Copernicus, he presented the geocentric cosmological Ec[000000]f[16]LFtheory known as the Ptolmaic System. (2nd century A.D.)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpurifyB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
free from foreign, extraneous, or objectionable elements; rid of guilt or evil
Ec[000000]f[16]LBpuritanical
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Rigorous in religious observance; marked by stern morality.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBPuritansB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a religious group who moved from England to the northeastern American colonies in order to avoid persecution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBquadratura
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Illusionistic painting on a ceiling or wall in which the perspective and foreshortening of architectural members, figures, etc. give the impression that the interior is open and limitless.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBquahogB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
an edible clam found on the Atlantic coast in the Northeast region
Ec[000000]f[16]LBquintessentialB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
being the purest or most typical representation of something
Ec[000000]f[16]LBradioB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a method of sending wireless messages through space developed in 1895 by Guglielmo Marconi
Ec[000000]f[16]LBradioactive dating
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the process of determining the actual date of a geologic formation by comparing the abundance of a radioactive material with that of its decay product; since the half-life of the isotope is known, the amount of Ec[000000]f[16]LFdecay that has taken place indicates how long the material has been there
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrandom
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Something done without a definite plan, aim, or idea, as in a random choice of things.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBransacking
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Plundering, taking from something else or someplace else in a searching way; typically associated with an act of violence.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRaphaelB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
the youngest of the three great artists of the High Renaissance (including Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo) in the early sixteenth century
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRavennaB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a community in north-central Italy; the capital of the Western Roman Empire from A.D. 402 to 476
Ec[000000]f[16]LBready-made
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Also, readymade. In modern art, a work of art that uses a pre-manufactured object as an integral part of the work.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBreaffirmationB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
to again assert positively; to again confirm or ratify; to again express agreement with, support for, or commitment to something
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRealismB
(Art & Music: Surrealism)
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an artistic movement in the mid-nineteenth century that regarded the commonplace as suitable subject matter
Ec[000000]f[16]LBreaperB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a person or machine that harvests grain from the field
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrecedeB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
to diminish or become more distant
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrecitative
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
A type of singing, as in opera dialogue, with rhythms of speech and musical tones.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBreconcile
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
To settle, or resolve, as in a dispute.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrecorderB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a simple flute with eight holes
Ec[000000]f[16]LBredefineB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
rethink the meaning of
Ec[000000]f[16]LBredemption
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
A term describing the act of God's saving humanity from sin and the darkness of the world; it is most commonly associated with the theistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBReformationB
(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
a 16th-century movement in Western Europe that sought to reform the Roman Ec[000000]f[16]LFCatholic Church and resulted in the establishment of Protestantism
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrefuteB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
to disprove or prove wrong
Ec[000000]f[16]LBregimeB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
a system of rule or government
Ec[000000]f[16]LBregion
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
an area of the earth defined by common landforms, climate, and resources
Ec[000000]f[16]LBReign of TerrorB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
period of the French Revolution when the most radical elements were in charge of the government; under the leadership of Ec[000000]f[16]LFRobespierre, many aristocrats were beheaded at the guillotine, including Queen Marie Antoinette and King Louis XVI
Ec[000000]f[16]LBreignedB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
ruled or governed
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRelache
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
French; the period when a theater is closed. For example, when a theater in France is closed on Mondays, that is the relache.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrelative
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
Term used to indicate that a common key signature is shared by one major and one minor key.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrelativity
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Specifically, a theory worked out by Albert Einstein that concerns the nature of space, time, motion, and matter.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrelics
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Anything that once belonged to a holy person, from clothing to bones, and kept as a sacred object.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrelief
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Especially in sculpture, the projection of a figure or design from the background. Medieval sculpture was predominantly done in the relief style, whereas the Classical style is from the ancient Greeks who preferred to view their sculptures from all angles.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBreligionB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the beliefs, attitudes, emotions, behaviors, etc. constituting man's relationship with the powers and principles of the universe, especially with a deity or deities
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRembrandt
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Rembrandt van Ryn (1606-1669); Dutch painter and engraver; known especially for his religious images and insightful extensive series of self-portraits.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRembrandt van RijnB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a seventeenth century Dutch painter whose early work shows his great interest in light; he later became a portrait painter in Amsterdam
Ec[000000]f[16]LBreminiscentB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
recalling the past
Ec[000000]f[16]LBremoteB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
distant in relationship or connection
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRenaissance architectureB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
the revival and adaptation (1420-1650) of ancient Greek and Roman architecture; architectural designs included domes and rectangular columns that frequently were embedded in walls
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRene DescartesB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
French thinker (1596-1650) who is considered the father of modern philosophy; along with Liebniz and Spinoza, he also helped found modern mathematics
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrenounceB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a formally renounced rejection of a thing, idea, or belief
Ec[000000]f[16]LBreposeB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
at rest or asleep
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrepresentationalB
(Art & Music: Surrealism)
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
having a realistic, graphic representation
Ec[000000]f[16]LBresolution
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
The coming together of something to make a whole idea, or a complete picture.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBresourcesB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a supply that can be drawn on; any natural advantages or products
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrestorationB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
the act of returning something to its original condition
Ec[000000]f[16]LBresurrect
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
To bring back to life; to raise from the dead.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBresurrectionB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
rising from the dead or returning to life
Ec[000000]f[16]LBretaliated
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Paid in kind, or returned like for like in order to get back at someone or something.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrevivalB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a restoration or renewal of interest after neglect, oblivion, or obscurity
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrevolution
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
Sudden, radical change, complete and fundamental.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRevolutionary War
B(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
the American Revolution, also known as the American War of Independence, began in 1775 between England and its thirteen colonies in North America; the war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783, which formally recognized the United States as a new and independent nation
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrhythm
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
That aspect of music concerned not with pitch, but with the distribution of notes in time and their accentuation.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrhythmsB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
movements or procedures with a patterned recurrence of beat, accent, or the like
Ec[000000]f[16]LBribbed vaultB
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a diagonal rib used to support the roof of Gothic buildings; it served both structural and aesthetic functions
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRichard Steele
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
English essayist and editor. With Joseph Addison, Steel published the first English magazines, The Tatler and The Spectator. Addison and Steele created the comic character Sir Roger de Coverley, the bluff, naive English squire. Steele lived from 1672 to 1729.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRight of AssemblyB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
right of the people to meet peacefully for any reason, including criticizing the government; the idea that the people Ec[000000]f[16]LFshould have this right grew during the Enlightenment and became part of the United States Constitution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRimsky-Korsakov
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
Nikolay Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908), a Romantic era composer and music teacher born in Russia; known for his use of Russian folk tales and melodies in his lively and orchestra pieces: favorites include Shcherazade and Flight of the Bumblebee.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRisorgimento
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Italian nationalistic organization; succeeded in making Italy a unified state in 1861.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBritualB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
(History through Art: Ancient Greece)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
the observance of formalized ceremonies, especially in public worship
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRobert Adam
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Scottish architect who lived from 1728 to 1792, one of the greatest architects in British history. Adam, along with his brother James, transformed the heavy Palladian style of British architecture by designing lighter, more graceful Classical Ec[000000]f[16]LFbuildings. The Adam brothers designed and built many of the finest great houses of the British aristocracy.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRobert FultonB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
American inventor whose ship, the Clermont, was the first commercially successful steamboat; the Clermont made its first voyage in 1807
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRobespierreB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
leader of the Jacobins, a political faction during the French Revolution, who lived from 1758-1794
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRocky Mountain region
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the region of the United States consisting of the states of Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Utah, and Colorado
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRocky MountainsB
(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
the major mountain range of western North America; the Rocky Mountains extend more than 3,000 miles from northwest Alaska to central New Mexico
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRococoB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(Art & Music: The Baroque)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a European decorative art style (1730-1780) that displayed a love of elegance Ec[000000]f[16]LFand gaiety; this style is exemplified by the asymmetrical ornamentation of paneling, porcelain, and jewelry
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRoger WilliamsB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
the founder of the state of Rhode Island
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRoman architectureB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an architectural style (100 B.C.-370 A.D.) utilized in the Roman Empire; the Romans constructed buildings with arches
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRoman Catholic ChurchB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
one of the three major branches of Christianity
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRomanesqueB
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an architectural style (850-1250) featuring stone vaults and arches, thick walls, and massive pillars
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRomanovB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Russian royal dynasty that ruled from 1613-1917
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrose windowB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a very ornate window, primarily depicting religious themes, intricately worked in stained glass
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRosetta StoneB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
an inscribed stone discovered in 1799 by Napoleon's troops during their invasion of Egypt; the stone, containing both Greek and hieroglyphic inscriptions, provided the key to translating ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRossini
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Gioacchino Rossini (1792-1868); Italian opera composer; traveled and performed throughout Europe.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrough-hewnB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
crudely formed without a smooth or finished surface
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrounded arch
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
An arch with a semi-circular shape.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBrouteB
(U.S. Geography: The West)
any established path or course leading to some end point
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRoyal Academy of Art London
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
Academic institution for the study of art in London; founded in 1768.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRubens
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640); artist, diplomat and leading citizen of his native Antwerp in Flanders.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBruralB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
pertaining to country and farm life
Ec[000000]f[16]LBRussiaB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a large Eastern European and Asian nation from which many people emigrated to settle in the United States
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsacredB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
entitled to religious respect by association with divine things
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsacrilegious
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Desecrating of the sacred.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSafavidB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Shiite Muslim dynasty that ruled Persia (Iran) from 1499-1722
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsailboatB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a small boat propelled by wind passing through its sails
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsaintB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
in certain churches, a holy or godly person who has died and been canonized
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSaint Lawrence SeawayB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a waterway opened in 1959 after the St. Lawrence River in upstate New York was dredged to enable ocean-going vessels to sail on it
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSalieri
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Antonio Salieri (1750-1825); Italian composer and music teacher; Beethoven and Schubert were among his pupils; rival of Mozart.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSalome
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
In the Bible, the daughter of Herod Philip; she is the daughter who danced to obtain the head of John the Baptist.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSalon-des-RefusesB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an exhibition formed in the 1860s by Edouard Manet and his fellow artists to show paintings rejected by the official academy of art
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSalvador Dali
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
A twentieth-century Spanish painter who was one of the original developers of Cubism, but later became a Surrealist.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsalvationB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
derived from the Latin word meaning "to save"; in religion, salvation can refer to any belief that considers there to be a need for humanity to be saved from something
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSamuel F. B. MorseB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
leading American painter and inventor of the telegraph; his system of electronic dots and dashes, the Morse Code, is still in use today
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSamuel F.B. Morse
B(Art & Music: Romanticism)
A leading American painter, he also invented the telegraph. His system of electronic dots and dashes known as Morse Code, is still used today.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSamuel JohnsonB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
Enlightenment writer (1709-1784) who was the English equivalent of Voltaire; Johnson published his Dictionary of the English Language in 1755
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSan VitaleB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a church in Ravenna, Italy
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsanctuaries
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Holy places, usually part of a church.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSand HillsB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a region of western Nebraska where deposits of oil and natural gas are found
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSandro Botticelli
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
An influential painter in Florence at the end of the 15th century. His most celebrated mythological paintings have complex allegorical and Christianizing meanings, and probably were painted for a member of the Medici family, then still ruling Florence. (1445-1510)
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsarcophagusB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
a stone coffin, from the Latin meaning "flesh-eating stone"
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsatirizeB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
use irony, sarcasm, ridicule, or the like, to expose, denounce, or make fun of
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSaxon
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Belonging to the area in northern Germany called Saxony.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsaxophone
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
A single reed, keyed woodwind instrument with a metal body; invented in the 19th century by A.J. Sax, a Belgian; popular and effective as a jazz improvisation instrument.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBScala Regia
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
The great stairway built by Bernini for the Vatican Palace in Rome.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBscale
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
A progression of single notes upward or downward in "steps."
Ec[000000]f[16]LBschematizedB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
arranged systematically according to a plan, design, or program of action
Ec[000000]f[16]LBscienceB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
knowledge that deals with a body of facts or truths systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws; systematic knowledge of the physical or Ec[000000]f[16]LFmaterial world gained through observation and experimentation
Ec[000000]f[16]LBScientific RevolutionB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
change from seeking religious or miraculous explanations for natural phenomena to seeking scientific explanations; the movement began with Ec[000000]f[16]LFthe discoveries of Newton and other scientists in the late 1600s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBscore
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
A music copy combining in ordered form all the different parts allotted to various performers of a piece.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsculptorB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
a person who carves, shapes, molds, or fashions works of art from marble, granite, metal, and other materials
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsculptureB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the art of creating forms in three dimensions
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsea levelB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
the level of the ocean's surface
Ec[000000]f[16]LBseafarerB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
one who makes his living on the sea; a seaman
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSecond Continental CongressB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
assembly of elected delegates from the thirteen North American colonies, which began meeting in 1775, prior to the first fighting in the American Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsecular
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Not religious; not connected with a church.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBseed drillB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
invented by Englishman Jethro Tull; planting seeds in rows made weeding and harvesting more efficient; one of the most important agricultural inventions of the 1700s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsenateB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
the supreme council in ancient Rome
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsenatorialB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
pertaining to members of the supreme council in ancient Rome
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsensualB
(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
concerning the gratification of the senses
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsensuousB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
affecting the senses
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsequence
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
The repetition of a musical phrase at a higher or lower pitch than the original.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsereneB
(History through Art: Ancient Greece)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
calm; peaceful; tranquil
Ec[000000]f[16]LBserenity
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
A sense of tranquillity or calm.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBserfB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
in feudalism, a peasant laborer bound to the land owned by a lord; the serf owed payment (usually a portion of his crops) and services to the lord in return for protection and use of the land
Ec[000000]f[16]LBserfsB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
people who were tied to working the land of the noble lords
Ec[000000]f[16]LBseries
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
A set of notes treated in a composition not mainly as a recognizable theme, but as a kind of plastic material from which the composition is made.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsermonB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a discourse based on a passage or text from the Bible, delivered as part of a church service
Ec[000000]f[16]LBservile
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
The quality of being slavelike and submissive to commands issued by others.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsettlementB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
an area of the country newly occupied by those who intend to live and work there
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSeven Years WarB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
war fought between France and England from 1756-1763 over colonial lands, trade routes, and inheritances; the part of this war that took place in America was called the French and Indian War
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSeven Years' War
B(Art & Music: Romanticism)
War fought between France and England from 1756 to 1763 over colonial lands, trades routes, and inheritances. Part of this war took place in America, and was called the French and Indian War. France lost most of its North American Ec[000000]f[16]LFpossessions to Great Britain, and for revenge, supported the United States during the American Revolution.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBshearing
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The cutting away of something, usually the wool from a sheep.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsignature panel
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The panel in a stained-glass window that gives the name of the artist who created it or the patron who commissioned or donated.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsiltB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
sedimentary material carried and deposited by rivers
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsimile
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
A figure of speech comparing two unlike things that is often introduced by like or as (as in cheeks like roses).
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSimon BolivarB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
Venezuelan nobleman and general who liberated much of South America from the rule of Spain; he attended the coronation of Napoleon during his "Grand Tour" of Ec[000000]f[16]LFEurope in 1804 and began his campaigns for independence in 1810
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsimulateB
(History through Art: Ancient Greece)
to resemble or make to resemble something
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSiouxB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a group of Native North American tribes that inhabited the Midwest and were of the Plains culture; several cities and towns, including Sioux City, Iowa, and Sioux Falls, South Dakota, are named in honor of the Sioux Indians
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSir Isaac NewtonB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
English scientist (1642-1726) known as the father of modern science; he formulated the laws of gravity and planetary motion, helped invent calculus, Ec[000000]f[16]LFand explored the variations of the light spectrum
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSir Joshua ReynoldsB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
historically the most important figure in British painting, he was one of the greatest portrait painters of the second half of the eighteenth century; his subjects included many notable men and women
Ec[000000]f[16]LBskyscraperB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
the name given to multi-storied steel-framed buildings erected in the 1880s and 1890s; first developed in Chicago, this technology was made feasible by the development of iron and steel girders and beams
Ec[000000]f[16]LBslavery
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the practice of kidnapping black people from Africa, shipping them to America, and forcing them to work on the plantations of the South
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsocial orderB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
division of society into classes of people based on their work, their material wealth, or some other measure. Members of each class know their place and what others in the society expect of them
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsolar system
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the sun and all the objects held to it by gravitational attraction
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsomberB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
dark and gloomy
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSonata-form
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
A long piece of music, usually divided into three or four movements that vary in rhythm and expression. The sonata-form was perfected by Mozart and Haydn in the late 1700s. It was the form usually followed by the Classical symphony.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsoulB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the rational, emotional, and volitional faculties in people, perceived as forming entities distinct from the body
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsourceB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a river's point of origin
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSouth America
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
one of the great land masses of the globe, located in the southern and western hemispheres
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSouth Pole
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the South Pole is the southernmost geographical point on the surface of the earth; it is 90 degrees south of the equator
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSoutheast region
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the region of the United States consisting of the states of Maryland, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Ec[000000]f[16]LFLouisiana; it also includes the District of Columbia
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSouthwest region
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the region of the United States consisting of the states of Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsoybeansB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a type of low-growing plant whose beans are used to produce oil, flour, and other products
Ec[000000]f[16]LBspace program
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the United States space program undertaken in the 1960s with the goal of achieving manned spaceflight and safely landing men on the moon
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSpainB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a European nation that was the one of the major colonial powers in the Western Hemisphere for several centuries
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSpanish RevolutionB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
revolt by loyal Spaniards against the rule of Napoleon, who overthrew Charles IV in 1808
Ec[000000]f[16]LBspinning jennyB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
machine for spinning yarn and thread invented in the 1730s; it was one of the first important machines of the Industrial Revolution
Ec[000000]f[16]LBspiritualB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
pertaining to the spirit or soul, as distinguished from the physical nature
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsplinteredB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
broken into splinters or pieces
Ec[000000]f[16]LBspontaneityB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
without planning or premeditation
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSprechstimme
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
A device invented by Schoenberg whereby a singer creates a sound somewhere between speaking and singing.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsqualidB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
repulsive, dirty, wretched
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsquallsB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
ocean storms that affect coastal areas
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSt. Denis
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
A community in northern France, northeast of Paris.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSt. Gall MonasteryB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
Christian monastery in Switzerland, extensively rebuilt in the 9th century by Abbot Gozbert
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSt. HelenaB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
the island to which Napoleon was exiled in 1815; he died there in 1821
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSt. Lawrence SeawayB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a channel of the St. Lawrence River that allows ocean traffic to sail from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes; the St. Lawrence Seaway opened in 1959
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSt. LouisB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a large city located in Missouri, on the banks of the Mississippi River
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSt. Peter's Cathedral
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
A massive and elegant edifice in Rome; as the papal church it is the center of the Roman Catholic world.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBstabilityB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
likely to continue or last; firmly established or permanent
Ec[000000]f[16]LBstagecoachB
(U.S. Geography: The West)
a horse-drawn vehicle with four wheels that was used in the Old West to carry passengers
Ec[000000]f[16]LBstained glassB
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
designs or figures made from pieces of colored glass, held together by strips of lead forming the outlines of the design; thought to have been a Byzantine invention, stained glass soon became a distinctive Western and medieval art form
Ec[000000]f[16]LBstanceB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
the attitude of a standing person
Ec[000000]f[16]LBstaunch
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Sturdy or faithful, especially as in following some creed or in defending some faith.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsteamB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
form of power produced by boiling water: steam released from the boiling water runs turbines, which turn engines; steam power required huge amounts of wood and coal Ec[000000]f[16]LFfor boiling the water; this form of power is still in use, especially in home radiator systems
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsteam engineB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
an engine powered by steam; steam engines have furnaces located outside of their engines
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsteam locomotiveB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
early railway invented in 1804; the first successful steam-operated railroad began operating in England in 1825
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsteamboat
B(Art & Music: Romanticism)
First commercially successful route was opened in 1807 by Robert Fulton. His ship, the Clermont, operated between Albany and New York, New York.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsteelB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a stronger alloy of iron; after the production of steel was perfected in the 1870s, it became the primary building material for skyscrapers, bridges, machinery, and ships
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsteel millB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a factory that manufactures steel, a very strong material made from iron ore
Ec[000000]f[16]LBStephen Foster
B(Art & Music: Romanticism)
American songwriter who lived from 1826 to 1864. He was the only American composer famous on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean during the Romantic era. In spite of having written dozens of popular songs, including "Oh, Susanna," Foster died in near poverty.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBstill lifeB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
a painting of inanimate objects such as a bowl of fruit or flowers
Ec[000000]f[16]LBstimulationB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
roused to action by encouragement or pressure; spurred on; incited
Ec[000000]f[16]LBstoicB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
without emotions, indifferent to joy, grief, or pain
Ec[000000]f[16]LBStrasbourg
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
A city in northeastern France that is close to Germany and has many German-speaking people.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBstrident
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Harsh, grating, intense.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBstrings
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
The stringed musical instruments played with a bow, such as the violin, viola, cello, and double-bass.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBstructural elementsB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
part or element essential to a particular structure
Ec[000000]f[16]LBStuartB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
dynasty that ruled England through the reign of Queen Anne, who died in 1714
Ec[000000]f[16]LBStuarts
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Dynasty that ruled England through the reign of Queen Anne, who died in 1714.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBstucco
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Plaster or cement for surfacing walls.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBstylization
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The act of making something according to a set style.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsubconscious
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
That which is present in the mind, but not recognized or fully known to the individual.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsubduedB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
quiet and controlled
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsubjugateB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
to conquer or subdue; to enslave or make subservient
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsubservientB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
subordinate in function; servile
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSugar Act
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Revenue act passed by Great Britain against North America in 1764. Although the act technically reduced taxes, it actually increased them because the British government got much more strict about enforcing the law. American Ec[000000]f[16]LFcolonists opposed this tax, as they did many other taxes, because they had no representation in the British parliament.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSullaB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
a Roman general who made himself dictator in 82 B.C. and retired in 80 B.C.; his dictatorship was noted for its cruelty and illegality
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsumptuousB
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
luxuriously fine; lavish; splendid
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsuperhighwaysB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
wide interstate highways on which cars can travel with speed
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSuperior UplandsB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a region of northern Minnesota where there are many open-pit iron ore mines
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsuperrealism
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
A style of painting and sculpting from the late 1960s characterized by impersonal exactitude of detail.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsupplantedB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
replaced by something else
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsurmiseB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
infer without conclusive evidence; guess at
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSurrealismB
(Art & Music: Surrealism)
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
an artistic movement that sought to reveal the psychological reality behind appearances
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsuspension bridgeB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
a bridge with a deck suspended from cables that are anchored at each end and usually raised on towers
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsymmetricalB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
(History through Art: Ancient Greece)
(History through Art: The Baroque)
characterized by the regular arrangement of corresponding parts
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsymmetry
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Beauty of form arising from balanced proportions; the property of being symmetrical, especially when regarding a correspondence in size, shape, and relative position of parts on opposite sides of a dividing line or median plane or about Ec[000000]f[16]LFa center or axis. Renaissance artists' interest in symmetry related to the popularity with the Platonic principle that all elements of a work of art must contribute to the harmony of the whole.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsymphony
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
An orchestral work of a serious nature and substantial size, in the shape of a Sonata for orchestra.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBsynagogueB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a meeting place for Jewish worship and instruction
Ec[000000]f[16]LBSyria
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
An ancient kingdom in western Asia, south of Turkey.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtapestries
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Fabrics that have pictures woven into them, used as decorative hangings and to keep out drafts.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBTea Act
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
British tax, imposed in 1773, on tea entering the North American colonies. The law provoked the famous Boston Tea Party, which in turn provoked the Intolerable Acts. Wealthy American merchants like John Hancock led the protests against unfair British taxes.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtechnocratsB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
a supporter of, or one concerned with the management or administration of technology
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtechnologiesB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
methods of achieving a practical purpose; means to produce objects important for human existence and comfort
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtempestuousB
(History through Art: The Baroque)
stormy, fierce, and violent weather
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtempo
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
The relative speed at which a musical composition is to be played, as indicated by a descriptive or metronomic direction to the performer.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBTennis Court OathB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
meeting of French elected representatives that took place on June 20, 1789; it was the first meeting of the Estates-General since 1614; the delegates were meeting Ec[000000]f[16]LFdespite Louis XVI's opposition because they were determined to give France some form of representative government
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtextured
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
Having a distinct texture, or arrangement of components into a clear pattern, as in tweed fabric.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThe Badlands
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
an arid part of South Dakota covering an area 150 miles long and 30 to 50 miles wide; the region has almost no vegetation or animal life
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThe Firebird
B(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
The Firebird, a ballet; music written by Igor Stravinsky; debuted in Paris at the Ballet Russes in 1910.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThe Great Lakes
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world, consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThe Last of the MohicansB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
novel by James Fenimore Cooper (1826) set during the French and Indian War
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThe RestorationB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
return of rule by the monarchy in France after the final defeat of Napoleon; the Congress of Vienna (1815) restored Bourbon rule to France after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThe Serbian RevoltB
(History through Art: Romanticism)
Serbian patriot Karageorge (1752-1817) led a successful revolt against the Ottomans in 1804
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtheatricalism
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
The style of being theatrical, showy, or dramatic.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtheme
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
A group of notes constituting (by repetition, recurrence, development, etc.) an important element in the construction of a piece.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBthemesB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
in music the unifying and dominating subject of the composition from which variations are developed
Ec[000000]f[16]LBTheodoraB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
Byzantine empress and wife of Justinian, who often is credited with actually accomplishing many of the deeds officially given to her husband
Ec[000000]f[16]LBTheodore Gericault
B(Art & Music: Romanticism)
French painter who lived from 1791 to1824. One of the original figures of Romanticism, his most famous work was The Raft of the Medusa.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThirty Years WarB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
series of wars fought from 1618-1648, which split Europe between Catholic and Protestant armies
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThomas Alva Edison
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
an American inventor, born in 1845, who was granted more than 1,000 patents, including one for the incandescent electric light bulb
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThomas ColeB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
first great American landscape artist (1801-1848); he was one of the founders of the Hudson River School of painting
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThomas EakinsB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a nineteenth-century American painter, primarily of portraits, who was influenced by Manet
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThomas Gainsborough
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
An English landscape painter who turned for a period of time to portraiture, executing full-length life-sized figures, such as The Blue Boy.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThomas HobbesB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
English political philosopher (1558-1679) who helped introduce the concept of the "social contract" between rulers and those they rule
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThomas JeffersonB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
author of the Declaration of Independence and third president of the United States; he lived from 1743-1826
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThomas NewcomenB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
English inventor (1663-1729) whose steam engine appeared early in the 1700s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBThomas Paine
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Pamphleteer who helped stir up the American and French Revolutions. Paine was imprisoned during the Reign of Terror, but managed to escape being guillotined. Paine lived from 1737 to 1809. His most influential pamphlets were Common Sense (1776) and The Rights of Man (1791).
Ec[000000]f[16]LBthree-dimensional
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The appearance of having depth, breadth, and width.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBthree-dimensional spaceB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
having, or seeming to have, the dimension of depth as well as width and height
Ec[000000]f[16]LBthreshing machineB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a type of farm machinery that aided 19th century farmers in the harvesting of grain
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtimbre
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
The quality that distinguishes a note as performed on one instrument from the same note as performed on other instruments.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBTimes Square
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
an area in New York City just north of the intersection of Broadway, Seventh Avenue, and 42nd Street; it is named for the New York Times Building, which is located there
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtimidB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
shy and fearful
Ec[000000]f[16]LBTitian
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
The greatest Venetian painter of the Renaissance period, and, in some senses, the founder of modern painting.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtobacco
B(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
a plant that grows well with careful cultivation and proper soil, sunlight, and rain; it is used to make cigarettes, cigars, and other tobacco products
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtowerB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a tall but relatively narrow structure, sometimes part of a larger building
Ec[000000]f[16]LBTownshend Acts
B(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
New British taxes, promulgated in 1767, on tea, paper, lead, and paint. The British parliament passed these taxes in an attempt to recoup some of its expenses for defending the colonies during the French and Indian War. The American colonists protested the taxes.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtracery
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Any kind of an ornament that is made up of very fine lines.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtradeB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a regular occupation, business, or pursuit, especially one requiring manual or mechanical dexterity; a craft; also, business or commerce in general
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtrade routeB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a route, especially a sea lane, used by traders
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtrade windB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
either of two steady winds blowing in the same course toward the equator from about 30 degrees north and south latitude
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtrance state
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
A state into which a person falls and that resembles sleep, such as when one is hypnotized or under catalepsis.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtrancelike
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
In a state that resembles being gripped in a trance, q.v., such as when one is under hypnosis.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtranquility
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The state of peacefulness, being quiet or content.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtransformedB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
changed or converted
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtransportationB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
the means by which one moves across a distance from one place to another; examples of transportation include railroads, airplanes, and cars
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtreatise
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
A formal account in writing that treats systematically of some subject.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBTreaty of ParisB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
the 1783 treaty that formally ended the American Revolution; the treaty granted to the United States all of the territory that stretched from the original 13 colonies westward to the Mississippi River
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtributariesB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
streams that flow into larger streams or lakes
Ec[000000]f[16]LBTriple AllianceB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
alliance formed in 1668 to curb the rising power of Louis XIV; in this treaty, the three Protestant countries of England, Sweden, and the Netherlands combined forces against Catholic France
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtriptych
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
An ancient Roman writing tablet with three waxed leaves hinged together; a picture (as an altarpiece) or carving in three panels side by side; something composed or presented in three parts or sections. A common form of triptych, as an object of Ec[000000]f[16]LFprivate devotion, is to have a madonna as the center, and one's patron saints on the wings.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtriumvirateB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
a government of three officers functioning jointly
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtrompe-l'oeilB
(History through Art: The Renaissance)
from the French, a trick of the eye; used to describe paintings of objects that appear to be real objects
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtroubadours
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
A class of wandering singers, composers, musicians, who traveled through Europe from 1000 to 1200, and wrote secular songs of love and chivalry.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtrouveres
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
Members of a group of poets who wrote chivalric poetry from the 12th to the 13th century in northern France.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtuba
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
The largest of the cupped-mouth brass instruments, sometimes called the bass horn, which is also the lowest in pitch.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBturbulence
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
The state of being violently agitated or disturbed.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBturmoilB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
a state of great confusion or disturbance
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtwentieth centuryB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
years from 1900 through 1999
Ec[000000]f[16]LBtwo-dimensional
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
Planar or flat; having only two dimensions, especially length and width.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBUnderground RailroadB
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a secret network of transportation that helped slaves escape the South for freedom in the Northeast. It was run by former slaves and abolitionists who supported the anti-slavery movement before the Civil War
Ec[000000]f[16]LBuniquenessB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
one of a kind, having nothing like it
Ec[000000]f[16]LBUnited Provinces of the Northern Netherlands
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
The breakaway northern provinces of the Austrian and Spanish Netherlands that rebelled against Hapsburg rule in the 16th and 17th centuries and formed their own state.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBUnited States Civil WarB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
civil war fought in the United States between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North, over the issue of slavery; the War between the States began in April, 1861 when the Ec[000000]f[16]LFConfederates fired on the Union Army at Fort Sumter in South Carolina, and ended in April, 1865 when Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse in Virginia
Ec[000000]f[16]LBunpredictability
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
The state of not being predictable, or foreseeable, as in a person's behavior.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBunresolvedB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
make no definite decision, come to no conclusion or set ending
Ec[000000]f[16]LBunveiling
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
The presentation of something for the first time, derived from the removing of a cloth that kept a work of art from the public view.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBunwieldyB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
awkward; unmanageable; clumsy
Ec[000000]f[16]LBurbanB
(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
citified
Ec[000000]f[16]LButilitarianB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
concerned with usefulness rather than beauty or ornamentation
Ec[000000]f[16]LBvaluesB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
the ideals and customs valued by a society or group
Ec[000000]f[16]LBvanishing point
B(Art & Music: The Renaissance)
In perspective, the point(s) on the horizon line at which receding parallel lines meet and seem to disappear.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBVanity FairB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
novel (1848) by William Thackeray that is set during the Napoleonic Wars
Ec[000000]f[16]LBvaults
B(Art & Music: The Medieval Era)
The arched ceilings of a roof, usually in churches.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBVelazquez
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Diego Velazquez (1599-1660); Spanish Baroque painter; known particularly for his portraits of the royal court of King Philip IV.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBVermeer
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Jan Vermeer (1632-1675); Dutch painter known for his jewel-like interiors, still-lifes and landscapes of his home town, Delft.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBVersaillesB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
huge palace near Paris, France, built by Louis XIV (1638-1715); Versailles continued as the center of the royal Ec[000000]f[16]LFgovernment until 1789, when Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette were deposed in the French Revolution; Versailles now serves as a museum and diplomatic meeting place
Ec[000000]f[16]LBVesuviusB
(History through Art: Ancient Rome)
an active volcano in southwest Italy near Naples; its eruption in A.D. 79 destroyed the ancient cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum
Ec[000000]f[16]LBVictor HugoB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
French novelist (1802-1885) whose two best-known works are Les Miserables and The Hunchback of Notre Dame
Ec[000000]f[16]LBVictoria StationB
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
a London railroad station exemplifying the architecture of the Industrial Age
Ec[000000]f[16]LBvillaB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
a comfortable or luxurious house in the country, at a resort, etc.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBVincent Van GoghB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
one of the most important painters of Post-Impressionism; he sometimes is referred to as an Expressionist because he sought to capture in his paintings the subjective reality of his emotions
Ec[000000]f[16]LBVirgin MaryB
(History through Art: The Middle Ages)
the religious title given to Mary, the mother of Jesus, because of the belief that she did not conceive by natural means but miraculously was made pregnant by the power of God
Ec[000000]f[16]LBvirtuoso
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Someone highly skilled in an art, especially in regard to a musical instrument.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBvisible world
B(Art & Music: Surrealism)
The world that a person sees, the world apparent to the eye only.
B Ec[000000]f[16]BLVivaldi
B(Art & Music: The Baroque)
Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741); Italian violinist and composer. Ec[000000]f[16]LBvogueB
(Art & Music: The Baroque)
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
something in fashion, as at a particular time; popular, accepted, in favor
Ec[000000]f[16]LBvolcanoB
(U.S. Geography: The Land and Its People)
(U.S. Geography: Alaska & Hawaii)
(U.S. Geography: The West)
an opening in the crust of the earth through which steam, lava, or ashes may issue
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWar of 1812B
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
war fought between the United States and Great Britain from 1812-1815; the war was ended by the Treaty of Ghent
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWar of the Austrian SuccessionB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
struggle between European monarchs over the inheritance of the Austrian throne that lasted from 1740-1748; this war is notable because it brought the Prussian state, with its strong modern army, to power
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWar of the Spanish SuccessionB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
war between the Hapsburg and Bourbon dynasties, which lasted from 1701-1714; the war was fought over which dynasty would succeed to the throne of Spain
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWestern CivilizationB
(History through Art: Ancient Greece)
the civilizations of Europe, America, and the countries on the northern shores of the Mediterranean
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWestern EuropeanB
(Art & Music: The Twentieth Century)
(History through Art: The Twentieth Century)
nations of Europe to the west of the Ural Mountains; including England, France, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Germany, and Austria
Ec[000000]f[16]LBwetlandsB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
(U.S. Geography: The Northeast)
a lowland area, such as a marsh or swamp, that is a natural habitat for wildlife
Ec[000000]f[16]LBwhole-tone
B(Art & Music: Impressionism)
In music, the interval of two semitones. A whole-tone scale progresses entirely in whole-tones instead of partly in whole-tones and partly in semitones.
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWilliam BlakeB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
English artist (1757-1827) whose drawings and poetry celebrated the triumph of the emotions over reason; one of the most original artists in history, Blake was also a printer, engraver, and painter; Ec[000000]f[16]LFhe illustrated and printed his own poetry, which recorded his mystic visions
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWilliam HarveyB
(History through Art: The Enlightenment)
English physician (1578-1657) who discovered how the heart circulates blood through the body
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWilliam TurnerB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
English artist (1775-1851) whose watercolors and oil paintings utilized bright, hazy lighting
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWilliam WordsworthB
(Art & Music: Romanticism)
(History through Art: Romanticism)
English poet (1770-1850) who was named poet laureate of England in 1843; his best-known poems include "I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" and "Ode: Intimations of Immortality"
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWinslow HomerB
(Art & Music: Impressionism)
(History through Art: The Pre-Modern Era)
along with Thomas Eakins, one of the most influential American painters of the late nineteenth century; his Impressionist-like style revolutionized American art in the 1880s and 1890s
Ec[000000]f[16]LBWolfgang GoetheB
(Art & Music: The Eighteenth Century)
Germany's greatest literary figure, Goethe published his novel The Sorrows of Young Werther in 1774. The novel was one of the first novels of the Romantic movement. Goethe lived from 1749 to 1832.
B Ec[000000]f[16]BLWounded KneeB
(U.S. Geography: The North Central)
a site in South Dakota where almost 200 Sioux Indians were killed by U.S. Army troops on December 29, 1890; many of those killed were women and children; this was the final defeat of the Sioux Indians
