DOKAN 19/DOKAN19.iso/Progs/Pnt04cde1.zip/DICTS/EDICT.DOC

Text File | 1998-01-30 | 24KB | 538 lines

E D I C T
=========

Copyright (C) 1994,1995,1996,1997 James William Breen

Freeware Japanese/English Dictionary file, coordinated by Jim Breen.

CURRENT VERSION
---------------

The version date and sequence number is included  in  the  dictionary  itself
under  the  entry  "EDICT".  (Actually it is under the JIS-ASCII code "????".
This keeps it as the first entry when it is sorted.)

The  master  copy   of   EDICT   is   in   the   pub/nihongo   directory   of
ftp.cc.monash.edu.au.  There  are other copies around,  but they may not be
as up-to-date. The easy way to check if the version you have is the latest is
from the size/date.

As of V96-001, the EDICT file no longer contains proper names. These have
been moved to a separate file called "ENAMDICT".

INTRODUCTION
------------

The EDICT file is the outcome of a  voluntary  project  to  produce a freely
available Japanese/English  Dictionary  in  machine-readable  form. While it
was  intended initially for use with software such as JDIC and JREADER, it
has come to be used in a large number of packages.

The EDICT file is copyright, and is distributed in accordance with the EDICT
Licence  Statement  included  at Appendix A.

FORMAT
------

EDICT's format is that of the original "EDICT" format used by MOKE.  It  uses
EUC  coding for kana and kanji,  however this can be converted to JIS or SJIS
by any of the several conversion programs around.  It is a text file with one
entry per line.  The format of entries is:

KANJI [KANA] /English_1/English_2/.../

     or

KANA /English_1/.../

(NB: Only the KANJI and KANA are in EUC; all the other characters, including
spaces, must be ASCII.)

The English translations are deliberately brief,  as the application  of  the
dictionary is expected to be primarily on-line look-ups, etc.

The EDICT file is not intended to have its  entries in  any particular order.
In fact it almost always is in order as a by-product of  the update method I
use, however there is no guarantee of this. (The order is  almost always  JIS
+ alphabetical, starting with the headword.)

CONTENTS
--------

EDICT consists of:

(a) the basic EDICT distributed with MOKE 2.0.  This was compiled  by  MOKE's
author,  Mark  Edwards,  with  assistance  from Spencer Green.  Mark has very
kindly released this material to the EDICT project.  A number of  corrections
were   made   to   the   MOKE  original,   e.g.   spelling  mistakes,   minor
mistranslations,  etc.  It also had a lot of duplications,  which  have  been
removed.  It  contained  about  1900  unique  entries.  Mark Edwards has also
kindly given permission for the vocabulary  files  developed  for  KG  (Kanji
Guess) to be added to EDICT.

(b) additions by Jim Breen.  I laboriously keyed in a ~2000 entry  dictionary
used  in  my  first  year nihongo course at Swinburne Institute of Technology
years ago (I was given permission by the authors to do this).  I then  worked
through  other  vocabulary  lists  trying to make sure major entries were not
omitted.  The English-to-kana entries in the SKK files were added also.  This
task is continuing, although it has slowed down, and I suspect I will run out
of energy eventually.  Apart from  that,  I  have  made  a  large  number  of
additions  during normal reading of Japanese text and fj.* news using JREADER
and XJDIC.

(c)  additions  by  others.   Many  people  have  contributed   entries   and
corrections  to  EDICT.  I am forever on the lookout for sources of material,
provided it is genuinely available  for  use  in  the  Project. I  am
grateful  to  Theresa  Martin who an early supplier a lot of useful material,
plus very perceptive corrections.  Hidekazu Tozaki has also been a great help
with tidying up a lot of awry entries,  and helping me identify obscure kanji
compounds.  Kurt  Stueber has been an assiduous keyer of many useful entries.
A large group of contributions came from  Sony,  where  Rik  Smoody  had  put
together   a   large   online   dictionary.   Another  batch  came  from  the
Japanese-German JDDICT file in similar format that Helmut  Goldenstein  keyed
(with  permission)  from the Langenscheidt edited by Hadamitzky.  Harold Rowe
was great help with much of the translation. During 1994, Dr Yo Tomita, then
at the University of Leeds, conducted a massive proof-reading of the entire
file, for which I am most grateful. Jeffrey Friedl at Omron in Kyoto has also
been a most helpful contributor and error-detector. During 1995, I have been
keeping an eye on the "honyaku" mailing list, wherein Japanese-English
translators discuss thorny issues. From this I have derived many new entries,
and many updates to existing entries. To the many honyakujin, my thanks.

A reasonably full list of contributors  is at the back of this file,
although I am sure to have missed a few.

At  this stage EDICT has more entries than many good commercial dictionaries,
which typically have 20,000+  non-name  entries  with  examples, etc.  It  is
certainly bigger than some of the smaller printed dictionaries, and when used
in  conjunction  with  a  search-and-display  program  like  JDIC or XJDIC it
provides a highly effective on-line dictionary service.

COPYRIGHT
---------

Dictionary  copyright  is  a  difficult  point,  because  clearly  the  first
lexicographer who published "inu means  dog"  could  not  claim  a  copyright
violation  over  all  subsequent Japanese dictionaries.  While it is usual to
consult other  dictionaries  for  "accurate  lexicographic  information",  as
Nelson put it,  wholesale copying is, of course, not permissable.  What makes
each dictionary unique (and copyrightable) is  the  particular  selection  of
words, the phrasing of the meanings, the presentation of the contents (a very
important  point  in  the  case of EDICT),  and the means of publication.  Of
course,  the fact that for the most part the kanji and kana of each entry are
coming  from  public  sources,  and  the  structure and layout of the entries
themselves are quite unlike those in any published dictionary,  adds a degree
of protection to EDICT.

The advice I have received from people who know about these  things  is  that
EDICT  is just as much a new dictionary as any others on the market.  Readers
may see an entry which looks familiar, and say "Aha!  That comes from the XYZ
Jiten!".  They may be right,  and they may be wrong.  After all there  aren't
too  many  translations of neko.  Let me make one thing quite clear, despite
considerable temptation (Electronic Books can be easily decoded), NONE of
this dictionary came from commercial machine-readable dictionaries.  I have a
case of RSI in my right elbow to prove it.

Please do not contribute entries to  EDICT  which  have  come  directly  from
copyrightable  sources.   It  is  hard  to  check  these,   and  you  may  be
jeopardizing EDICT's status.

LEXICOGRAPHICAL DETAILS
-----------------------

EDICT is actually a Japanese->English dictionary,  although the words  within
it can be selected in either language using appropriate software.  (JDIC uses
it to provide both E->J and J->E functionality.)

The early stages of EDICT had size limitations due to its usage  (MOKE  scans
it sequentially and JDXGEN, which is JDIC's index generator, held it in RAM.)
This  meant  that  examples of usage could not be included,  and inclusion of
phrases  was  very  limited.   JDIC/JDXGEN  can  now  handle  a  much  larger
dictionary, but the compact format has continued.

No inflections of verbs or adjectives have been included, except in idiomatic
expressions.  Similarly  particles  are handled as separate entries.  Adverbs
formed from adjectives (-ku or ni) are generally not included.  Verbs are, of
course, in the plain or "dictionary" form.

In working on EDICT,  bearing in mind I want to use it in MOKE and with JDIC,
I  have  had  to  come  up with a solution to the problem of adjectival nouns
[keiyoudoushi] (e.g.  kirei and kantan), nouns which can be used adjectivally
with  the  particle "no" and verbs formed by adding suru (e.g.  benkyousuru).
If I put entries in edict with the "na" and "suru" included,  MOKE  will  not
find a match when they are omitted or,  the case of suru,  inflected.  What I
have decided to do is to put the basic  noun  into  the  dictionary  and  add
"(vs)"  where  it  can be used to form a verb with suru,  "(a-no)" for common
"no" usage, and "(an)" if it is an adjectival noun. Entries appear as:

KANJI [benkyou] /study (vs)/
KANJI [kantan] /simple (an)/

Where necessary,  verbs are marked with "(vi)" or "(vt)" according to whether
they  are intransitive or transitive.  (Work on this aspect is continuing.) I
have also used (id) to mark idiomatic expressions,  (col) for colloquialisms,
(pol) for teineigo, etc.

The (current) full list of such entry markers is:

        abbr     abbreviation
        adj      adjective
        adv      adverb
        an       adjectival nouns or quasi-adjectives (keiyodoshi)
        a-no     nouns which may take the genitive case particle "no"
        arch     archaism
        aux      auxiliary
        aux v    auxiliary verb
        col      colloquialism
        fam      familiar language
        fem      female term or language
        gikun    gikun (meaning) reading
        gram     grammatical
        hon      honorific or respectful (sonkeigo) language
        hum      humble (kenjougo) language
        I        Type I (godan) verb (currently only added to verbs
                 where the type is not implicit)
        IV       Type IV (irregular) verb, such as "gozaru".
        id       idiomatic expression
        iK       word containing irregular kanji usage
        ik       word containing irregular kana usage
        io       irregular okurigana usage
        MA       martial arts term
        male     male term or language
        m-sl     manga slang
        neg      negative (in a negative sentence, or with negative verb)
        neg v    negative verb (when used with)
        obs      obsolete term
        obsc     obscure term
        oK       word containing out-dated kanji
        ok       out-dated or obsolete kana usage
        pol      polite (teineigo) language
        pref     prefix
        qv       quod vide (this entry expanded in the EDICTEXT file)
        sl       slang
        suf      suffix
        uK       word usually written using kanji alone
        uk       word usually written using kana alone
        vi       intransitive verb
        vs       noun or participle which takes the aux. verb suru
        vt       transitive verb
        vulg     vulgar expression or word
        X        rude or X-rated term (not displayed in educational software)

I have endeavoured to cater for many possible variants of English translation
and spelling.  Where appropriate  different  translations  are  included  for
national  variants  (e.g.  autumn/fall).  I  use  Oxford  (British)  standard
spelling (-our,  -ize) for the entries I make,  but I leave other entries  in
the national spelling of the submitter.

For gairaigo which have not been derived from English words, I have attempted
to indicate the source language and the word in that language. Languages have
been coded in the two-letter codes from the ISO 639:1988 "Code for the
representation of names of languages" standard, e.g. "(fr: avec)". See
Appendix C for more on this. (Thanks to Holger Gruber for suggesting this
language coding.)

In addition to the language codes described in Appendix C, a number of tags
are used to indicate that a word or phrase is associated with a particular
regional language variant within Japan. The tags are:

    kyb    Kyoto-ben
    osb    Osaka-ben
    ksb    Kansai-ben
    ktb    Kantou-ben
    tsb    Tosa-ben

In the case of gairaigo which have a meaning which is not apparent from the
original (English) words, the literal transcription is included, with
the tag (lit).

USAGE
-----

EDICT can be used, with acknowledgement, for any purpose whatever, EXCEPT for
incorporation in commercial products.  It cannot be sold, except at a nominal
charge  for  the distribution medium.  Consult the EDICT Licence Statement at
Appendix A.

It is,  of course,  the main dictionary used by PD and GPL Copyright software
such  as  JDIC, JREADER,  XJDIC,  MacJDic, etc.  It can be used as the
dictionary within MOKE (it may need to be renamed JTOE.DCT if used with
version 2.1 of MOKE), and it is also used by the NJSTAR and JWP Word
Processor packages.

With regard to commercial products, if the developer of such a product wishes
to make use of EDICT,  an acceptable approach is  to  provide  for  users  to
obtain  a  copy  of  the EDICT file themselves and access it via the product,
either with or without a provided utility program. It must not be "locked up"
through a formatting or  indexing  system.  These  simple  precautions  avoid
violation of the provisions of EDICT's Licence Statement.

CONTRIBUTIONS
-------------

I will be delighted if people send me corrections, suggestions,  and ESPECIALLY
additions.  Before ripping in with a lot of suggestions, make sure you have the
latest version, as others may have already made the same comments.

The preferred format for submissions is a JIS, EUC or Shift-JIS file (uuencoded
for safety) containing replacement/new entries.  This can be emailed to me at
the address at the end of this file.

Amendments to EDICT are carried out using a "perl" program kindly provided by
Jeffrey Friedl. This program carries out additions, deletions and replacements,
as well as checking the formats of the entries. I would greatly assist if all
contributions to EDICT follow the format set in that program. The format
consists of entries prepended by a letter to indicate the action to be carried
out: A for addition, D for deletion, and E/C for a replacement pair.
Alternatively, the prepended codes can be "NEW: ", "DEL: " and
"old: /new: " respectively.

Examples:

AKANJI1 [kana1] /new entry #1/

AKANJI2 [kana2] /new entry #2/

Akana3 /new entry #3/

EKANJI4 [kana4] /old entry to be replaced/
CKANJI4 [kana4] /replacement entry/

DKANJI5 [kana5] /entry to be deleted/

        or

NEW: KANJI1 [kana1] /new entry #1/

NEW: KANJI2 [kana2] /new entry #2/

old: KANJI3 [kana3] /old entry to be replaced/
new: KANJI3 [kana3] /replacement entry/

DEL: KANJI4 [kana4] /entry to be deleted/


Please provide an annotated reason for any deletions or amendments you send.

The order of entries in the submission file is immaterial, however the E/C or
pairs of lines must be in order.

I prefer not to get a "diff" or "patch" file  as  the  master  EDICT  is  under
continuous  revision,  and  may have had quite a few changes since you got your
copy.

Users  intending  to  make  submissions  to EDICT should follow the following
simple rules:

o  all verbs in plain form.  The English must begin with "to ....".  Add (vi)
  or (vt) to the first translation if the nature of the verb is not  implicit
  in the translation(s);

o add (an) or (a-no) or (vs) as appropriate to nouns.  Do not put the "na" or
  "no"  particles on the Japanese,  or the "suru" auxiliary verb.  For entries
  which have (vs),  do not enter them as verb infinitives (e.g.  "to  cook"),
  instead enter them as gerunds/participles/whatever (e.g. cooking (vs)).

o indicate prefixes and suffixes by "(pref)" and "(suf)" in the first English
  entry, not by using "-" in the kanji or kana.

o do not add definite or indefinite articles (e.g.  "a", "an", "the", etc) to
  English nouns unless they  are  necessary  to  distinguish  the  word  from
  another usage type or homonym.

o do not guess the kanji. One of the most persistent problems in editing
  EDICT is finding and eliminating incorrect kanji.

o do not use the "/", "[" or "]" characters except in their separating roles.

o if you are using a reference in romaji form, make sure you have the correct
  kana for "too/tou" and "zu", where the Hepburn romaji is often ambiguous.

o do not use kana or kanji in the "English" fields.  Where it is necessary to
  use a Japanese word, e.g. kanto, use Hepburn romaji.

o make sure your kana is correct. A persistent problem is the submission of
  words like "honyaku" as ho+nya+ku instead of the correct ho+n+ya+ku.

o do not include words formed by common Japanese suffixes, such as "-teki",
  unless they cannot be deduced from the root.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
----------------

The following people, in roughly chronological order, have played a part in
the development of EDICT.

Mark Edwards,  Spencer Green,  Alina  Skoutarides,  Takako  Machida,  Theresa
Martin,  Satoshi Tadokoro,  Stephen Chung,  Hidekazu Tozaki, Clifford Olling,
David Cooper, Ken Lunde, Joel Schulman, Hiroto Kagotani,  Truett Smith,  Mike
Rosenlof,  Harold Rowe,  Al Harkom,  Per Hammarlund,  Atsushi Fukumoto,  John
Crossley,  Bob Kerns,  Frank  O'Carroll,  Rik  Smoody,  Scott  Trent,  Curtis
Eubanks,  Jamie Packer,  Hitoshi Doi,  Thalawyn Silverwood, Makato Shimojima,
Bart Mathias, Koichi Mori, Steven Sprouse, Jeffrey Friedl, Yazuru Hiraga, Kurt
Stueber,  Rafael Santos,  Bruce Casner,  Masato Toho,  Carolyn Norton,  Simon
Clippingdale,  Shiino  Masayoshi,   Susumu  Miki,   Yushi  Kaneda,   Masahiko
Tachibana,  Naoki  Shibata,  Yuzuru  Hiraga,  Yasuaki Nakano,  Atsu Yagasaki,
Hitoshi Oi, Chizuko Kanazawa, Lars Huttar,  Jonathan Hanna,  Yoshimasa Tsuji,
Masatsugu Mamimura,  Keiichi Nakata,  Masako Nomura,  Hiroshi Kamabe, Shi-Wen
Peng,  Norihiro Okada,  Jun-ichi Nakamura,  Yoshiyuki Mizuno,  Minoru Terada,
Itaru Ichikawa, Toru Matsuda, Katsumi Inoue, John Finlayson, David Luke, Iain
Sinclair,  Warwick  Hockley,  Jamii Corley,  Howard Landman,  Tom Bryce,  Jim
Thomas,  Paul Burchard,  Kenji Saito,  Ken Eto, Niibe Yutaka, Hideyuki Ozaki,
Kouichi  Suzuki,  Sakaguchi  Takeyuki,  Haruo  Furuhashi,   Takashi  Hattori,
Yoshiyuki Kondo, Kusakabe Youichi, Nobuo Sakiyama, Kouhei Matsuda, Toru Sato,
Takayuki Ito,  Masayuki Tokoshima,  Kiyo Inaba, Dan Cohn, Yo Tomita, Ed Hall,
Takashi Imamura, Bernard Greenberg, Michael Raine, Akiko Nagase, Ben Bullock,
Scott Draves, Matthew Haines, Andy Howells, Takayuki Ito, Anders Brabaek,
Michael Chachich, Masaki Muranaka, Paul Randolph, Vesa Karhu, Bruce Bailey,
Gal Shalif, Riichiro Saito, Keith Rogers, Steve Petersen, Bill Smith, Barry
Byrne, Satoshi Kuramoto, Jason Molenda, Travis Stewart, Yuichiro Kushiro
Keiko Okushi, Wayne Lammers, Koichi Fujino, Joerg Fischer, Satoru Miyazaki,
Gaspard Gendreau, David Olson, Peter Evans, Steven Zaveloff, Larry Tyrrell,
Heinz Clemencon, Justin Mayer, David Jones, Holger Gruber, David Wilson,
John De Hoog, Stephen Davis, Dan Crevier, Ron Granich, Bruce Raup, Scott
Childress, Richard Warmington, Jean-Jacques Labarthe, Matt Bloedel, Szabolcs
Varga, Alan Bram, Hidetaka Koie, David Villareale, Hirokazu Ohata, Toshiki
Sasabe, William Maton, Tom Salmon, Kian Yap, Paul Denisowski, Glen Pankow,
Richard Northcott, Roger Meunier, Petteri Kettunen, Jeff Korpa, Kanji
Haitani, Liam O'Brien, Serdar Yegulalp, Jonathan Way, Gururaj Rao, Yoichiro
Niitsu, Ralph Seewald, Andreas Jordell, Chua Hian Koon, Hartmut Pilch.

Jim Breen
([e-mail])
Department of Digital Systems
Monash University
Clayton 3168
AUSTRALIA

APPENDIX A: EDICT LICENCE STATEMENT
===================================

Copyright (C) 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997 James William Breen

This  licence  statement  and  copyright  notice   applies   to   the   EDICT
Japanese/English   Dictionary   file,   the   associated  documentation  file
EDICT.DOC, and any data files which are derived from them.

COPYING AND DISTRIBUTION

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of  these  files
provided  this copyright notice and permission notice is distributed with all
copies.  Any distribution of the files must take place  without  a  financial
return, except a charge to cover the cost of the distribution medium.

Permission is granted to make and distribute extracts or subsets of the EDICT
file under the same conditions applying to verbatim copies.

Permission  is  granted  to  translate the English elements of the EDICT file
into other languages, and to make and distribute copies of those translations
under the same conditions applying to verbatim copies.

USAGE

These files may be freely  used  by  individuals,  and  may  be  accessed  by
software belonging to, or operated by, such individuals.

The files, extracts from the files, and translations of the files must not be
sold  as  part  of  any  commercial  software  package,   nor  must  they  be
incorporated in any published dictionary or other  printed  document  without
the specific permission of the copyright holder.

COPYRIGHT

Copyright  over  the  documents  covered  by  this statement is held by James
William BREEN.


APPENDIX B: WNN PROJECT COPYRIGHT NOTICE
----------------------------------------

As some of the material in edict has been derived from entries in the
dictionaries of the "Wnn" project, it is appropriate to draw attention
to the copyright statement of that project.

/*
 * Copyright Kyoto University Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences
 *                 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
 * Copyright OMRON Corporation. 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
 * Copyright ASTEC, Inc. 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991
 *
 * Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute, and sell this software
 * and its documentation for any purpose is hereby granted without fee,
 * provided that all of the following conditions are satisfied:
 *
 * 1) The above copyright notices appear in all copies
 * 2) Both those copyright notices and this permission notice appear
 *    in supporting documentation
 * 3) The name of "Wnn" isn't changed unless substantial modifications
 *    are made, or
 * 3') Following words followed by the above copyright notices appear
 *    in all supporting documentation of software based on "Wnn":
 *
 *   "This software is based on the original version of Wnn developed by
 *    Kyoto University Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences (KURIMS),
 *    OMRON Corporation and ASTEC Inc."
 *
 * 4) The names KURIMS, OMRON and ASTEC not be used in advertising or
 *    publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without
 *    specific, written prior permission
 *
 * KURIMS, OMRON and ASTEC make no representations about the suitability
 * of this software for any purpose.  It is provided "as is" without
 * express or implied warranty.
 *
 * Wnn consortium is one of distributors of the official Wnn source code
 * release.  Wnn consortium also makes no representations about the
 * suitability of this software for any purpose.  It is provided "as is"
 * without express or implied warranty.
 *
 * KURIMS, OMRON, ASTEC AND WNN CONSORTIUM DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH
 * REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
 * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL KURIMS, OMRON, ASTEC OR
 * WNN CONSORTIUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
 * PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
 * TORTUOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
 * PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
 *
 */


APPENDIX C.  LANGUAGE CODES FROM ISO 639
---------------------------------------

The following language codes have been used with non-English derived
gairaigo. They have been derived from the ISO 639:1988 "Code for the
representation of names of languages" standard.


ar Arabic
zh Chinese (Zhongwen)
de German (Deutsch)
en English
fr French
el Greek (Ellinika)
iw Hebrew (Iwrith)
ja Japanese
ko Korean
nl Dutch (Nederlands)
no Norwegian
pl Polish
ru Russian
sv Swedish
bo Tibetan (Bodskad)
eo Esperanto
es Spanish
in Indonesian
it Italian
lt Latin
pt Portugese
hi Hindi
ur Urdu
mn Mongolian
kl Inuit (formerly Eskimo)

And I have added the following, which are not in the Standard:

ai Ainu