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<html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"><base><title>Harriman, W(illiam) Averell</title><scripts></scripts><script src="js/article.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="js/jx.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="js/notes.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="js/toc.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="include/toolTip.js" type="text/javascript"></script><link href="css/baseArticle.css" type="text/css" rel="StyleSheet"><link media="print" href="css/printArticle.css" type="text/css" rel="StyleSheet"><stylesheets></stylesheets></head><body><div id="toolTip"></div><div id="pageWrapper"><div id="headerPane"><div id="articleInfoHeader"><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="contentUpdate"><a href="articleupdate://?articleId=366643"></a></div><h1 id="pageHeading">Harriman, W(illiam) Averell<span class="subheading">Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Article</span></h1></div><div id="relatedContentContainer"><div class="menuContainer" id="relatedContentButton"><a class="menuButton"><span class="linkLabel"></span></a></div><ul class="popUpMenu" id="relatedContentMenu"><li><a href="http://cdsearch.britannica.com/search?query=Harriman, W Averell&shelf=concise&pid=conc07">Online Search</a></li></ul></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sideBarControlsContainer"><ul><li id="articleNotesButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" href="annotate:viewNotes?articleId=366643" onmouseover="showTip('display all the notes you have taken', 150, event);" onclick="showNotes();"><img height="17" width="15" src="img/bcd07_all_art_nv_icon.png"><span class="linkLabel">Notes Viewer</span></a></li></ul></div></div><div id="toolbarPane"><div id="toolbarResizePane"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" onclick="minimizeToolbar();" id="toolbarMinimizeButton" onmouseover="showTip('minimize toolbar',75, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Minimize Toolbar</span></a><a onmouseout="hideTip();" onclick="maximizeToolbar();" id="toolbarMaximizeButton" onmouseover="showTip('maximize toolbar', 75, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Maximize Toolbar</span></a></div><ul id="toolbarButtonsPane"><li id="findButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:find" onmouseover="showTip('Find text within articles', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Find</span></a></li><li id="copyButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:copy" onmouseover="showTip('Copy text to your clipboard', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Copy</span></a></li><li id="printButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:print" onmouseover="showTip('Print articles', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Print</span></a></li><li id="saveButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:save" onmouseover="showTip('Save articles and images to your hard drive', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Save</span></a></li><li id="bookmarkButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:bookmark" onmouseover="showTip('Save your favorite articles and images to your bookmarks folder', 250, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Bookmark</span></a></li><li id="preferencesButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:pref" onmouseover="showTip('Adjust screen text size and other personal settings', 250, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Preferences</span></a></li><li xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="menuContainer" id="notesButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="menuButton toolbarButton" onmouseover="showTip('take notes on your favorite article', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Notes</span></a></li></ul><ul xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="popUpMenu" id="notesMenu"><li><a href="annotate:takeNote?articleId=366643"><span class="menuItemText">Take a Note</span></a></li><li class="enabledMenuItem" id="showNotesItem"><a onclick="swapMenuItem('showNotesItem', 'hideNotesItem');" href="annotate:showNotes?articleId=366643"><span class="menuItemText">Show Notes</span></a></li><li class="disabledMenuItem" id="hideNotesItem"><a onclick="swapMenuItem('hideNotesItem', 'showNotesItem');" href="annotate:hideNotes?articleId=366643"><span class="menuItemText">Hide Notes</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="content" id="articlePane"><a id="top"></a><a id="dummyscrollanchor"></a><div id="articleBody"><a id="9366643.toc" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"></a><div class="bdate" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> born Nov. 15, 1891, New York, N.Y., U.S.<div class="clear"> </div></div><div class="ddate" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> died  July 26, 1986, Yorktown Heights, N.Y.</div><p class="gist" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">U.S. diplomat.</p><div class="h1" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><p> The son of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=366642&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Edward H. Harriman#9366642.toc">Edward H. Harriman</a>, he worked for the Union Pacific Railroad Co. from 1915, serving as chairman of the board from 1932 to 1946. In 1934 Pres. <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=377161&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Franklin D. Roosevelt#9377161.toc">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> appointed him to the National Recovery Administration. In 1941 he went to Britain to expedite lend-lease aid; he later served as ambassador to the Soviet Union (1943–46) and to Britain (1946), as secretary of commerce (1947–48), and as special U.S. representative to supervise the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=371405&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Marshall Plan#9371405.toc">Marshall Plan</a> (1948–50). He was governor of New York from 1954 to 1958. In 1961 he was appointed assistant secretary of state for Far Eastern affairs by Pres. <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=369050&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=John F. Kennedy#9369050.toc">John F. Kennedy</a>, for whom he helped negotiate the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. As ambassador-at-large for Pres. <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=368633&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Lyndon B. Johnson#9368633.toc">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, Harriman led the U.S. delegation to the Paris peace talks with North Vietnam (1968–69).<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
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  3.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  4.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  5.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Harriman, W(illiam) Averell. </b>
  6.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  7.                             .
  8.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  9.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  10.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harriman, W(illiam) Averell." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
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  22.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harris, Sir Arthur Travers, 1st Baronet." </b>. 
  23.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  24.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  25.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Harris, Sir Arthur Travers, 1st Baronet. </b>
  26.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  27.                             .
  28.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  29.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  30.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harris, Sir Arthur Travers, 1st Baronet." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
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uding (1876–1900) the <i>Atlanta Constitution</i>. He created a vogue for a distinct type of dialect literature with 
  42.         "Tar-Baby"
  43.        (1879) and later stories that drew on folklore and featured the character Uncle Remus, a wise, genial old black man who weaves his philosophy of life into tales about Brer Rabbit, Brer Fox, and other animals.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  44.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harris, Joel Chandler." </b>. 
  45.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  46.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  47.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Harris, Joel Chandler. </b>
  48.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  49.                             .
  50.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  51.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  52.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harris, Joel Chandler." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  53.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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 music studies. After World War I he attended the University of California at Berkeley. In the 1920s he studied with Arthur Farwell (1872–1952) and <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=357813&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Nadia Boulanger#9357813.toc">Nadia Boulanger</a>, building a reputation for craft and seriousness of purpose. Of his 12 completed symphonies, the third (1937) is the best known. His music, while unmistakably modern, has roots in folk song and is often sombre and plainspoken.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  64.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harris, Roy." </b>. 
  65.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  66.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  67.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Harris, Roy. </b>
  68.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  69.                             .
  70.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  71.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  72.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harris, Roy." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  73.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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e Free Academy (later City College of New York). In 1847 he left New York to embark on trading voyages in the Pacific and Indian oceans. In 1853 he met <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=374956&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Matthew Perry#9374956.toc">Matthew Perry</a> in Shanghai and tried to accompany him to Japan, but his bid was rejected. In 1856 he secured an appointment as consul general to Japan; he was unwelcome at first, but changing attitudes in Japan and Harris's perseverance produced a commercial treaty in 1858 that opened Japanese ports to U.S. trade.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  84.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harris, Townsend." </b>. 
  85.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  86.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  87.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Harris, Townsend. </b>
  88.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  89.                             .
  90.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  91.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  92.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harris, Townsend." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  93.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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rry service by John Harris, who named it Harris' Ferry. Laid out in 1785, it became known as Harrisburg and was made the state capital in 1812. In 1839 it was the scene of the first national <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=382609&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Whig Party#9382609.toc">Whig Party</a> convention, which nominated <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=366653&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=William H. Harrison#9366653.toc">William H. Harrison</a>. After completion of the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=374852&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Pennsylvania Railroad#9374852.toc">Pennsylvania Railroad</a>'s main line from Harrisburg to <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=375352&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Pittsburgh#9375352.toc">Pittsburgh</a> in 1847, it developed as a transportation centre. The state capitol, with a dome patterned after St. Peter's in Rome, was completed in 1906.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  104.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harrisburg." </b>. 
  105.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  106.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  107.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Harrisburg. </b>
  108.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  109.                             .
  110.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  111.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  112.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harrisburg." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  113.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.AssemblyIdentifier?assemblyId=11424&type=A"><img class="thumb" width="100" height="135" src="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ThumbBinaryIdentifier?binaryId=1155" alt="Photograph:Benjamin Harrison, photograph by George Prince, 1888."><div class="clear"> </div></a><ul class="captions"><li class="thumbcap">Benjamin Harrison, photograph by George Prince, 1888.</li></ul></div> The grandson of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=366653&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=William H. Harrison#9366653.toc">William H. Harrison</a>, the 9th president of the U.S., he practiced law in Indianapolis from the mid-1850s. He served in the Union army in the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=355164&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=American Civil War#9355164.toc">American Civil War</a>, rising to brigadier general. After a single term in the U.S. Senate (1881–87), he won the Republican nomination for president and defeated the incumbent, <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=360959&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Grover Cleveland#9360959.toc">Grover Cleveland</a>, in the electoral college, though Cleveland received more popular votes. His presidency was marked by passage of the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=378482&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Sherman Antitrust Act#9378482.toc">Sherman Antitrust Act</a>. His secretary of state, <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=357429&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=James Blaine#9357429.toc">James Blaine</a>, presided at the conference that led to the establishment of the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=374462&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Pan-American Union#9374462.toc">Pan-American Union</a>, resisted pressure to abandon U.S. interests in the Samoan Islands (1889), and negotiated a treaty with Britain in the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=357082&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Bering Sea Dispute#9357082.toc">Bering Sea Dispute</a> (1891). Defeated for reelection by Cleveland in 1892, Harrison returned to Indianapolis to practice law. In 1898–99 he was the leading counsel for Venezuela in its boundary dispute with Britain.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
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  125.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  126.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  127.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Harrison, Benjamin. </b>
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  129.                             .
  130.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  131.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
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  145.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  146.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  147.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Harrison, John. </b>
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  149.                             .
  150.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  151.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
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ms and on the London stage in 1930, later appearing in successful plays such as <i>French Without Tears</i> (1936). After World War II he returned to the screen as a suave leading man in films such as <i>Blithe Spirit</i> (1945) and <i>Notorious Gentleman</i> (1945). He made his U.S. film debut in <i>Anna and the King of Siam</i> (1946). His most famous role, as Prof. Henry Higgins in <i>My Fair Lady</i> (1956, Tony Award), won him equal acclaim in its film version (1964, Academy Award). He was an impressive Julius Caesar in <i>Cleopatra</i> (1963).<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  164.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harrison, Sir Rex." </b>. 
  165.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  166.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  167.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Harrison, Sir Rex. </b>
  168.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  169.                             .
  170.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  171.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  172.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harrison, Sir Rex." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
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ss="asset" href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.AssemblyIdentifier?assemblyId=11429&type=A"><img class="thumb" width="100" height="114" src="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ThumbBinaryIdentifier?binaryId=1159" alt="Photograph:William Henry Harrison, detail of an oil painting by Abel Nichols; in the Peabody Essex Museum, …"><div class="clear"> </div></a><ul class="captions"><li class="thumbcap">William Henry Harrison, detail of an oil painting by Abel Nichols; in the Peabody Essex Museum, …</li></ul></div> Born into a politically prominent family, he enlisted in the army at age 18 and served under <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=382441&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Anthony Wayne#9382441.toc">Anthony Wayne</a> at the Battle of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=364183&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Fallen Timbers#9364183.toc">Fallen Timbers</a>. In 1798 he became secretary of the Northwest Territories and in 1800 governor of the new Indiana Territory. In response to pressure from white settlers, he negotiated treaties with the Indians that ceded millions of acres of additional land to the U.S. When <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=380378&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Tecumseh#9380378.toc">Tecumseh</a> organized an uprising in 1811, Harrison led a U.S. force to defeat the Indians at the Battle of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=380810&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Tippecanoe#9380810.toc">Tippecanoe</a>, a victory that largely established his reputation in the public mind. In the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=382328&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=War of 1812#9382328.toc">War of 1812</a> he was made a brigadier general and defeated the British and their Indian allies at the Battle of the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=380534&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Thames#9380534.toc">Thames</a> in Ontario. After the war he moved to Ohio, where he became prominent in the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=382609&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Whig Party#9382609.toc">Whig Party</a>. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1816–19) and Senate (1825–28). As the Whig candidate in the 1836 presidential election, he lost narrowly. In 1840 he and his running mate, <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=381414&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=John Tyler#9381414.toc">John Tyler</a>, won election with a slogan emphasizing Harrison's frontier triumph: “Tippecanoe and Tyler too.” The 68-year-old Harrison delivered his inaugural speech without a hat or overcoat in a cold drizzle, contracted pneumonia, and died one month later; he was the first U.S. president to die in office.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  184.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harrison, William Henry." </b>. 
  185.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  186.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  187.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Harrison, William Henry. </b>
  188.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  189.                             .
  190.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  191.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  192.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harrison, William Henry." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  193.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  194.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366653"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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s still sells gourmet food, it now emphasizes fashionable clothing. Known for its zealous customer service, it is considered the best department store in Britain. In 1985 it was bought by Mohammed al-Fayed (born 1933).<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  204.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harrods." </b>. 
  205.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  206.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  207.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Harrods. </b>
  208.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  209.                             .
  210.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  211.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  212.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harrods." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  213.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  214.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366654"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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Elizabeth I#9363618.toc">Elizabeth I</a> granted the school's charter in 1571, and the first building was opened in 1611. It has long been renowned as one of the two or three greatest English public (i.e., independent) schools; its graduates include <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=378477&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Richard Brinsley Sheridan#9378477.toc">Richard Brinsley Sheridan</a>, Lord <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=358425&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Byron#9358425.toc">Byron</a>, <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=374793&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Sir Robert Peel#9374793.toc">Sir Robert Peel</a>, and <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=360770&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Winston Churchill#9360770.toc">Winston Churchill</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  224.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harrow School." </b>. 
  225.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  226.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  227.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Harrow School. </b>
  228.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  229.                             .
  230.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  231.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  232.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harrow School." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  233.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  234.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366655"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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 Uttar Pradesh and parts of Punjab and Rajasthan under his hegemony, but he contented himself with tribute and homage and never built a centralized empire. His chroniclers, including the Chinese pilgrim <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=383049&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Xuanzang#9383049.toc">Xuanzang</a>, describe him as benevolent and energetic. He set up institutions to benefit the poor and the sick and established the first diplomatic relations between India and China (641). A patron of scholars, he was himself a poet.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  244.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harsa." </b>. 
  245.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  246.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  247.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Harsa. </b>
  248.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  249.                             .
  250.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  251.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  252.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harsa." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  253.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  254.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366656"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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er?articleId=366838&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Heinrich Heine#9366838.toc">Heinrich Heine</a>, Hart initially worked as a translator of German. In 1918 he met <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=377070&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Richard Rodgers#9377070.toc">Richard Rodgers</a>, then age 16, at Columbia University. Their many Broadway hits would include <i>The Garrick Gaieties</i> (1925), <i>A Connecticut Yankee</i> (1927), <i>The Boys from Syracuse</i> (1938), and <i>Pal Joey</i> (1940). Their 25-year collaboration (often difficult because of Hart's alcoholism and aversion to deadlines) yielded nearly 1,000 songs, including 
  264.         "Blue Moon"
  265.        (their only song not introduced on stage or film), 
  266.         "My Funny Valentine,"
  267.        
  268.         "The Lady Is a Tramp,"
  269.        and 
  270.         "Bewitched, Bothered, and Bewildered."
  271.        Hart died of liver failure at age 48.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  272.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hart, Lorenz (Milton)." </b>. 
  273.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  274.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  275.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hart, Lorenz (Milton). </b>
  276.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  277.                             .
  278.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  279.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  280.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hart, Lorenz (Milton)." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  281.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  282.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366659"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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ed with <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=368979&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=George S. Kaufman#9368979.toc">George S. Kaufman</a> on <i>Once in a Lifetime</i> (1930). That success led to their popular comedies <i>You Can't Take It with You</i> (1936, Pulitzer Prize; film, 1938) and <i>The Man Who Came to Dinner</i> (1939; film, 1942). Hart wrote books for musicals for <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=357094&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Irving Berlin#9357094.toc">Irving Berlin</a> and <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=375685&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Cole Porter#9375685.toc">Cole Porter</a>, wrote and directed plays such as <i>Lady in the Dark</i> (1941; film, 1944) and <i>Winged Victory</i> (1943; film, 1944), and directed the long-running musicals <i>My Fair Lady</i> (1956, Tony Award) and <i>Camelot</i> (1960).<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  292.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hart, Moss." </b>. 
  293.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  294.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  295.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hart, Moss. </b>
  296.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  297.                             .
  298.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  299.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  300.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hart, Moss." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
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  313.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  314.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  315.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hart, William S.. </b>
  316.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  317.                             .
  318.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  319.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  320.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hart, William S.." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
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le=Eddie Arcaro#9355706.toc">Eddie Arcaro</a>) ever to win five Kentucky Derbies (1957, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1969). In 1956 he became the first jockey to win $2 million in a single year; he surpassed $3 million the following year. In 1972 he became the fifth jockey ever to win over 4,000 races.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  332.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hartack, Bill." </b>. 
  333.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  334.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  335.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hartack, Bill. </b>
  336.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  337.                             .
  338.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  339.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  340.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hartack, Bill." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  341.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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emblyId=11432&type=A"><img class="thumb" width="100" height="126" src="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ThumbBinaryIdentifier?binaryId=24883" alt="Photograph:Harte"><div class="clear"> </div></a><ul class="captions"><li class="thumbcap">Harte</li></ul></div><i>orig. <b>Francis Brett Harte</b> </i> He briefly experienced camp life in California mining country before becoming a newspaper and periodical editor and writer. His works, which helped create the local-colour school in American fiction, include the short stories 
  352.         "The Luck of Roaring Camp"
  353.        (1868) and 
  354.         "The Outcasts of Poker Flat"
  355.        (1869), the poem <i>The Heathen Chinee</i> (1870), and the play <i>Ah Sin</i> (1877; with <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=381401&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Mark Twain#9381401.toc">Mark Twain</a>). In an era when the West was a popular subject, these works made him internationally famous. His writing slumped in the 1870s, and he accepted consulships in Europe, never returning to the U.S.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  356.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harte, Bret." </b>. 
  357.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  358.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  359.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Harte, Bret. </b>
  360.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  361.                             .
  362.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  363.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  364.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harte, Bret." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  365.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  366.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366663"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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itannica.oec2.identifier.AssemblyIdentifier?assemblyId=23268&type=A"><img class="thumb" width="100" height="82" src="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ThumbBinaryIdentifier?binaryId=30694" alt="Photograph:Coke's hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus cokii)."><div class="clear"> </div></a><ul class="captions"><li class="thumbcap">Coke's hartebeest (<i>Alcelaphus buselaphus cokii</i>).</li></ul></div> They often mingle with herds of other antelope or <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=383285&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=zebras#9383285.toc">zebras</a>. Hartebeests stand about 4 ft (1.2 m) tall at the shoulder, and the back slopes downward from heavy forequarters to narrow hindquarters. The long face is accentuated, in both sexes, by ringed, lyre-shaped horns united at the base. The red hartebeest is pale reddish brown with a lighter rump. Two subspecies (Swayne's hartebeest and the tora) are listed as endangered.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  376.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hartebeest." </b>. 
  377.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  378.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  379.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>hartebeest. </b>
  380.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  381.                             .
  382.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  383.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  384.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hartebeest." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  385.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  386.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366664"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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a model for the U.S. <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=361479&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Constitution#9361479.toc">Constitution</a>, were adopted (1639) in Hartford. The city's insurance industry, its major business, dates from 1794, when the first Hartford fire insurance policy was issued. The statehouse (1796) was designed by <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=358252&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Charles Bulfinch#9358252.toc">Charles Bulfinch</a>. Institutions of higher learning include <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=381165&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Trinity College#9381165.toc">Trinity College</a>. The birthplace of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=372602&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=J.P. Morgan#9372602.toc">J.P. Morgan</a>, Hartford was also the home of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=379659&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Harriet Beecher Stowe#9379659.toc">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a> and <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=381401&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Mark Twain#9381401.toc">Mark Twain</a>, whose houses are preserved.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  396.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hartford." </b>. 
  397.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  398.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  399.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hartford. </b>
  400.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  401.                             .
  402.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  403.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  404.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hartford." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  405.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  406.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366665"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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le=War of 1812#9382328.toc">War of 1812</a>.</p><div class="h1" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><p> It adopted a strong <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=379486&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=states'-rights#9379486.toc">states'-rights</a> position in opposition to the mercantile policies of Pres. <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=370908&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=James Madison#9370908.toc">James Madison</a> and the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=363658&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Embargo Act#9363658.toc">Embargo Act</a> of 1807 and other measures that prohibited trade with Britain and France. News of the signing of the Treaty of Ghent on Dec. 24, 1814, which ended the war, discredited the nascent separatist movement at the convention and weakened Federalist influence.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  416.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hartford Convention." </b>. 
  417.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  418.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  419.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hartford Convention. </b>
  420.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  421.                             .
  422.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  423.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  424.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hartford Convention." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  425.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  426.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366666"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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so lived sporadically in France and Germany. From 1900 he spent most summers in his native Maine, painting landscapes. He first exhibited them at <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=379588&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Alfred Stieglitz#9379588.toc">Alfred Stieglitz</a>'s “291” gallery in 1909. In 1913 he exhibited with Der <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=357455&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Blaue Reiter#9357455.toc">Blaue Reiter</a> in Berlin and at the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=355814&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Armory Show#9355814.toc">Armory Show</a>. His early style of abstract painting with strongly outlined forms and brilliant colours evolved into a personal interpretation of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=364099&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Expressionism#9364099.toc">Expressionism</a>, most evident in his bold and brooding Maine landscapes. He produced a dramatic series of pastels and oil paintings of New Mexico (1918–20) and in 1932 a notable series of the volcano Popocatépetl in Mexico.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  436.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hartley, Marsden." </b>. 
  437.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  438.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  439.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hartley, Marsden. </b>
  440.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  441.                             .
  442.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  443.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  444.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hartley, Marsden." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  445.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  446.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366667"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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perimenting on horseshoe crabs, he was the first to record the electrical impulses sent by a single optic-nerve fibre. He found that when one of the eye's receptor cells is stimulated, others nearby are depressed, enhancing contrast and sharpening perception of shapes. He showed how simple retinal mechanisms constitute vital steps in the integration of visual information. In 1967 he shared a Nobel Prize with <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=382237&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=George Wald#9382237.toc">George Wald</a> and <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=365979&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Ragnar Arthur Granit#9365979.toc">Ragnar Arthur Granit</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  456.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hartline, Haldan Keffer." </b>. 
  457.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  458.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  459.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hartline, Haldan Keffer. </b>
  460.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  461.                             .
  462.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  463.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  464.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hartline, Haldan Keffer." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  465.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  466.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366668"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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<i>c.</i> 1200), both based on works by <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=360702&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Chr%C3%A9tien de Troyes#9360702.toc">Chrétien de Troyes</a>. Through <i>Erec</i>, <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=355878&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Arthurian legend#9355878.toc">Arthurian legend</a> first entered German literature. <i>Der arme Heinrich</i> (“Poor Heinrich”), his finest poem, is a didactic religious epic. He also wrote lyrics and allegorical love poems.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  476.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hartmann von Aue." </b>. 
  477.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  478.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  479.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hartmann von Aue. </b>
  480.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  481.                             .
  482.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  483.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  484.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hartmann von Aue." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  485.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  486.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366669"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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r University in the mid 1930s he built a mechanical computer for solving differential equations, based on the differential analyzer of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=358376&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Vannevar Bush#9358376.toc">Vannevar Bush</a>. During World War II he was involved with the ENIAC project in the U.S. At the University of Cambridge he introduced the self-consistent field approximation scheme that is the basis for most atomic calculations and for the prevailing physical understanding of the wave mechanics of atoms. The Hartree method—sometimes called the Hartree-Fock method to acknowledge Vladimir Fock (1898–1974), who generalized Hartree's scheme—is widely used to describe electrons in atoms, molecules, and solids.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  496.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hartree, Douglas R(ayner)." </b>. 
  497.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  498.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  499.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hartree, Douglas R(ayner). </b>
  500.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  501.                             .
  502.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  503.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  504.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hartree, Douglas R(ayner)." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
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 dynasty#9354370.toc">╩┐Abb─üsid dynasty</a>.</p><div class="h1" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><p> Neither a great ruler nor a prepossessing character, H─ür┼½n ruled (786–809) at a time when Islamic society reached its zenith in terms of wealth, learning, and power. He is best remembered, however, as a central character in <i><a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=380670&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=The Thousand and One Nights#9380670.toc">The Thousand and One Nights</a></i>, where he is portrayed as the epitome of the learned and just ruler. In his early years he was strongly influenced by his mother and by his tutor Yaß╕Ñy─ü of the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=356609&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Barmakid#9356609.toc">Barmakid</a> line of viziers. He succeeded his brother after the latter's untimely death and ruled over a realm that was torn increasingly by strife, as regional leaders sought autonomy. On his death, his sons al-Ma╩╛mun and al-Am─½n fell into open civil war.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  516.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"H─ür┼½n al-Rash─½d." </b>. 
  517.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  518.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  519.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>H─ür┼½n al-Rash─½d. </b>
  520.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  521.                             .
  522.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  523.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  524.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"H─ür┼½n al-Rash─½d." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
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lishment of the medical school in 1782. Schools of divinity and law were established in the early 19th century. <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=363605&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Charles Eliot#9363605.toc">Charles Eliot</a>, during his long tenure as president (1869–1909), made Harvard an institution with national influence. Harvard has educated seven U.S. presidents, many Supreme Court justices, cabinet officers, and congressional leaders, dozens of major literary and intellectual figures, and numerous Nobel laureates. Its undergraduate school, Harvard College, contains about one-third of the total student body. Radcliffe College (1879) was a coordinate undergraduate women's college. From 1960 women graduated from both Harvard and Radcliffe, and in 1999 Radcliffe was absorbed by Harvard, the name surviving in the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. Harvard University also has graduate or professional schools of business, education, government, dentistry, architecture and landscape design, and public health. Among its affiliated research institutes are the Museum of Comparative Zoology, the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, and the Fogg Art Museum. Its Widener Library is one of the largest and most important libraries in the world.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  536.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harvard University." </b>. 
  537.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  538.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  539.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Harvard University. </b>
  540.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  541.                             .
  542.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  543.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  544.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harvard University." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  545.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  546.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366672"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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st in 1954. Noted for his firm, staccato delivery and his conservative but individualistic opinions on current events, he enjoyed an almost unparalleled longevity as a national broadcaster.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  556.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harvey, Paul." </b>. 
  557.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  558.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  559.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Harvey, Paul. </b>
  560.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  561.                             .
  562.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  563.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  564.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harvey, Paul." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  565.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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ed the best medical school in Europe. After receiving a medical diploma, he was appointed to St. Bartholemew's Hospital (1609). He became one of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=368419&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=James I#9368419.toc">James I</a>'s physicians <i>c.</i> 1618 and continued as a king's physician for <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=360352&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Charles I#9360352.toc">Charles I</a>, whose personal friend he became. Harvey's elucidation of blood circulation overturned the work of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=365147&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Galen#9365147.toc">Galen</a> and advanced that of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=381939&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Andreas Vesalius#9381939.toc">Andreas Vesalius</a> and <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=364137&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Hieronymus Fabricius#9364137.toc">Hieronymus Fabricius</a>. To reach his conclusions, Harvey depended on his own observations and reasoning, numerous animal dissections, autopsies, and clinical observations. His <i>Anatomical Exercise Concerning the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals</i> (1628) recorded his findings. It clarified the function of heart valves, proved that blood did not pass through the septum in the heart, explained the purpose of valves in the veins and of the pulmonary circulation, showed that blood is pumped from the atria into the ventricles and then into the rest of the circulatory system, and proved that the pulse reflected heart contractions.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  576.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harvey, William." </b>. 
  577.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  578.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  579.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Harvey, William. </b>
  580.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  581.                             .
  582.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  583.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  584.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harvey, William." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  585.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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Punjab#9376151.toc">Punjab</a>, <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=384344&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Uttaranchal#9384344.toc">Uttaranchal</a>, and <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=381668&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Uttar Pradesh#9381668.toc">Uttar Pradesh</a> and the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=362478&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Delhi#9362478.toc">Delhi</a> national capital territory, it occupies an area of 17,070 sq mi (44,212 sq km). The city of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=360296&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Chandigarh#9360296.toc">Chandigarh</a> is the joint administrative capital of Haryana and Punjab. The region is the legendary birthplace of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=367122&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Hinduism#9367122.toc">Hinduism</a>, and its festivals attract many pilgrims. Most of Haryana lies on the flat <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=365224&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Gangetic Plain#9365224.toc">Gangetic Plain</a>, an area that has seen waves of migration from the time of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=354954&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Alexander the Great#9354954.toc">Alexander the Great</a>. It came under the control of the British <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=363335&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=East India Company#9363335.toc">East India Company</a> in 1803, became a part of Punjab in 1858, and became a separate state in 1966. Its economy is mainly agricultural.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  596.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haryana." </b>. 
  597.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  598.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  599.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Haryana. </b>
  600.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  601.                             .
  602.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  603.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  604.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haryana." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  605.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  606.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366676"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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c">Elbe</a> rivers, it is 60 mi (100 km) long and about 20 mi (32 km) wide. The northwestern and highest portion is known as the Oberharz, and the more extensive southeastern part is the Unterharz; the Brocken group, dividing the two, is considered part of the Oberharz. The highest peak is Mount <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=358072&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Brocken#9358072.toc">Brocken</a>. The Harz owes its early settlement and intensive development from the 10th to the 16th century to mining and metallurgy (silver, lead, iron, copper, and zinc). Its most important industry is tourism.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  616.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harz Mountains." </b>. 
  617.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  618.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  619.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Harz Mountains. </b>
  620.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  621.                             .
  622.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  623.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  624.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Harz Mountains." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  625.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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  636.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"ß╕ñasan." </b>. 
  637.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  638.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  639.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>ß╕ñasan. </b>
  640.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  641.                             .
  642.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  643.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  644.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"ß╕ñasan." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  645.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  646.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366678"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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246.toc">Islam</a>.</p><div class="h1" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><p><i>in full <b>Ab┼½ Sa╩┐─½d ibn Ab─½ al-ß╕ñasan Yas─ür al-Baß╣úr─½</b> </i> He took part in the conquest of eastern Iran as a young soldier. He then settled at Basra, and from 684 he was a popular preacher. He emphasized the practice of religious self-examination and asserted that true Muslims must live in a state of anxiety about their destiny after death. Rejecting determinism, he held that people are entirely responsible for their actions. Political opposition forced him into hiding (705–714), but he afterward lived openly in Basra. He is considered a founder of the two major schools of early <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=379892&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Sunnite#9379892.toc">Sunnite</a> Islam, the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=372904&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Mu%CA%BFtazilah#9372904.toc">Mu╩┐tazilah</a> and the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=355921&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Ash%CA%BFariyyah#9355921.toc">Ash╩┐ariyyah</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  656.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"ß╕ñasan al-Baß╣úr─½, al-." </b>. 
  657.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  658.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  659.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>ß╕ñasan al-Baß╣úr─½, al-. </b>
  660.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  661.                             .
  662.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  663.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  664.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"ß╕ñasan al-Baß╣úr─½, al-." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  665.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  666.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366679"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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 centuries <font class="smallText" size="-1">BC</font>. It was crowned by a high citadel surrounded by a fortification wall. The outer town, which was unfortified, consisted primarily of ordinary dwellings and a cemetery. Many metal artifacts have been found, including a solid gold bowl and two bronze vessels in the shape of horse heads.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  676.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hasanlu." </b>. 
  677.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  678.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  679.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hasanlu. </b>
  680.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  681.                             .
  682.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  683.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  684.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hasanlu." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  685.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  686.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366680"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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ient Slavic and Romanian documents in <i>The Historical Archive of Romania</i> (1865–67) and in his subsequent writings initiated the critical investigation of Romanian history. He became director of the state archives in 1876 and was appointed professor of philology at the University of Bucharest in 1878. His <i>Words of the Ancestors</i> (1878–81) was the first history of apocryphal literature in Romania.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  696.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hasdeu, Bogdan Petriceicu." </b>. 
  697.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  698.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  699.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hasdeu, Bogdan Petriceicu. </b>
  700.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  701.                             .
  702.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  703.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  704.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hasdeu, Bogdan Petriceicu." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  705.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  706.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366681"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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 I, when he became a prisoner of war. After his release he devoted himself to writing a six-volume war novel, <i>The Good Soldier Schweik</i>, but died after completing only four volumes (published 1921–23). Even in its incomplete state, it is considered one of the world's masterpieces of satire.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  716.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Ha┼íek, Jaroslav." </b>. 
  717.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  718.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  719.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Ha┼íek, Jaroslav. </b>
  720.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  721.                             .
  722.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  723.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  724.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Ha┼íek, Jaroslav." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  725.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  726.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366682"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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ngs"><p> <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=371320&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Marijuana#9371320.toc">Marijuana</a>, a product of the same plant, is far less potent. Hashish is smoked or eaten. The active ingredient, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), makes up 10–15% of hashish.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  736.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hashish." </b>. 
  737.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  738.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  739.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>hashish. </b>
  740.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  741.                             .
  742.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  743.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  744.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hashish." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  745.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  746.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366683"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  755. 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tual outlet for the common people. Hasidism began with the preaching of the man later known as the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=356284&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Ba%CA%BFal Shem %E1%B9%ACov#9356284.toc">Ba╩┐al Shem ß╣¼ov</a>. Teaching that God was immanent in all things and that piety was more important than scholarship, he won followers known as Hasidim (“loyalists”). Dov Baer founded the first Hasidic community <i>c.</i> 1710, and countless small communities soon sprang up in Poland, Russia, Lithuania, and Palestine, each led by a <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=383248&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=zaddik#9383248.toc">zaddik</a>. Communal services were marked by dancing, shouting, and singing, through which participants reached a state of spiritual ecstasy. Though excommunicated from <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=374186&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Orthodox Judaism#9374186.toc">Orthodox Judaism</a> in 1772, the Hasidim continued to flourish. By the 19th century Hasidism had become an ultraconservative movement that was accepted by the Orthodox as legitimate. Huge numbers of Hasidim fell victim to the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=367242&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Holocaust#9367242.toc">Holocaust</a>, but their survivors established vital movements in Israel and the U.S. The Lubavitcher sect, based in Brooklyn, N.Y., numbers about 200,000.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  756.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hasidism." </b>. 
  757.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  758.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  759.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hasidism. </b>
  760.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  761.                             .
  762.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  763.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  764.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hasidism." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  765.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  766.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366684"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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> </i> Partly inspired by the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=363738&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Enlightenment#9363738.toc">Enlightenment</a>, the Haskala was sometimes called the Jewish Enlightenment. It originated with prosperous and socially mobile Jews, who hoped to use reforms to enable the Jews to escape ghetto life and enter the mainstream of European society and culture. This meant adding secular subjects to the school curriculum, adopting the language of the larger society in place of Yiddish, abandoning traditional garb, and reforming synagogue services. One of its leaders was <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=371841&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Moses Mendelssohn#9371841.toc">Moses Mendelssohn</a>, who began a revival of Hebrew writing. Haskala's emphasis on the study of Jewish history and ancient Hebrew as a means of reviving Jewish national consciousness influenced <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=383359&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Zionism#9383359.toc">Zionism</a>, and its call to modernize religious practices led to the emergence of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=376656&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Reform Judaism#9376656.toc">Reform Judaism</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  776.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haskala." </b>. 
  777.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  778.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  779.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Haskala. </b>
  780.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  781.                             .
  782.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  783.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  784.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haskala." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  785.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  786.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366685"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  796.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hasmonean dynasty." </b>. 
  797.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  798.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  799.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hasmonean dynasty. </b>
  800.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  801.                             .
  802.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  803.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  804.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hasmonean dynasty." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  805.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  806.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366686"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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g in New York City. From 1898 to 1918 he exhibited together with a group of New York and Boston painters known as The Ten, who became the foremost proponents of U.S. <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=367854&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Impressionism#9367854.toc">Impressionism</a>. Urban life was his favourite subject, but his landscapes of New England and rural New York also became popular. Paintings such as <i>Washington Arch, Spring</i> (1890) are characterized by clear, luminous atmosphere and brilliant colour. He also produced some 400 etchings and lithographs.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  816.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hassam, (Frederick) Childe." </b>. 
  817.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  818.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  819.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hassam, (Frederick) Childe. </b>
  820.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  821.                             .
  822.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  823.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  824.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hassam, (Frederick) Childe." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
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 a new constitution providing for a popularly elected legislature but exercised authoritarian rule from 1965 to 1970, instituting a new constitution in 1970. He claimed <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=382568&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Western Sahara#9382568.toc">Western Sahara</a> for Morocco; this led to ongoing hostilities with the Saharawi guerrilla organization <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=375544&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Polisario#9375544.toc">Polisario</a>. In 1986 he became the second Arab leader to meet publicly with an Israeli leader. He condemned the 1990 invasion of Kuwait by Iraq. Under his leadership Morocco achieved political stability and some economic and social development, though there were accusations that human rights were not respected in his kingdom. <i>See also</i> <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=372776&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad V#9372776.toc">Muß╕Ñammad V</a>; <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=377446&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Saharan Arab Democratic Republic.#9377446.toc">Saharan Arab Democratic Republic.</a><div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  836.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"ß╕ñassan II." </b>. 
  837.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  838.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  839.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>ß╕ñassan II. </b>
  840.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  841.                             .
  842.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  843.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  844.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"ß╕ñassan II." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  845.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=365110&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Gabrieli#9365110.toc">Gabrieli</a> in Venice. He served as chamber organist to the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=365032&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Fugger family#9365032.toc">Fugger family</a> of Augsburg (1586–<i>c.</i> 1600). His compositions became widely known and were granted copyright protection by the emperor in 1591. A Protestant, he eventually left Catholic Augsburg to take posts in Nürnberg, Ulm, and Dresden. He is best known for his sacred Latin choral music, including masses, psalms, and motets, but he also composed Italian madrigals, German part-songs (several became Protestant hymns), and instrumental music.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  856.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hassler, Hans Leo." </b>. 
  857.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  858.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  859.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hassler, Hans Leo. </b>
  860.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  861.                             .
  862.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  863.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  864.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hassler, Hans Leo." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  865.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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ern Mesopotamia. At Hassuna itself, six layers of houses were uncovered, each progressively more substantial. Vessels and pottery dating to <i>c.</i> 5600–5350 <font class="smallText" size="-1">BC</font> were discovered. Similar wares found elsewhere in the Middle East show that even as early as the 6th millennium <font class="smallText" size="-1">BC</font> an extensive trade network existed in the region.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  876.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hassuna." </b>. 
  877.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  878.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  879.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hassuna. </b>
  880.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  881.                             .
  882.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  883.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  884.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hassuna." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  885.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  886.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366690"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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itle=Normans#9373611.toc">Normans</a> as rulers of England.</p><div class="h1" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><p> On his deathbed <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=363446&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Edward the Confessor#9363446.toc">Edward the Confessor</a> had granted the English throne to Harold, earl of Wessex, despite an earlier promise to make William his heir. William crossed to England from Normandy with a skilled army of 4,000–7,000 men, landing at Pevensey in Sussex and moving eastward along the coast to Hastings. Harold met the Norman invaders with an army of 7,000 men, many of whom were exhausted from the forced march south to meet William following Harold's victory at the battle of Stamford Bridge three weeks earlier. The English were defeated after a day-long battle in which Harold was killed. After the battle, the Norman duke moved his army to London and was crowned <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=382727&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=William I#9382727.toc">William I</a> on December 25. <i>See also</i> <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=373608&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Norman Conquest#9373608.toc">Norman Conquest</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  896.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hastings, Battle of." </b>. 
  897.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  898.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  899.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hastings, Battle of. </b>
  900.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  901.                             .
  902.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  903.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  904.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hastings, Battle of." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  905.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  906.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366691"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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et" href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.AssemblyIdentifier?assemblyId=11450&type=A"><img class="thumb" width="100" height="116" src="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ThumbBinaryIdentifier?binaryId=11184" alt="Photograph:Warren Hastings, oil painting by Tilly Kettle; in the National Portrait Gallery, London."><div class="clear"> </div></a><ul class="captions"><li class="thumbcap">Warren Hastings, oil painting by Tilly Kettle; in the National Portrait Gallery, London.</li></ul></div> He worked for the English <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=363335&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=East India Company#9363335.toc">East India Company</a> from 1750, rising to membership in its council in Bengal (1761–64) and Madras (now Chennai; 1769). As governor of Bengal (1772–74), he moved the central government to Calcutta (now Kolkata) under direct British control and remodeled the justice system. In 1774 he acquired the new title of governor-general, with responsibilities for supervising other British settlements in India. His powers were shared with a council of four, several of whom tried to blame Hastings for the continuing abuses of power by Englishmen. From 1777 to 1783 he sought to counter the instability created by the fall of the Mughal Empire and tried to maintain peaceful relations with neighbouring states but was drawn into the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=371254&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Maratha Wars#9371254.toc">Maratha Wars</a>. This disrupted the company's trade and antagonized opinion in England, as did several dubious ventures Hastings entered into to raise extra funds. In 1785 he left India at peace and retired to England. In 1786 <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=358330&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Edmund Burke#9358330.toc">Edmund Burke</a> introduced an impeachment process against him on charges of corruption; after a trial that lasted from 1788 to 1795, Hastings was acquitted.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  916.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hastings, Warren." </b>. 
  917.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  918.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  919.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hastings, Warren. </b>
  920.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  921.                             .
  922.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  923.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  924.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hastings, Warren." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  925.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  926.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366692"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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owler) was introduced in 1850. The cloth cap with visor was for decades the international standard for workingmen and boys. Women's hats went through periods of astonishing ostentation, the last being the years preceding World War I. Since <i>c.</i> 1960 the wearing of hats by both men and women has greatly declined in the West. With 15th-century origins, the broad-brimmed sombrero is still popular in Mexico and parts of Latin America. The people of East Asia have devised head coverings as simple as the Chinese coolie hat, a one-piece flattened cone, and as elaborate and decorative as the Japanese cap-shaped <i>kammuri</i> of black lacquered silk decorated with an upright streamer and imperial chrysanthemum crest. In India the Gandhi cap, fez, and turban are in general use. In regions where the Ottoman Empire ruled (including the Balkans and North Africa), the traditional headgear of the fez and tarboosh remained popular for men until the 20th century. Farther east, from Iran to South Asia (as well as in parts of coastal Arabia), various types of turbans have been worn by men. In the Arabian interior, the Levant, and parts of Syria and Iraq, the kaffiyeh (sometimes called a <i>ghuß╣¡rah</i>), a wide cloth held in place by a camel-hair cord (<i>╩┐iq─ül</i>), remains customary, even for men sporting Western attire. In Israel the yarmulke is common, particularly among observant Jews.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  936.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hat." </b>. 
  937.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  938.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  939.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>hat. </b>
  940.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  941.                             .
  942.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  943.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  944.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hat." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  945.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  946.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366693"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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ormerly supplied by New England and New York manufacturers.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  956.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hat Act." </b>. 
  957.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  958.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  959.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hat Act. </b>
  960.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  961.                             .
  962.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  963.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  964.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hat Act." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  965.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  966.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366694"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  976.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hatch Act." </b>. 
  977.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  978.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  979.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hatch Act. </b>
  980.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  981.                             .
  982.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  983.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  984.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hatch Act." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  985.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  986.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366695"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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ed in opposing allegiances in the American Civil War. In 1882 the first murder of a Hatfield was followed by the murder of three McCoys. Retaliatory raids and murders continued with little interference from local police. In 1888 a posse of McCoys led by a deputy sheriff captured nine Hatfields in West Virginia and took them to Kentucky to stand trial for murder. West Virginia officials charged Kentucky officials with kidnapping. Newspapers nationwide carried the story. The U.S. Supreme Court eventually ruled in favour of Kentucky. The trials resulted in one sentence of death and eight of imprisonment. Flare-ups gradually abated by the 1920s.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  996.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hatfields and McCoys." </b>. 
  997.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  998.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  999.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hatfields and McCoys. </b>
  1000.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1001.                             .
  1002.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1003.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1004.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hatfields and McCoys." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1005.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1006.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366696"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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worship was linked at Heliopolis with that of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=376553&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Re#9376553.toc">Re</a>, whose wife or daughter she was said to be. In Upper Egypt she was worshiped with <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=367390&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Horus#9367390.toc">Horus</a>, and in the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=373184&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=necropolis#9373184.toc">necropolis</a> at Thebes she was held to be the patroness of the dead.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1016.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hathor." </b>. 
  1017.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1018.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1019.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hathor. </b>
  1020.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1021.                             .
  1022.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1023.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1024.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hathor." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1025.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1026.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366697"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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rdered herself crowned as pharaoh. She attained unprecedented power, adopting the titles and regalia of a pharaoh, complete with a false beard. She devoted much of the profit from expanded trade and tribute to an extensive building program, most notably to a splendid temple at Dayr al-Baß╕Ñr─½. Thutmose III, who had become head of the army, succeeded her; whether she died naturally or was deposed and killed is uncertain.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1036.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hatshepsut." </b>. 
  1037.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1038.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1039.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hatshepsut. </b>
  1040.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1041.                             .
  1042.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1043.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1044.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hatshepsut." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1045.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1046.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366698"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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therlands (1922–32), he became president of a group of Indonesian nationalist students studying overseas. He was imprisoned in a concentration camp in West New Guinea for his activities and then exiled to the island of Bandanaira. He collaborated with the Japanese during World War II. He became prime minister in 1948 and gained support from Western countries that year by suppressing a communist revolt. Hatta helped guide Indonesia to complete independence in 1949. He became vice president under <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=379833&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Sukarno#9379833.toc">Sukarno</a> in 1950, but resigned in 1956. After Sukarno's downfall, he served as an adviser to <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=379827&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Suharto#9379827.toc">Suharto</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1056.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hatta, Mohammad." </b>. 
  1057.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1058.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1059.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hatta, Mohammad. </b>
  1060.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1061.                             .
  1062.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1063.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1064.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hatta, Mohammad." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1065.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1066.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366699"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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the tallest (208 ft [63 m]) masonry lighthouse in the country, located at Cape Hatteras.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1076.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Cape Hatteras National Seashore." </b>. 
  1077.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1078.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1079.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Cape Hatteras National Seashore. </b>
  1080.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1081.                             .
  1082.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1083.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1084.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Cape Hatteras National Seashore." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1085.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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  1096.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hauhau." </b>. 
  1097.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1098.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1099.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hauhau. </b>
  1100.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1101.                             .
  1102.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1103.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1104.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hauhau." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1105.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1106.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366701"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  1116.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hauptmann, Gerhart (Johann Robert)." </b>. 
  1117.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1118.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1119.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hauptmann, Gerhart (Johann Robert). </b>
  1120.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1121.                             .
  1122.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1123.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1124.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hauptmann, Gerhart (Johann Robert)." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1125.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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  1135. 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fier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=379342&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Louis Spohr#9379342.toc">Louis Spohr</a>, he played in a number of orchestras. From 1842 he was cantor of the music school at <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=356315&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=J.S. Bach#9356315.toc">J.S. Bach</a>'s former church in Leipzig. In 1850 he cofounded the Bach Gesellschaft, devoted to publishing Bach's complete works; he served as its president the rest of his life and edited its first three volumes. As a theorist, he is known for his emphasis on the harmonic dualism of major and minor (based on the philosophy of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=366823&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=G.W.F. Hegel#9366823.toc">G.W.F. Hegel</a>).<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1136.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hauptmann, Moritz." </b>. 
  1137.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1138.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1139.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hauptmann, Moritz. </b>
  1140.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1141.                             .
  1142.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1143.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1144.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hauptmann, Moritz." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1145.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1146.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366703"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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n the area. In the mid 14th century a confederation of Hausa states was formed, influenced by the spread of Islam from the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=371079&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Mali empire#9371079.toc">Mali empire</a>. Hausa society traditionally was, and to some extent continues to be, organized on a feudal basis. The head of an emirate is surrounded by titled officeholders who hold villages as fiefs, from which their agents collect taxes. The economy has traditionally rested on agriculture, though craftwork and trade are also important. Hausa society is markedly hierarchical; the ranking, both of offices and social classes, is expressed in an elaborate etiquette. <i>See also</i> <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=365042&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Fulani#9365042.toc">Fulani</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1156.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hausa." </b>. 
  1157.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1158.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1159.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hausa. </b>
  1160.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1161.                             .
  1162.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1163.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1164.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hausa." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1165.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1166.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366704"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  1175. 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land, communities of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=366704&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Hausa#9366704.toc">Hausa</a> merchants have stimulated the use of Hausa as a <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=370302&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=lingua franca#9370302.toc">lingua franca</a> by tens of millions more across a broad area of the African Sahel and savanna region. Hausa is now customarily written in the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=369797&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Latin alphabet#9369797.toc">Latin alphabet</a>, introduced in the early 20th century, though writing in an adaptation of the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=355655&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Arabic alphabet#9355655.toc">Arabic alphabet</a>, attested about a century earlier, continues in Qur╩╛─ünic schools and some other contexts.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1176.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hausa language." </b>. 
  1177.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1178.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1179.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hausa language. </b>
  1180.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1181.                             .
  1182.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1183.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1184.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hausa language." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1185.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1186.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366705"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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title=geopolitics#9365445.toc">geopolitics</a>.</p><div class="h1" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><p> As an army officer in Japan (1908–10), he studied its expansionist policies in Asia and later wrote several books on Japan's role in 20th-century politics. After retiring from the army (1919), he founded the <i>Journal for Geopolitics</i> (1924) and taught at the University of Munich (1921–39). Haushofer's influence in military circles was considerable, and in World War II he attempted to justify Germany and Japan in their drives for world power. Investigated for war crimes after the war, he and his wife committed suicide.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1196.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haushofer, Karl (Ernst)." </b>. 
  1197.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1198.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1199.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Haushofer, Karl (Ernst). </b>
  1200.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1201.                             .
  1202.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1203.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1204.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haushofer, Karl (Ernst)." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1205.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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d the French civil service in 1831 and became prefect of the Seine department (1853–70). He inaugurated a wide-reaching program of municipal improvements in Paris, including a new water supply and sewage system, the creation of wide avenues through Paris's mass of small streets, the landscape gardening of the Bois de Boulogne, and the construction of the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=374580&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Paris Op%C3%A9ra#9374580.toc">Paris Opéra</a> and Les Halles market. Though the aesthetic merits of his creations are open to dispute, there is no doubt that as a town planner he exerted great influence on cities throughout the world.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
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  1217.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1218.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1219.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Haussmann, Georges-Eugène. </b>
  1220.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1221.                             .
  1222.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1223.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1224.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haussmann, Georges-Eugène." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
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E&query=null&title=crystallography#9361973.toc">crystallography</a>.</p><div class="h1" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><p> He studied theology and was a professor at the Collège de Navarra for 21 years. He became a professor of mineralogy at the Museum of Natural History (1802) and at the Sorbonne (1809). By experimentation he derived a theory of crystal structure, and he subsequently applied his theory to the classification of minerals. He also was known for his studies of pyroelectricity and <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=375252&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=piezoelectricity#9375252.toc">piezoelectricity</a> in crystals.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1236.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haüy, René-Just." </b>. 
  1237.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1238.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1239.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Haüy, René-Just. </b>
  1240.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1241.                             .
  1242.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1243.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1244.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haüy, René-Just." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1245.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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e de facto capital of Cuba by 1553, it was Spain's chief naval station in the New World. Its harbour was the scene of the destruction of the U.S. battleship <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=371011&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Maine#9371011.toc">Maine</a> in 1898, the immediate cause of the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=379221&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Spanish-American War#9379221.toc">Spanish-American War</a>. Before 1959, when <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=359988&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Fidel Castro#9359988.toc">Fidel Castro</a> came to power, Havana was a haven for U.S. tourists, offering gambling and showy nightlife. In addition to being Cuba's commercial and industrial centre, it contains many buildings of Spanish colonial style, including the 17th-century Cathedral of Havana, the Museum of the City of Havana, and Morro Castle. Old Havana and its fortifications are a UNESCO <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=382937&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=World Heritage site#9382937.toc">World Heritage site</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1256.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Havana." </b>. 
  1257.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1258.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1259.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Havana. </b>
  1260.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1261.                             .
  1262.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1263.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1264.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Havana." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1265.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1266.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366710"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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(1965), are absurdist, satirical examinations of bureaucratic routines that explore the moral compromises made by those living under totalitarianism. They were banned by the communist authorities, and Havel was repeatedly arrested and imprisoned in the 1970s and '80s. During antigovernment demonstrations in 1989, he became the leading figure in the Civic Forum, a coalition of groups pressing for democratic reforms. The Communist Party capitulated (in the bloodless “Velvet Revolution”) and formed a coalition government with the Civic Forum, and Havel was elected president in 1989. In 1993 he was elected president of the new Czech Republic.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1276.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Havel, Václav." </b>. 
  1277.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1278.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1279.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Havel, Václav. </b>
  1280.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1281.                             .
  1282.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1283.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1284.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Havel, Václav." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1285.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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 Lincolnshire dialect and containing many local traditions, it tells the story of the English princess Goldeboru and the orphaned Danish prince Havelok, who defeats a usurper to become king of Denmark and part of England.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1296.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Havelok (the Dane)." </b>. 
  1297.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1298.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1299.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Havelok (the Dane). </b>
  1300.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1301.                             .
  1302.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1303.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1304.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Havelok (the Dane)." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1305.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1306.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366712"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  1316.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Havel River." </b>. 
  1317.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1318.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1319.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Havel River. </b>
  1320.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1321.                             .
  1322.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1323.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1324.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Havel River." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1325.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1326.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366713"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  1335. 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 of the top U.S. colleges. It maintains cooperative programs with <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=358183&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Bryn Mawr#9358183.toc">Bryn Mawr</a> and <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=379988&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Swarthmore#9379988.toc">Swarthmore</a> colleges and the University of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=374850&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Pennsylvania#9374850.toc">Pennsylvania</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1336.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haverford College." </b>. 
  1337.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1338.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1339.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Haverford College. </b>
  1340.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1341.                             .
  1342.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1343.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1344.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haverford College." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1345.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1346.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366714"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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i (3,857 km) west of San Francisco. The state's major islands are, from west to east, Niihau, Kauai, <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=373804&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Oahu#9373804.toc">Oahu</a>, Molokai, Lanai, Kahoolawe, Maui, and <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=366717&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Hawaii#9366717.toc">Hawaii</a>; there are more than 120 islets. The state's active volcanoes include <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=371564&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Mauna Loa#9371564.toc">Mauna Loa</a> and <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=369176&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Kilauea#9369176.toc">Kilauea</a>. The majority of the state's residents live on Oahu. The original Hawaiians were of Polynesian origin and came from the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=371375&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Marquesas Islands#9371375.toc">Marquesas Islands</a> <i>c.</i> <font class="smallText" size="-1">AD</font> 400. Capt. <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=361535&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=James Cook#9361535.toc">James Cook</a> visited the islands in 1778 and called them the Sandwich Islands. At the beginning of the 19th century, <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=368866&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Kamehameha I#9368866.toc">Kamehameha I</a> united the group under his rule. American whalers began to stop there; they were followed in 1820 by New England missionaries, and Western influences changed the islands. While Kamehameha III in 1851 placed Hawaii under U.S. protection, a coup fomented by U.S. sugar interests resulted in the monarchy's overthrow and the establishment of a Republic of Hawaii (1893). In 1898 the new republic and the U.S. agreed on annexation, and in 1900 Hawaii became a U.S. territory. The bombing of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=374759&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Pearl Harbor#9374759.toc">Pearl Harbor</a> by the Japanese in 1941 led to U.S. involvement in <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=382944&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=World War II#9382944.toc">World War II</a>, and Hawaii became a major naval station. Hawaii became the 50th state in 1959. Its largest industry is tourism. It is also a world astronomy centre, with telescopes atop <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=371563&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Mauna Kea#9371563.toc">Mauna Kea</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1356.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawaii." </b>. 
  1357.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1358.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1359.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hawaii. </b>
  1360.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1361.                             .
  1362.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1363.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1364.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawaii." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1365.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1366.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366716"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  1375. 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noes connected by lava ridges. <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=369176&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Kilauea#9369176.toc">Kilauea</a>, the world's most active volcano, is located there in <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=366721&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Hawaii Volcanoes National Park#9366721.toc">Hawaii Volcanoes National Park</a>. The island has other volcanic peaks, including <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=371563&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Mauna Kea#9371563.toc">Mauna Kea</a>. Sugar, tourism, cattle, orchids, and coffee are the basis of the economy.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1376.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawaii." </b>. 
  1377.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1378.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1379.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hawaii. </b>
  1380.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1381.                             .
  1382.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1383.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1384.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawaii." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1385.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1386.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366717"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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of stone, wood, shell, teeth, and bone. They had a highly developed oral culture and possessed percussion, string, and wind instruments. Their basic unit of land, the <i>ahupuaa</i>, usually extended from the shore to the mountaintop, providing the occupants with the means to grow and gather all they needed. Hawaiians had four principal gods and many lesser deities. Their laws, which included intricate taboos, bore heavily upon the people, especially women. After the arrival of Christian missionaries in 1820, some of the more repressive laws and taboos were abolished, but the native population was devastated by Western diseases. Numbering about 300,000 in 1778, full-blooded Hawaiians today number fewer than 10,000.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1396.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawaiian." </b>. 
  1397.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1398.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1399.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hawaiian. </b>
  1400.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1401.                             .
  1402.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1403.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1404.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawaiian." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1405.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1406.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366720"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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he active volcanoes <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=371564&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Mauna Loa#9371564.toc">Mauna Loa</a> and <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=369176&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Kilauea#9369176.toc">Kilauea</a>, 25 mi (40 km) apart. Other highlights are Kau Desert, an area of lava formations near Kilauea, and a tree-fern forest that receives nearly 100 in. (2,500 mm) of annual rainfall.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1416.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawaii Volcanoes National Park." </b>. 
  1417.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1418.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1419.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. </b>
  1420.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1421.                             .
  1422.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1423.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1424.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawaii Volcanoes National Park." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1425.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1426.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366721"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  1435.         </script></body></html><html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"><base><title>hawk</title><scripts></scripts><script src="js/article.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="js/jx.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="js/notes.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="js/toc.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="include/toolTip.js" type="text/javascript"></script><link href="css/baseArticle.css" type="text/css" rel="StyleSheet"><link media="print" href="css/printArticle.css" type="text/css" rel="StyleSheet"><stylesheets></stylesheets></head><body><div id="toolTip"></div><div id="pageWrapper"><div id="headerPane"><div id="articleInfoHeader"><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="contentUpdate"><a href="articleupdate://?articleId=366722"></a></div><h1 id="pageHeading">hawk<span class="subheading">Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Article</span></h1></div><div id="relatedContentContainer"><div class="menuContainer" id="relatedContentButton"><a class="menuButton"><span class="linkLabel"></span></a></div><ul class="popUpMenu" id="relatedContentMenu"><li><a href="http://cdsearch.britannica.com/search?query=hawk&shelf=concise&pid=conc07">Online Search</a></li></ul></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sideBarControlsContainer"><ul><li id="articleNotesButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" href="annotate:viewNotes?articleId=366722" onmouseover="showTip('display all the notes you have taken', 150, event);" onclick="showNotes();"><img height="17" width="15" src="img/bcd07_all_art_nv_icon.png"><span class="linkLabel">Notes Viewer</span></a></li></ul></div></div><div id="toolbarPane"><div id="toolbarResizePane"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" onclick="minimizeToolbar();" id="toolbarMinimizeButton" onmouseover="showTip('minimize toolbar',75, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Minimize Toolbar</span></a><a onmouseout="hideTip();" onclick="maximizeToolbar();" id="toolbarMaximizeButton" onmouseover="showTip('maximize toolbar', 75, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Maximize Toolbar</span></a></div><ul id="toolbarButtonsPane"><li id="findButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:find" onmouseover="showTip('Find text within articles', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Find</span></a></li><li id="copyButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:copy" onmouseover="showTip('Copy text to your clipboard', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Copy</span></a></li><li id="printButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:print" onmouseover="showTip('Print articles', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Print</span></a></li><li id="saveButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:save" onmouseover="showTip('Save articles and images to your hard drive', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Save</span></a></li><li id="bookmarkButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:bookmark" onmouseover="showTip('Save your favorite articles and images to your bookmarks folder', 250, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Bookmark</span></a></li><li id="preferencesButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:pref" onmouseover="showTip('Adjust screen text size and other personal settings', 250, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Preferences</span></a></li><li xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="menuContainer" id="notesButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="menuButton toolbarButton" onmouseover="showTip('take notes on your favorite article', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Notes</span></a></li></ul><ul xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="popUpMenu" id="notesMenu"><li><a href="annotate:takeNote?articleId=366722"><span class="menuItemText">Take a Note</span></a></li><li class="enabledMenuItem" id="showNotesItem"><a onclick="swapMenuItem('showNotesItem', 'hideNotesItem');" href="annotate:showNotes?articleId=366722"><span class="menuItemText">Show Notes</span></a></li><li class="disabledMenuItem" id="hideNotesItem"><a onclick="swapMenuItem('hideNotesItem', 'showNotesItem');" href="annotate:hideNotes?articleId=366722"><span class="menuItemText">Hide Notes</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="content" id="articlePane"><a id="top"></a><a id="dummyscrollanchor"></a><div id="articleBody"><a id="9366722.toc" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"></a><p class="gist" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Any of many small to medium-sized, diurnal <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=357321&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=birds of prey#9357321.toc">birds of prey</a>, particularly those in the genus <i>Accipiter</i>.</p><div class="h1" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><p><div class="assembly"><a class="asset" href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.AssemblyIdentifier?assemblyId=5857&type=A"><img class="thumb" width="100" height="126" src="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ThumbBinaryIdentifier?binaryId=1167" alt="Photograph:Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)."><div class="clear"> </div></a><ul class="captions"><li class="thumbcap">Red-tailed hawk (<i>Buteo jamaicensis</i>).</li></ul></div> The term is often applied to other birds in the Accipitridae family (including <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=358412&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=buzzards#9358412.toc">buzzards</a>, <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=366641&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=harriers#9366641.toc">harriers</a>, and <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=369266&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=kites#9369266.toc">kites</a>) and sometimes to certain <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=364173&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=falcons#9364173.toc">falcons</a>. Hawks usually eat small mammals, reptiles, and insects but occasionally kill birds. There is often no difference in plumage between sexes. Hawks are found on the six major continents. Most nest in trees, but some nest on the ground or on cliffs. True hawks (accipiters) can usually be distinguished in flight by their long tails and short, rounded wings. They are exemplified by the 12-in (30-cm) sharp-shinned hawk (<i>A. striatus</i>), gray above with fine rusty barring below, found throughout much of the New World. <i>See also</i> <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=365871&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=goshawk#9365871.toc">goshawk</a>, <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=379238&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=sparrow hawk#9379238.toc">sparrow hawk</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1436.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hawk." </b>. 
  1437.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1438.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1439.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>hawk. </b>
  1440.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1441.                             .
  1442.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1443.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1444.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hawk." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1445.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1446.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366722"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  1455. 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  1456.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawkesbury River." </b>. 
  1457.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1458.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1459.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hawkesbury River. </b>
  1460.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1461.                             .
  1462.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1463.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1464.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawkesbury River." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1465.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1466.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366723"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=376700&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=relativity#9376700.toc">relativity</a> and particularly on the physics of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=357401&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=black hole#9357401.toc">black hole</a>s. In 1971 he suggested that numerous objects, formed after the big bang, each had as much as one billion tons of mass but the size of only a proton. These “mini black holes” are unique in being subject to both the laws of relativity, due to their immense mass and gravity, and the laws of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=376259&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=quantum mechanics#9376259.toc">quantum mechanics</a>, due to their minute size. In 1974 he proposed that black holes “evaporate” by what is now known as <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=366725&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Hawking radiation#9366725.toc">Hawking radiation</a>. His work greatly spurred efforts to delineate the properties of black holes. His work also showed the relationship of these properties to the laws of classical thermodynamics and quantum mechanics. Hawking's achievements, despite near-total paralysis from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, have earned him extraordinary honours. His books include the best-selling <i>A Brief History of Time</i> (1988).<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1476.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawking, Stephen W(illiam)." </b>. 
  1477.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1478.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1479.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hawking, Stephen W(illiam). </b>
  1480.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1481.                             .
  1482.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1483.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1484.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawking, Stephen W(illiam)." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1485.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1486.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366724"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  1495. 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  1496.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawking radiation." </b>. 
  1497.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1498.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1499.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hawking radiation. </b>
  1500.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1501.                             .
  1502.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1503.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1504.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawking radiation." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1505.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1506.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366725"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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oc">jazz</a> musician.</p><div class="h1" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><p><div class="assembly"><a class="asset" href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.AssemblyIdentifier?assemblyId=11462&type=A"><img class="thumb" width="100" height="126" src="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ThumbBinaryIdentifier?binaryId=1170" alt="Photograph:Coleman Hawkins, c. 1943."><div class="clear"> </div></a><ul class="captions"><li class="thumbcap">Coleman Hawkins, c. 1943.</li></ul></div> Hawkins came to prominence as a member of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=366906&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Fletcher Henderson#9366906.toc">Fletcher Henderson</a>'s big band (1924–34), with which he absorbed the style of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=355820&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Louis Armstrong#9355820.toc">Louis Armstrong</a> and developed the smooth legato phrasing and robust tone that set the technical standard for all tenor players. He worked in Europe (1934–39) and soon after his return recorded 
  1516.         "Body and Soul,"
  1517.        which became a commercial success and one of the masterpieces of improvised jazz. Hawkins was the first important tenor saxophone soloist in jazz. He was receptive to the harmonic advances made by younger players, who widely acknowledged his influence.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1518.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawkins, Coleman (Randolph)." </b>. 
  1519.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1520.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1521.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hawkins, Coleman (Randolph). </b>
  1522.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1523.                             .
  1524.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1525.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1526.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawkins, Coleman (Randolph)." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1527.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1528.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366726"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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articleId=356413&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=George Balanchine#9356413.toc">George Balanchine</a> (1935–37) before joining the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=365930&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Martha Graham#9365930.toc">Martha Graham</a> company in 1938. He became a leading dancer for the company, and he and Graham were married for a number of years. He stayed with her company until 1951, when he organized his own troupe and devoted himself to an approach based on kinesthetic awareness.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1538.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawkins, Erick." </b>. 
  1539.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1540.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1541.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hawkins, Erick. </b>
  1542.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1543.                             .
  1544.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1545.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1546.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawkins, Erick." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1547.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1548.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366727"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=363076&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Sir Francis Drake#9363076.toc">Sir Francis Drake</a>, he became a merchant in the African trade and the first English slave trader. After a successful slave-trading voyage in 1562–63, a group that included <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=363618&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Elizabeth I#9363618.toc">Elizabeth I</a> provided money for a second expedition. A Spanish fleet attacked him on his third voyage (1567–69, with Drake), beginning the quarrel between England and Spain that led to war in 1585. As treasurer (1577) and controller (1589) of the navy, he rebuilt older ships and helped design the faster ships that withstood the Spanish <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=355799&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Armada#9355799.toc">Armada</a> in 1588. He later devised the naval blockade to intercept Spanish treasure ships. One of the foremost seamen of 16th-century England, he was the chief architect of the Elizabethan navy.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1558.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawkins, Sir John." </b>. 
  1559.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1560.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1561.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hawkins, Sir John. </b>
  1562.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1563.                             .
  1564.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1565.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1566.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawkins, Sir John." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1567.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1568.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366728"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  1577. 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th</b> </i> Found worldwide, these stout-bodied moths have long, narrow forewings and shorter hind wings, with wingspans ranging from 2 to 8 in. (5–20 cm). Many species pollinate flowers while sucking nectar; the proboscis of some species is up to 13 in. (32.5 cm) long. Some hawk moths migrate. The larvae, which are smooth and have a dorsal “horn,” are called hornworms; larvae of two North American species—the tobacco, or southern, hornworm, and the tomato, or northern, hornworm—attack tomato, tobacco, and potato crops.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1578.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hawk moth." </b>. 
  1579.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1580.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1581.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>hawk moth. </b>
  1582.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1583.                             .
  1584.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1585.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1586.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hawk moth." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1587.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1588.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366729"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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ld War I, then wrote screenplays in Hollywood (from 1922) and directed several projects before making his first major film, <i>A Girl in Every Port</i> (1928). A master technician and storyteller, he created a sense of intimacy by filming from eye level. He directed over 40 films (many of which he also produced and wrote) in a variety of genres: adventure (<i>The Dawn Patrol</i>, 1930), crime (<i>Scarface</i>, 1932), comedy (<i>Bringing Up Baby</i>, 1938), war (<i>Sergeant York</i>, 1941), musicals (<i>Gentlemen Prefer Blondes</i>, 1953), film noir (<i>The Big Sleep</i>, 1946), science fiction (<i>The Thing</i>, 1951), and westerns (<i>Red River</i>, 1948; <i>Rio Bravo</i>, 1959).<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1598.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawks, Howard (Winchester)." </b>. 
  1599.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1600.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1601.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hawks, Howard (Winchester). </b>
  1602.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1603.                             .
  1604.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1605.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1606.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawks, Howard (Winchester)." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1607.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1608.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366730"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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hawkweed (<i>H. aurantiacum</i>), and common hawkweed (<i>H. vulgatum</i>) are widely distributed weeds. Some species are cultivated as garden ornamentals for their attractive flower clusters.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1618.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hawkweed." </b>. 
  1619.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1620.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1621.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>hawkweed. </b>
  1622.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1623.                             .
  1624.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1625.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1626.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hawkweed." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1627.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1628.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366731"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  1638.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hawthorn." </b>. 
  1639.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1640.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1641.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>hawthorn. </b>
  1642.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1643.                             .
  1644.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1645.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1646.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hawthorn." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1647.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1648.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366733"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  1658.         "My Kinsman, Major Molineux"
  1659.        (1832), 
  1660.         "Roger Malvin's Burial"
  1661.        (1832), and 
  1662.         "Young Goodman Brown"
  1663.        (1835). His story collections include <i>Twice-Told Tales</i> (1837), <i>Mosses from an Old Manse</i> (1846), and <i>The Snow-Image</i> (1851). He is best known for the novels <i>The Scarlet Letter</i> (1850), a story of adultery set in colonial New England considered to be one of the best American novels, and <i>The House of the Seven Gables</i> (1851), the story of a family that lives under a curse for generations. His later works include <i>The Blithedale Romance</i> (1852) and <i>The Marble Faun</i> (1860). A skilled literary craftsman and a master of allegory and symbolism, he ranks among the greatest American fiction writers.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1664.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawthorne, Nathaniel." </b>. 
  1665.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1666.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1667.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hawthorne, Nathaniel. </b>
  1668.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1669.                             .
  1670.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1671.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1672.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hawthorne, Nathaniel." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1673.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1674.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366734"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  1679.                 }
  1680.             
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  1683.         </script></body></html><html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"><base><title>hay</title><scripts></scripts><script src="js/article.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="js/jx.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="js/notes.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="js/toc.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="include/toolTip.js" type="text/javascript"></script><link href="css/baseArticle.css" type="text/css" rel="StyleSheet"><link media="print" href="css/printArticle.css" type="text/css" rel="StyleSheet"><stylesheets></stylesheets></head><body><div id="toolTip"></div><div id="pageWrapper"><div id="headerPane"><div id="articleInfoHeader"><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="contentUpdate"><a href="articleupdate://?articleId=366735"></a></div><h1 id="pageHeading">hay<span class="subheading">Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Article</span></h1></div><div id="relatedContentContainer"><div class="menuContainer" id="relatedContentButton"><a class="menuButton"><span class="linkLabel"></span></a></div><ul class="popUpMenu" id="relatedContentMenu"><li><a href="http://cdsearch.britannica.com/search?query=hay&shelf=concise&pid=conc07">Online Search</a></li></ul></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sideBarControlsContainer"><ul><li id="articleNotesButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" href="annotate:viewNotes?articleId=366735" onmouseover="showTip('display all the notes you have taken', 150, event);" onclick="showNotes();"><img height="17" width="15" src="img/bcd07_all_art_nv_icon.png"><span class="linkLabel">Notes Viewer</span></a></li></ul></div></div><div id="toolbarPane"><div id="toolbarResizePane"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" onclick="minimizeToolbar();" id="toolbarMinimizeButton" onmouseover="showTip('minimize toolbar',75, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Minimize Toolbar</span></a><a onmouseout="hideTip();" onclick="maximizeToolbar();" id="toolbarMaximizeButton" onmouseover="showTip('maximize toolbar', 75, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Maximize Toolbar</span></a></div><ul id="toolbarButtonsPane"><li id="findButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:find" onmouseover="showTip('Find text within articles', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Find</span></a></li><li id="copyButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:copy" onmouseover="showTip('Copy text to your clipboard', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Copy</span></a></li><li id="printButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:print" onmouseover="showTip('Print articles', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Print</span></a></li><li id="saveButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:save" onmouseover="showTip('Save articles and images to your hard drive', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Save</span></a></li><li id="bookmarkButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:bookmark" onmouseover="showTip('Save your favorite articles and images to your bookmarks folder', 250, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Bookmark</span></a></li><li id="preferencesButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:pref" onmouseover="showTip('Adjust screen text size and other personal settings', 250, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Preferences</span></a></li><li xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="menuContainer" id="notesButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="menuButton toolbarButton" onmouseover="showTip('take notes on your favorite article', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Notes</span></a></li></ul><ul xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="popUpMenu" id="notesMenu"><li><a href="annotate:takeNote?articleId=366735"><span class="menuItemText">Take a Note</span></a></li><li class="enabledMenuItem" id="showNotesItem"><a onclick="swapMenuItem('showNotesItem', 'hideNotesItem');" href="annotate:showNotes?articleId=366735"><span class="menuItemText">Show Notes</span></a></li><li class="disabledMenuItem" id="hideNotesItem"><a onclick="swapMenuItem('hideNotesItem', 'showNotesItem');" href="annotate:hideNotes?articleId=366735"><span class="menuItemText">Hide Notes</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="content" id="articlePane"><a id="top"></a><a id="dummyscrollanchor"></a><div id="articleBody"><a id="9366735.toc" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"></a><p class="gist" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">In agriculture, dried <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=365998&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=grasses#9365998.toc">grasses</a> and other foliage used as animal <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=364292&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=feed#9364292.toc">feed</a>.</p><div class="h1" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><p> Typical hay crops are <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=380796&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=timothy#9380796.toc">timothy</a>, <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=354966&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=alfalfa#9354966.toc">alfalfa</a>, and <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=360998&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=clover#9360998.toc">clover</a>. Usually the material is cut in the field while still green and then either dried in the field or mechanically dried by forced hot air. Balers compress hay into tightly packed rectangular or cylindrical bales tied with wire or twine. Loose hay may also be “vacuumed” off the field and then blown into stacks in a barn or other storage facility. Properly cured hay with 20% or less moisture may be stored for months without danger of spoilage.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1684.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hay." </b>. 
  1685.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1686.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1687.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>hay. </b>
  1688.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1689.                             .
  1690.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1691.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1692.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hay." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1693.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1694.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366735"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  1696.             
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  1700.             
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  1703. 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a.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=370274&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Abraham Lincoln#9370274.toc">Abraham Lincoln</a>. He served as President Lincoln's private secretary (1861–65) and then held diplomatic posts in Europe (1865–70). After writing editorials for the <i>New York Tribune</i> (1870–75), he served as assistant secretary of state (1879–81). He coauthored a 10-volume biography of Lincoln (1890). He was appointed ambassador to Britain (1897–98) by Pres. <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=371672&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=William McKinley#9371672.toc">William McKinley</a>. As secretary of state (1898–1905), Hay helped negotiate the end of the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=379221&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Spanish-American War#9379221.toc">Spanish-American War</a>, supported the decision to retain the Philippines for the U.S., promulgated the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=374057&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Open Door policy#9374057.toc">Open Door policy</a>, and negotiated treaties that gave the U.S. an exclusive right to build the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=374457&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Panama Canal#9374457.toc">Panama Canal</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1704.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hay, John (Milton)." </b>. 
  1705.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1706.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1707.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hay, John (Milton). </b>
  1708.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1709.                             .
  1710.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1711.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1712.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hay, John (Milton)." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1713.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1714.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366736"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  1723. 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 in 1914 he founded <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=355620&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=APRA#9355620.toc">APRA</a>, a left-of-centre reformist party. He ran for president repeatedly but was always thwarted by the military and other conservative forces. He spent much of his life in prison, exile, or hiding, influencing Peruvian politics through his underground activities and writings. <i>See also</i> <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=367915&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=indigenismo#9367915.toc">indigenismo</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1724.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haya de la Torre, Víctor Raúl." </b>. 
  1725.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1726.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1727.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Haya de la Torre, Víctor Raúl. </b>
  1728.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1729.                             .
  1730.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1731.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1732.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haya de la Torre, Víctor Raúl." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1733.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1734.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366737"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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leId=358217&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Buddhism#9358217.toc">Buddhism</a>, he became a loyal adherent of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=373224&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Neo-Confucianism#9373224.toc">Neo-Confucianism</a>, and from 1607 he served the Tokugawa shogunate. He established the Neo-Confucian teachings of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=383341&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Zhu Xi#9383341.toc">Zhu Xi</a> as the ideology of the shogunate, emphasizing loyalty and a hierarchical social order. Hayashi also reinterpreted Shint┼ì from the point of view of Zhu Xi's philosophy, laying the foundation for the Confucianized Shint┼ì of later centuries. In 1630 the third Tokugawa shogun gave him an estate in Edo, where he founded an academy.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1744.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hayashi Razan." </b>. 
  1745.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1746.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1747.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hayashi Razan. </b>
  1748.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1749.                             .
  1750.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1751.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1752.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hayashi Razan." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1753.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1754.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366738"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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phen's Church, Vienna, where he learned violin and keyboard. On leaving the choir, he began supporting himself by teaching and playing violin, while undertaking rigorous study of counterpoint and harmony. He came to the attention of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=371976&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Pietro Metastasio#9371976.toc">Pietro Metastasio</a> and through him became factotum to the composer Nicola Porpora in exchange for lessons. Gaining entrée to high society, in 1761 he became head of the musical establishment at the great palace of the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=363930&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Esterh%C3%A1zy family#9363930.toc">Esterházy family</a>, which would support him for most of his career. In this position of artistic isolation but with excellent resources, Haydn felt free to experiment and was forced to become original. By his late years he was recognized internationally as the greatest living composer. He composed important works in almost every genre, and his elegant and ingratiating works balance wit and seriousness, custom and innovation. The first great symphonist, he composed 108 symphonies, including the popular last 12 “London symphonies” (1791–95). He virtually invented the string quartet, and his 68 quartets remain the foundation of the quartet literature. His choral works include 15 masses and the oratorios <i>The Creation</i> (1798) and <i>The Seasons</i> (1801). He also wrote 48 piano sonatas and more than 100 beautiful works for the cello-like baryton. The principal shaper of the Classical style, he exerted major influence on his friend <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=372746&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart#9372746.toc">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> and on his student <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=356897&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Ludwig van Beethoven#9356897.toc">Ludwig van Beethoven</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1764.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haydn, (Franz) Joseph." </b>. 
  1765.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1766.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1767.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Haydn, (Franz) Joseph. </b>
  1768.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1769.                             .
  1770.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1771.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1772.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haydn, (Franz) Joseph." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
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sitions at the University of London and the London School of Economics, becoming a British citizen in 1938. Later posts included a professorship at the University of Chicago (1950–62). Throughout his life Hayek criticized socialism, often contrasting it with a system of free markets. In his works he opposed the theories of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=369100&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=John Maynard Keynes#9369100.toc">John Maynard Keynes</a> and argued that government intervention in the free market is destructive of individual values and could not prevent such economic ailments as inflation, unemployment, and recession. His books include <i>The Road to Serfdom</i> (1944), <i>The Constitution of Liberty</i> (1960), and <i>The Political Order of a Free People</i> (1979). His views have been highly influential among conservatives, including <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=380546&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Margaret Thatcher#9380546.toc">Margaret Thatcher</a>. In 1974 he shared the Nobel Prize with <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=372929&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Gunnar Myrdal#9372929.toc">Gunnar Myrdal</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1784.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hayek, Friedrich (August) von." </b>. 
  1785.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1786.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1787.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hayek, Friedrich (August) von. </b>
  1788.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1789.                             .
  1790.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1791.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1792.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hayek, Friedrich (August) von." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1793.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1794.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366741"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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ack for Florida A&M University. In 1963 he set a world record (9.1 seconds) in the 100-yard dash that stood for 11 years. At the 1964 Olympic Games in Tokyo he won gold medals in the 100-m event and the 4 × 100-m relay; his remarkable performance in the latter event—his relay split was 8.6 seconds—helped earn him the unofficial title “World's Fastest Human.” He later joined the Dallas Cowboys football team of the NFL as a wide receiver (1965–76) and kick returner and was a member of the 1972 team that won the Super Bowl.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1804.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hayes, Bob." </b>. 
  1805.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1806.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1807.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hayes, Bob. </b>
  1808.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1809.                             .
  1810.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1811.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1812.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hayes, Bob." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1813.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1814.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366742"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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he went on to an illustrious career, starring in Broadway productions such as <i>Caesar and Cleopatra</i> (1925), <i>What Every Woman Knows</i> (1926), and <i>The Animal Kingdom</i> (1932) and became known as “the First Lady of the American Theatre.” Her small physical size belied a majestic stage presence that made her memorable in <i>Mary of Scotland</i> (1933–34) and <i>Victoria Regina</i> (1935–39). She starred in revivals of <i>The Skin of Our Teeth</i> (1955), <i>The Glass Menagerie</i> (1956), and <i>Long Day's Journey into Night</i> (1971), acted in numerous radio and television plays, and won Academy Awards for her films <i>The Sin of Madelon Claudet</i> (1931) and <i>Airport</i> (1970), three Tony Awards, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. She was married to <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=370822&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Charles MacArthur#9370822.toc">Charles MacArthur</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1824.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hayes (Brown), Helen." </b>. 
  1825.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1826.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1827.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hayes (Brown), Helen. </b>
  1828.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1829.                             .
  1830.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1831.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1832.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hayes (Brown), Helen." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1833.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1834.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366743"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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sset" href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.AssemblyIdentifier?assemblyId=11476&type=A"><img class="thumb" width="100" height="146" src="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ThumbBinaryIdentifier?binaryId=1175" alt="Photograph:Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877."><div class="clear"> </div></a><ul class="captions"><li class="thumbcap">Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877.</li></ul></div> He practiced law in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he represented defendants in several fugitive-slave cases and became associated with the new Republican Party. After fighting in the Union army in the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=355164&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=American Civil War#9355164.toc">American Civil War</a>, he served in the U.S. House of Representatives (1865–67). As governor of Ohio (1868–72, 1875–76), he advocated a sound currency backed by gold. In 1876 he won the Republican nomination for president. His opponent, <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=380769&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Samuel Tilden#9380769.toc">Samuel Tilden</a>, won a larger popular vote, but the Hayes campaign contested the electoral-vote returns in four states, and a special <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=363530&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Electoral Commission#9363530.toc">Electoral Commission</a> awarded the election to Hayes. As part of a secret compromise reached with Southerners during the electoral dispute (<i>see</i> <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=382948&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Wormley Conference#9382948.toc">Wormley Conference</a>), Hayes withdrew the remaining federal troops from the South, ending <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=376587&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Reconstruction#9376587.toc">Reconstruction</a>, and promised not to interfere with elections there, ensuring the return of white supremacy. His decision to introduce civil-service reform based on merit provoked a dispute with <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=361408&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Roscoe Conkling#9361408.toc">Roscoe Conkling</a> and the conservative “stalwart” Republicans. At the request of state governors, Hayes used federal troops against railroad strikers in 1877. Declining to run for a second term, he retired to work for humanitarian causes.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1844.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hayes, Rutherford B(irchard)." </b>. 
  1845.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1846.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1847.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hayes, Rutherford B(irchard). </b>
  1848.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1849.                             .
  1850.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1851.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1852.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hayes, Rutherford B(irchard)." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1853.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1854.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366744"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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p><div class="h1" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><p> These plants are chiefly those pollinated by the wind (e.g., <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=376407&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=ragweed#9376407.toc">ragweed</a> in North America, <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=380796&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=timothy#9380796.toc">timothy</a> grass in Britain). <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=355503&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Antihistamine#9355503.toc">Antihistamine</a>s and corticosteroids may provide temporary relief, but the most effective long-range treatment is <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=362581&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=desensitization#9362581.toc">desensitization</a>. Unless properly treated, about one-third of patients with hay fever develop <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=356005&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=asthma#9356005.toc">asthma</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1864.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hay fever." </b>. 
  1865.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1866.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1867.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>hay fever. </b>
  1868.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1869.                             .
  1870.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1871.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1872.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hay fever." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1873.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1874.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366745"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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ing 60 others. Police and workers fired on each other. Public demand for action led to the arrest of eight anarchists (<i>see</i> <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=355278&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=anarchism#9355278.toc">anarchism</a>). Convicted of conspiracy to murder, they were sentenced to death; four were executed and one committed suicide. In 1893 the three survivors were pardoned by Illinois Gov. <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=355100&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=John Peter Altgeld#9355100.toc">John Peter Altgeld</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1884.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haymarket Riot." </b>. 
  1885.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1886.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1887.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Haymarket Riot. </b>
  1888.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1889.                             .
  1890.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1891.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1892.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haymarket Riot." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1893.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1894.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366746"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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esman for the South and the doctrine of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=379486&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=states' rights#9379486.toc">states' rights</a>. In his famous 1830 debate with <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=382466&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Daniel Webster#9382466.toc">Daniel Webster</a> on the Constitution, he argued that the federal Constitution was a compact among the states and that any state might nullify a federal law that it considered in violation of the constitutional compact (<i>see</i> <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=373751&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=nullification#9373751.toc">nullification</a>). At the South Carolina nullification convention in 1832, he developed an ordinance that declared federal tariff laws null and void in the state. Resigning from the Senate in 1832, he served as governor of South Carolina (1832–34) and as mayor of Charleston (1834–37).<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1904.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hayne, Robert Young." </b>. 
  1905.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1906.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1907.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hayne, Robert Young. </b>
  1908.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1909.                             .
  1910.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1911.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1912.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hayne, Robert Young." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1913.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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 for the industry. Under Will H. Hays (1879–1954), a politically active lawyer, it initiated a blacklist, inserted morals clauses into actors' contracts, and in 1930 developed a Production Code that detailed what was morally acceptable on the screen. The code was supplanted in 1966 by a voluntary rating system.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1924.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hays Office." </b>. 
  1925.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1926.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1927.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hays Office. </b>
  1928.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1929.                             .
  1930.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1931.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1932.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hays Office." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1933.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1934.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366748"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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 convention of the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=367950&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Industrial Workers of the World#9367950.toc">Industrial Workers of the World</a> in 1905 and led its organizing efforts. In 1907 he was acquitted of a charge of involvement in the murder of Idaho's antilabour former governor, Frank Steunenberg (1861–1905). “Big Bill” Haywood then undertook a speaking tour for the Socialist Party and supported numerous strikes. He was later forced out of the party for advocating violence. In 1917 he was convicted of sedition for his opposition to World War I and sentenced to 20 years in prison; in 1921, while free on bail, he fled to Russia.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1944.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haywood, William D(udley)." </b>. 
  1945.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1946.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1947.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Haywood, William D(udley). </b>
  1948.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1949.                             .
  1950.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1951.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1952.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Haywood, William D(udley)." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1953.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1954.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366749"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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s from age 12 and played bit parts in films from 1935. She cultivated a sophisticated glamour in <i>Only Angels Have Wings</i> (1939), <i>Strawberry Blonde</i> (1941), and <i>Blood and Sand</i> (1941). The musicals <i>You'll Never Get Rich</i> (1941), <i>You Were Never Lovelier</i> (1942), and <i>Cover Girl</i> (1944) made her a star and a favourite pinup of U.S. GIs during World War II. Her worldly, erotic role in <i>Gilda</i> (1946) confirmed her status in Hollywood as “the Love Goddess.” Her later films include <i>The Lady from Shanghai</i> (1948), <i>Pal Joey</i> (1957), and <i>Separate Tables</i> (1958).<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1964.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hayworth, Rita." </b>. 
  1965.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1966.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1967.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hayworth, Rita. </b>
  1968.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1969.                             .
  1970.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1971.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1972.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hayworth, Rita." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1973.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1974.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366750"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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dyne circuit, which made commercial radio possible by neutralizing the noise that plagued all radio receivers of the time; by 1927 some 10 million radio receivers were using the device. Hazeltine later advised the U.S. government on regulation of radio broadcasting, and during World War II he served on the National Defense Research Committee.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  1984.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hazeltine, (Louis) Alan." </b>. 
  1985.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  1986.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  1987.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hazeltine, (Louis) Alan. </b>
  1988.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  1989.                             .
  1990.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  1991.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  1992.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hazeltine, (Louis) Alan." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  1993.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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rolific critic, essayist, and lecturer. He began contributing to journals, notably to <i>The Examiner</i>, and to essay collections, such as <i>The Round Table</i> (1817). His lecture courses were published as <i>On the English Poets</i> (1818) and <i>On the English Comic Writers</i> (1819). Many of his most brilliant essays appeared in his two best-known books, <i>Table Talk</i> (1821) and <i>The Plain Speaker</i> (1826). <i>The Spirit of the Age</i> (1825) contains some of his most effective writing.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2004.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hazlitt, William." </b>. 
  2005.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2006.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2007.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hazlitt, William. </b>
  2008.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2009.                             .
  2010.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2011.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2012.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hazlitt, William." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2013.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2014.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366753"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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ween a white mother and a black father, she suffered rejection and alienation from an early age. She described the contradictions and shortcomings of pre- and postcolonial African society in morally didactic novels and stories, including <i>When Rain Clouds Gather</i> (1969), <i>Maru</i> (1971), <i>A Question of Power</i> (1973), <i>The Collector of Treasures</i> (1977), <i>Serowe, Village of the Rainwind</i> (1981), <i>A Bewitched Crossroad</i> (1984), and <i>The Cardinals</i> (1993).<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2024.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Head, Bessie." </b>. 
  2025.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2026.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2027.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Head, Bessie. </b>
  2028.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2029.                             .
  2030.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2031.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2032.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Head, Bessie." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2033.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2034.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366755"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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Universal. Hollywood's best-known designer, she was noted for the wide range of her costumes, from the elegantly simple to the elaborately flamboyant. She won a record eight Academy Awards for her work in films such as <i>All About Eve</i> (1950), <i>Roman Holiday</i> (1953), and <i>The Sting</i> (1973).<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2044.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Head, Edith." </b>. 
  2045.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2046.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2047.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Head, Edith. </b>
  2048.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2049.                             .
  2050.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2051.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2052.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Head, Edith." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2053.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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icleId=355962&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=aspirin#9355962.toc">aspirin</a>, <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=354482&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=acetaminophen#9354482.toc">acetaminophen</a>, or other <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=373712&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=NSAIDs#9373712.toc">NSAIDs</a>. Chronic daily headaches are similar but more frequent. They usually have a psychological cause and respond to certain antidepressants. They may also come from overuse of pain relievers. <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=372119&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Migraine#9372119.toc">Migraine</a> and cluster headaches are vascular headaches. Headaches may also be caused by distension of arteries at the base of the brain, from fever, hangover, or an attack of high blood pressure. Headache can be a symptom of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=371858&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=meningitis#9371858.toc">meningitis</a>, hemorrhagic <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=379730&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=stroke#9379730.toc">stroke</a>, or <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=381309&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=tumour#9381309.toc">tumour</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2064.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"headache." </b>. 
  2065.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2066.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2067.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>headache. </b>
  2068.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2069.                             .
  2070.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2071.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2072.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"headache." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2073.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2074.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366757"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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 to take up portrait and landscape painting. An avid naturalist, he made extensive trips in South and Central America and the Caribbean (1863–70), where he produced luminous, meticulously detailed images of the tropical forests and landscapes. The New England coast and the rocky shore of Lake George, N.Y., also inspired notable paintings. He was a leading exponent of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=370714&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=luminism#9370714.toc">luminism</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2084.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Heade, Martin Johnson." </b>. 
  2085.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2086.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2087.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Heade, Martin Johnson. </b>
  2088.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2089.                             .
  2090.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2091.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2092.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Heade, Martin Johnson." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2093.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2094.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366758"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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us sometimes found with certain forms of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=359673&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=cannibalism#9359673.toc">cannibalism</a> as well as with <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=367541&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=human sacrifice#9367541.toc">human sacrifice</a>. It has been practiced worldwide and may date to Paleolithic times. The region of Assam in northeastern India was home to many headhunting peoples. In South America, the skull was removed and the skin was packed with hot sand to create a shrunken head.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2104.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"headhunting." </b>. 
  2105.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2106.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2107.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>headhunting. </b>
  2108.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2109.                             .
  2110.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2111.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2112.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"headhunting." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2113.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2114.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366759"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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ood physical condition but have a cold or be mentally ill. Someone may appear healthy but have a serious condition (e.g., cancer) that is detectable only by physical examination or diagnostic tests or not even by these.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2124.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"health." </b>. 
  2125.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2126.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2127.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>health. </b>
  2128.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2129.                             .
  2130.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2131.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2132.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"health." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2133.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2134.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366762"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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tions or employment without an income or assets test. Health insurance may apply to a limited or comprehensive range of medical services and may provide for full or partial payment of the costs of specific services. Benefits may consist of the right to certain medical services or reimbursement of the insured for specified medical costs. Private health insurance is organized and administered by an insurance company or other private agency; public health insurance is run by the government (<i>see</i> <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=378988&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=social insurance#9378988.toc">social insurance</a>). Both forms of health insurance are to be distinguished from socialized medicine and government medical-care programs, in which doctors are employed directly or indirectly by the goverment, which also owns the health-care facilities (e.g., Britain's <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=373091&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=National Health Service#9373091.toc">National Health Service</a>). <i>See also</i> <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=368028&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=insurance#9368028.toc">insurance</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2144.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"health insurance." </b>. 
  2145.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2146.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2147.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>health insurance. </b>
  2148.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2149.                             .
  2150.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2151.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2152.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"health insurance." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2153.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2154.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366764"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  2164.     (HMO)
  2165.   )
  2166.             </title><scripts></scripts><script src="js/article.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="js/jx.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="js/notes.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="js/toc.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="include/toolTip.js" type="text/javascript"></script><link href="css/baseArticle.css" type="text/css" rel="StyleSheet"><link media="print" href="css/printArticle.css" type="text/css" rel="StyleSheet"><stylesheets></stylesheets></head><body><div id="toolTip"></div><div id="pageWrapper"><div id="headerPane"><div id="articleInfoHeader"><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="contentUpdate"><a href="articleupdate://?articleId=366765"></a></div><h1 id="pageHeading">health maintenance organization (
  2167.     (HMO)
  2168.   )
  2169.             <span class="subheading">Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Article</span></h1></div><div id="relatedContentContainer"><div class="menuContainer" id="relatedContentButton"><a class="menuButton"><span class="linkLabel"></span></a></div><ul class="popUpMenu" id="relatedContentMenu"><li><a href="http://cdsearch.britannica.com/search?query=health maintenance organization&shelf=concise&pid=conc07">Online Search</a></li></ul></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sideBarControlsContainer"><ul><li id="articleNotesButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" href="annotate:viewNotes?articleId=366765" onmouseover="showTip('display all the notes you have taken', 150, event);" onclick="showNotes();"><img height="17" width="15" src="img/bcd07_all_art_nv_icon.png"><span class="linkLabel">Notes Viewer</span></a></li></ul></div></div><div id="toolbarPane"><div id="toolbarResizePane"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" onclick="minimizeToolbar();" id="toolbarMinimizeButton" onmouseover="showTip('minimize toolbar',75, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Minimize Toolbar</span></a><a onmouseout="hideTip();" onclick="maximizeToolbar();" id="toolbarMaximizeButton" onmouseover="showTip('maximize toolbar', 75, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Maximize Toolbar</span></a></div><ul id="toolbarButtonsPane"><li id="findButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:find" onmouseover="showTip('Find text within articles', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Find</span></a></li><li id="copyButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:copy" onmouseover="showTip('Copy text to your clipboard', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Copy</span></a></li><li id="printButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:print" onmouseover="showTip('Print articles', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Print</span></a></li><li id="saveButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:save" onmouseover="showTip('Save articles and images to your hard drive', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Save</span></a></li><li id="bookmarkButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:bookmark" onmouseover="showTip('Save your favorite articles and images to your bookmarks folder', 250, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Bookmark</span></a></li><li id="preferencesButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:pref" onmouseover="showTip('Adjust screen text size and other personal settings', 250, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Preferences</span></a></li><li xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="menuContainer" id="notesButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="menuButton toolbarButton" onmouseover="showTip('take notes on your favorite article', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Notes</span></a></li></ul><ul xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="popUpMenu" id="notesMenu"><li><a href="annotate:takeNote?articleId=366765"><span class="menuItemText">Take a Note</span></a></li><li class="enabledMenuItem" id="showNotesItem"><a onclick="swapMenuItem('showNotesItem', 'hideNotesItem');" href="annotate:showNotes?articleId=366765"><span class="menuItemText">Show Notes</span></a></li><li class="disabledMenuItem" id="hideNotesItem"><a onclick="swapMenuItem('hideNotesItem', 'showNotesItem');" href="annotate:hideNotes?articleId=366765"><span class="menuItemText">Hide Notes</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="content" id="articlePane"><a id="top"></a><a id="dummyscrollanchor"></a><div id="articleBody"><a id="9366765.toc" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"></a><p class="gist" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Public or private organization providing comprehensive medical care to subscribers on the basis of a prepaid contract.</p><div class="h1" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><p> HMOs deliver a broad range of health services for a fixed fee. In the prepaid group-practice model, physicians are organized into a group practice with one insuring agency. A medical care foundation, or individual practice association, usually involves multiple insurance companies and reimburses members of a loose network of individual physicians from subscribers' prepaid fees. Originally viewed as a way to control health-care costs and meet increased demand for health services, HMOs have become controversial because some limit care by refusing to pay for tests or treatment against their own doctors' advice.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2170.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"health maintenance organization (
  2171.     (HMO)
  2172.   )
  2173.             ." </b>. 
  2174.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2175.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2176.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>health maintenance organization (
  2177.     (HMO)
  2178.   )
  2179.             . </b>
  2180.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2181.                             .
  2182.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2183.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2184.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"health maintenance organization (
  2185.     (HMO)
  2186.   )
  2187.             ." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2188.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2189.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366765"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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 of the Land Act of 1881, protecting tenant farmers' agrarian improvements from rent increases, made him popular in Ireland. Long associated with <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=374608&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Charles Stewart Parnell#9374608.toc">Charles Stewart Parnell</a>, he broke with him in 1886. He grew dissatisfied with both the Liberals and the Irish Nationalists in the wake of the 1916 <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=363334&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Easter Rising#9363334.toc">Easter Rising</a>, and after 1917 he supported <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=378758&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Sinn F%C3%A9in#9378758.toc">Sinn Féin</a>. He was supported by both the British and Irish ministries as governor-general (1922–28) of the new Irish Free State.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2199.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Healy, T(imothy) M(ichael)." </b>. 
  2200.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2201.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2202.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Healy, T(imothy) M(ichael). </b>
  2203.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2204.                             .
  2205.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2206.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2207.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Healy, T(imothy) M(ichael)." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2208.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2209.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366766"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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 moved to the Republic of Ireland in 1972. In recent years he has taught at Harvard, Oxford, and Cambridge. His works, rooted in Northern Irish rural life, evoke historical events and draw on Irish myth, but they also reflect the land's recent troubled decades. His collections include <i>Death of a Naturalist</i> (1966), <i>Door into the Dark</i> (1969), <i>North</i> (1975), <i>Station Island</i> (1984), <i>The Haw Lantern</i> (1987), <i>Seeing Things</i> (1991), and <i>The Spirit Level</i> (1996). <i>Preoccupations</i> (1980) consists of essays on poetry and poets. He also made a noteworthy translation of <i>Beowulf</i>. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1995.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2219.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Heaney, Seamus (Justin)." </b>. 
  2220.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2221.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2222.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Heaney, Seamus (Justin). </b>
  2223.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2224.                             .
  2225.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2226.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2227.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Heaney, Seamus (Justin)." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2228.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2229.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366767"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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ies proceeding with the case.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2239.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hearing." </b>. 
  2240.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2241.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2242.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>hearing. </b>
  2243.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2244.                             .
  2245.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2246.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2247.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hearing." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2248.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2249.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366768"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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as sounds. Members of two animal groups, <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=355876&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=arthropods#9355876.toc">arthropods</a> and <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=381932&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=vertebrates#9381932.toc">vertebrates</a>, are capable of sound reception. Hearing enables an animal to sense danger, locate food, find mates, and, in more complex creatures, engage in communication (<i>see</i> <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=355407&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=animal communication#9355407.toc">animal communication</a>). All vertebrates have two ears, often with an inner chamber housing auditory hair cells (papillae) and an outer eardrum that receives and transmits sound vibrations. Localization of sound depends on the recognition of minute differences in intensity and in the time of arrival of the sound at the two ears. Sound reception in mammals is generally well developed and often highly specialized, as in bats and dolphins, which use <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=363372&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=echolocation#9363372.toc">echolocation</a>, and whales and elephants, which can hear mating calls from tens or even hundreds of miles away. Dogs and other canines can similarly detect faraway sounds. The human ear can detect frequencies of 20–20,000 hertz (Hz); it is most sensitive to those between 1,000 and 3,000 Hz. Impulses travel along the central auditory pathway from the cochlear nerve to the medulla to the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=360190&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=cerebral cortex#9360190.toc">cerebral cortex</a>. Hearing may be impaired by disease, injury, or old age; some disorders, including <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=362367&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=deafness#9362367.toc">deafness</a>, may be congenital. <i>See also</i> <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=366770&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=hearing aid#9366770.toc">hearing aid</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
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  2260.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2261.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2262.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>hearing. </b>
  2263.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2264.                             .
  2265.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2266.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2267.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hearing." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2268.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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ting behind the earlobe or within the ear canal. They have widely differing characteristics, amplifying different components of speech sounds for maximum comprehension by each wearer. Hearing aids with automatic volume control vary the amplification automatically with the input.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2279.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hearing aid." </b>. 
  2280.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2281.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2282.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>hearing aid. </b>
  2283.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2284.                             .
  2285.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2286.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2287.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"hearing aid." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2288.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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  2300.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2301.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2302.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hearn, (Patricio) Lafcadio (Tessima Carlos). </b>
  2303.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2304.                             .
  2305.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2306.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2307.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hearn, (Patricio) Lafcadio (Tessima Carlos)." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2308.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2309.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366771"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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"asset" href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.AssemblyIdentifier?assemblyId=11487&type=A"><img class="thumb" width="100" height="126" src="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ThumbBinaryIdentifier?binaryId=24870" alt="Photograph:William Randolph Hearst, 1906."><div class="clear"> </div></a><ul class="captions"><li class="thumbcap">William Randolph Hearst, 1906.</li></ul></div> Hearst in 1887 took over the struggling <i>San Francisco Examiner</i>, which he remade into a successful blend of investigative reporting and lurid sensationalism. After buying the <i>New York Morning Journal</i> (later <i>New York Journal-American</i>) in 1895, he fought fierce circulation wars with other papers and helped bring about the era of <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=383126&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=yellow journalism#9383126.toc">yellow journalism</a>, employing circulation-boosting strategems that profoundly influenced U.S. journalism. Distorted reportage in Hearst papers fanned public sentiment against Spain that led to the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=379221&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Spanish-American War#9379221.toc">Spanish-American War</a>. He served in Congress (1903–07) but ran unsuccessfully for other offices. In the 1920s he built a grandiose castle in <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=377705&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=San Simeon#9377705.toc">San Simeon</a>, Calif. At the peak of his fortune in 1935 he owned 28 major newspapers, 18 magazines, radio stations, movie companies, and news services. Extravagance and the Depression weakened him financially, and by 1940 he had lost control of his empire. He spent his last years in virtual seclusion.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2319.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hearst, William Randolph." </b>. 
  2320.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2321.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2322.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>Hearst, William Randolph. </b>
  2323.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2324.                             .
  2325.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2326.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2327.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"Hearst, William Randolph." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2328.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2329.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366772"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  2338.         </script></body></html><html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"><base><title>heart</title><scripts></scripts><script src="js/article.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="js/jx.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="js/notes.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="js/toc.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="include/toolTip.js" type="text/javascript"></script><link href="css/baseArticle.css" type="text/css" rel="StyleSheet"><link media="print" href="css/printArticle.css" type="text/css" rel="StyleSheet"><stylesheets></stylesheets></head><body><div id="toolTip"></div><div id="pageWrapper"><div id="headerPane"><div id="articleInfoHeader"><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="contentUpdate"><a href="articleupdate://?articleId=366773"></a></div><h1 id="pageHeading">heart<span class="subheading">Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Article</span></h1></div><div id="relatedContentContainer"><div class="menuContainer" id="relatedContentButton"><a class="menuButton"><span class="linkLabel"></span></a></div><ul class="popUpMenu" id="relatedContentMenu"><li><a href="http://cdsearch.britannica.com/search?query=heart&shelf=concise&pid=conc07">Online Search</a></li></ul></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sideBarControlsContainer"><ul><li id="articleNotesButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" href="annotate:viewNotes?articleId=366773" onmouseover="showTip('display all the notes you have taken', 150, event);" onclick="showNotes();"><img height="17" width="15" src="img/bcd07_all_art_nv_icon.png"><span class="linkLabel">Notes Viewer</span></a></li></ul></div></div><div id="toolbarPane"><div id="toolbarResizePane"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" onclick="minimizeToolbar();" id="toolbarMinimizeButton" onmouseover="showTip('minimize toolbar',75, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Minimize Toolbar</span></a><a onmouseout="hideTip();" onclick="maximizeToolbar();" id="toolbarMaximizeButton" onmouseover="showTip('maximize toolbar', 75, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Maximize Toolbar</span></a></div><ul id="toolbarButtonsPane"><li id="findButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:find" onmouseover="showTip('Find text within articles', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Find</span></a></li><li id="copyButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:copy" onmouseover="showTip('Copy text to your clipboard', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Copy</span></a></li><li id="printButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:print" onmouseover="showTip('Print articles', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Print</span></a></li><li id="saveButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:save" onmouseover="showTip('Save articles and images to your hard drive', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Save</span></a></li><li id="bookmarkButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:bookmark" onmouseover="showTip('Save your favorite articles and images to your bookmarks folder', 250, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Bookmark</span></a></li><li id="preferencesButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:pref" onmouseover="showTip('Adjust screen text size and other personal settings', 250, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Preferences</span></a></li><li xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="menuContainer" id="notesButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="menuButton toolbarButton" onmouseover="showTip('take notes on your favorite article', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Notes</span></a></li></ul><ul xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="popUpMenu" id="notesMenu"><li><a href="annotate:takeNote?articleId=366773"><span class="menuItemText">Take a Note</span></a></li><li class="enabledMenuItem" id="showNotesItem"><a onclick="swapMenuItem('showNotesItem', 'hideNotesItem');" href="annotate:showNotes?articleId=366773"><span class="menuItemText">Show Notes</span></a></li><li class="disabledMenuItem" id="hideNotesItem"><a onclick="swapMenuItem('hideNotesItem', 'showNotesItem');" href="annotate:hideNotes?articleId=366773"><span class="menuItemText">Hide Notes</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="content" id="articlePane"><a id="top"></a><a id="dummyscrollanchor"></a><div id="articleBody"><a id="9366773.toc" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"></a><p class="gist" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Organ that pumps blood, circulating it to all parts of the body (<i>see</i> <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=360829&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=circulation#9360829.toc">circulation</a>).</p><div class="h1" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><p><div class="assembly"><a class="asset" href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.AssemblyIdentifier?assemblyId=66061&type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  2339.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"heart." </b>. 
  2340.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2341.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2342.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>heart. </b>
  2343.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2344.                             .
  2345.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2346.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2347.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"heart." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2348.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2349.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366773"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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title=congenital heart disease#9366778.toc">congenital heart disease</a>, and <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=376138&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=pulmonary heart disease#9376138.toc">pulmonary heart disease</a>, as well as rheumatic heart disease (<i>see</i> <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=376831&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=rheumatic fever#9376831.toc">rheumatic fever</a>), <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=367685&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=hypertension#9367685.toc">hypertension</a>, inflammation of the heart muscle (myocarditis) or of its inner or outer membrane (<a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=363706&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=endocarditis#9363706.toc">endocarditis</a>, pericarditis), and heart valve disease. Abnormalities of the heart's natural <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=374331&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=pacemaker#9374331.toc">pacemaker</a> or of the nerves that conduct its impulses cause <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=359798&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=arrhythmia#9359798.toc">arrhythmia</a>s. Some <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=361415&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=connective tissue#9361415.toc">connective tissue</a> diseases (notably systemic <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=370737&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=lupus erythematosus#9370737.toc">lupus erythematosus</a>, <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=376832&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=rheumatoid arthritis#9376832.toc">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, and <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=378009&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=scleroderma#9378009.toc">scleroderma</a>) can affect the heart. <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=366777&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Heart failure#9366777.toc">Heart failure</a> may result from many of these disorders.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2359.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"heart disease." </b>. 
  2360.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2361.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2362.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>heart disease. </b>
  2363.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2364.                             .
  2365.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2366.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2367.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"heart disease." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2368.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2369.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366776"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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  2378. 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ery=null&title=pulmonary heart disease#9376138.toc">pulmonary heart disease</a>, <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=367685&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=hypertension#9367685.toc">hypertension</a>, and coronary <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=355871&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=atherosclerosis#9355871.toc">atherosclerosis</a>. A person with left-sided heart failure experiences shortness of breath after exertion, difficulty in breathing while lying down and night breathlessness, and abnormally high pressure in the pulmonary veins. A person with right-sided failure experiences abnormally high pressure in the systemic veins, liver enlargement, and accumulation of fluid in the legs. A person with failure of both ventricles has an enlarged heart and a three-beat heartbeat. Treatment includes bed rest, medications such as <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=362742&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=digitalis#9362742.toc">digitalis</a>, control of excess salt and water retention, and elimination of the underlying cause. <i>See also</i> <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=361390&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=congestive heart failure#9361390.toc">congestive heart failure</a>.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2379.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"heart failure." </b>. 
  2380.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2381.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2382.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>heart failure. </b>
  2383.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2384.                             .
  2385.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2386.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2387.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"heart failure." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2388.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2389.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366777"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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or more valves, tetralogy of Fallot (with four components: ventricular septal defect, pulmonary valve stenosis, right ventricular enlargement, and positioning of the <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=355549&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=aorta#9355549.toc">aorta</a> so that it receives blood from both ventricles), and transposition of the great vessels (so the pulmonary and systemic circulations each receive blood from the wrong side of the heart). Such defects can prevent enough oxygen from reaching the tissues, so the skin has a bluish cast. Many are fatal if not corrected surgically soon after birth—or, rarely, before birth, if detected prenatally. Abnormalities of the large vessels are usually less serious (<i>see</i> <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=355550&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=aorta, coarctation of#9355550.toc">aorta, coarctation of</a>; <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=363165&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=ductus arteriosus#9363165.toc">ductus arteriosus</a>).<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2399.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"congenital heart disease." </b>. 
  2400.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2401.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2402.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>congenital heart disease. </b>
  2403.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2404.                             .
  2405.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2406.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2407.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"congenital heart disease." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2408.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
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  2418.         </script></body></html><html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"><base><title>heart transplant</title><scripts></scripts><script src="js/article.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="js/jx.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="js/notes.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="js/toc.js" type="text/javascript"></script><script src="include/toolTip.js" type="text/javascript"></script><link href="css/baseArticle.css" type="text/css" rel="StyleSheet"><link media="print" href="css/printArticle.css" type="text/css" rel="StyleSheet"><stylesheets></stylesheets></head><body><div id="toolTip"></div><div id="pageWrapper"><div id="headerPane"><div id="articleInfoHeader"><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="contentUpdate"><a href="articleupdate://?articleId=366779"></a></div><h1 id="pageHeading">heart transplant<span class="subheading">Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Article</span></h1></div><div id="relatedContentContainer"><div class="menuContainer" id="relatedContentButton"><a class="menuButton"><span class="linkLabel"></span></a></div><ul class="popUpMenu" id="relatedContentMenu"><li><a href="http://cdsearch.britannica.com/search?query=heart transplant&shelf=concise&pid=conc07">Online Search</a></li></ul></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sideBarControlsContainer"><ul><li id="articleNotesButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" href="annotate:viewNotes?articleId=366779" onmouseover="showTip('display all the notes you have taken', 150, event);" onclick="showNotes();"><img height="17" width="15" src="img/bcd07_all_art_nv_icon.png"><span class="linkLabel">Notes Viewer</span></a></li></ul></div></div><div id="toolbarPane"><div id="toolbarResizePane"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" onclick="minimizeToolbar();" id="toolbarMinimizeButton" onmouseover="showTip('minimize toolbar',75, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Minimize Toolbar</span></a><a onmouseout="hideTip();" onclick="maximizeToolbar();" id="toolbarMaximizeButton" onmouseover="showTip('maximize toolbar', 75, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Maximize Toolbar</span></a></div><ul id="toolbarButtonsPane"><li id="findButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:find" onmouseover="showTip('Find text within articles', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Find</span></a></li><li id="copyButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:copy" onmouseover="showTip('Copy text to your clipboard', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Copy</span></a></li><li id="printButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:print" onmouseover="showTip('Print articles', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Print</span></a></li><li id="saveButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:save" onmouseover="showTip('Save articles and images to your hard drive', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Save</span></a></li><li id="bookmarkButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:bookmark" onmouseover="showTip('Save your favorite articles and images to your bookmarks folder', 250, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Bookmark</span></a></li><li id="preferencesButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="toolbarButton" href="javascript:pref" onmouseover="showTip('Adjust screen text size and other personal settings', 250, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Preferences</span></a></li><li xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="menuContainer" id="notesButton"><a onmouseout="hideTip();" class="menuButton toolbarButton" onmouseover="showTip('take notes on your favorite article', 150, event);"><span class="linkLabel">Notes</span></a></li></ul><ul xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="popUpMenu" id="notesMenu"><li><a href="annotate:takeNote?articleId=366779"><span class="menuItemText">Take a Note</span></a></li><li class="enabledMenuItem" id="showNotesItem"><a onclick="swapMenuItem('showNotesItem', 'hideNotesItem');" href="annotate:showNotes?articleId=366779"><span class="menuItemText">Show Notes</span></a></li><li class="disabledMenuItem" id="hideNotesItem"><a onclick="swapMenuItem('hideNotesItem', 'showNotesItem');" href="annotate:hideNotes?articleId=366779"><span class="menuItemText">Hide Notes</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="content" id="articlePane"><a id="top"></a><a id="dummyscrollanchor"></a><div id="articleBody"><a id="9366779.toc" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"></a><p class="gist" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Procedure to remove a diseased <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=366773&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=heart#9366773.toc">heart</a> and replace it with a healthy one from a legally dead donor.</p><div class="h1" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><p> The first was performed in 1967 by <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=356616&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=Christiaan Barnard#9356616.toc">Christiaan Barnard</a>. The diseased heart is removed (except for some atrial tissue to preserve nerve connections to the natural <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=374331&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=pacemaker#9374331.toc">pacemaker</a>). The new heart is put in place and connected to the recipient's blood vessels. Patients and donors are matched for tissue type, but the patient's <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=367836&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=immune system#9367836.toc">immune system</a> must still be suppressed to prevent rejection (<i>see</i> <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=367841&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=immunosuppression#9367841.toc">immunosuppression</a>). A successful <a href="ebcid:com.britannica.oec2.identifier.ArticleIdentifier?articleId=381082&library=CONCISE&query=null&title=transplant#9381082.toc">transplant</a> can enable the recipient to have an active life for many years.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2419.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"heart transplant." </b>. 
  2420.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2421.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2422.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>heart transplant. </b>
  2423.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2424.                             .
  2425.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2426.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2427.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"heart transplant." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2428.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2429.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366779"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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erted to heartwood.<div class="clear"> </div></p></div><a onclick="scrollToTop()" href="javascript:void(0);" title="back to top" id="articleTop"><span class="text">Back to Top</span></a><br xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><span class="upsell" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings">Need More? Take a FREE TRIAL of Britannica Online. <a href="javascript:shopurl">Click to learn how</a>.
  2439.             </span><div id="cite" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"><h2 class="citationHead"><span class="text">To cite this page:</span></h2><ul class="citations"><li><i>MLA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"heartwood." </b>. 
  2440.                             <u>Encyclopædia Britannica</u>. 
  2441.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>.
  2442.                        </li><li><i>APA Style:</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>heartwood. </b>
  2443.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2444.                             .
  2445.                             <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i> 
  2446.                             Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.
  2447.                        </li><li><i>Britannica Style</i><div class="clear"> </div><b>"heartwood." </b> from <i>Encyclopædia Britannica.</i>
  2448.                             (<script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script>).
  2449.                        </li></ul></div><div class="clear" xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings"> </div></div></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" id="sidebarTitleBar"><span id="sideBarTitleTOC">Table of Contents : </span><span id="sideBarTitleNotes">Notes Viewer :</span><span id="sideBarTitleLoading">Loading...</span><a onclick="hideSideBar();" id="closeSidebarButton"><img onmouseout="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png'" onmouseover="this.src='img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close_ro.png'" src="img/bcd07_all_art_toc-nv_close.png"><span class="linkLabel">Close</span></a></div><div xmlns:str="http://exslt.org/strings" class="content" id="sidebarContent"><div id="articleToc"></div><div id="articleNotes"><ul id="notesViewerList"></ul><input value="" id="notesToDelete" type="hidden"><a onclick="deleteNotes();" style="display: none;" id="notesViewerDeleteButton" href="annotate:deleteNotes?articleId=366780"><span class="buttonLabel">Delete Selected Notes</span></a></div></div></div><script>
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