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~h1st Manassas / Bull Run~
~jJuly 21st, 1861~
This was a major Confederate victory. At the start General
Beauregard's 30,000 Confederates held 9 miles
of the Bull Run river.
@View Manassas Opening Moves Map@
General McDowell, with 40,000 Federals, attempted to turn their left
flank, but
the Confederates went on the offensive, and routed the northerners in
this first
major battle of the war.
Casualties were:~#
Federals, 1,492 killed or wounded, with 1,600 prisoners;~#
Confederates, 1,982 killed or wounded.
@View Manassas Map The Battle@.
@@
~hShiloh / Pittsburg Landing~
~jApril 6th -7th, 1862~
This major battle involved 43,000 Confederates under Johnston and
42,000 Federals under Grant.
The Confederates surprised Grant's position on the west of the
Tennessee River and drove back the first line into confusion. By
nightfall, Grant was practically defeated, but Johnston failed to
take the advantage of his opportunity. Grant was reinforced by
20,000 men during the night and went on the offensive the next day.
Johnston was killed and after severe fighting his successor,
Beauregard, ordered a retreat.
Federal casualties were 13,087, including 1,754 killed.~#
Confederate casualties were 10,697, including 1,723 killed.
@@
~hAntietam / Sharpsburg~
~jSeptember 17th, 1862~
This was the bloodiest day of the entire Civil War. Fought between
the Confederates under General Lee and the Federals under General
McClellan. Lee had only 35,000 men to McClellan's 95,000 at the
start of the battle, and his left flank was driven back. When
reinforcements arrived, Lee began an offensive, but by the following
day a stalemate developed and the battle came to an indecisive halt.
Federal casualties numbered 12,140, including 2,108 killed.~#
Confederate casualties were 13,1724, including 2,700 killed.
@View Antietam Map@
@@
~hFredericksburg~
~jNovember 13th, 1862~
A major battle, between General Burnside with 150,000 Federals and
General Lee's 80,000 Confederates. Burnside attacked the
Confederates, who held a range of heights along the Massaponax River
and was repulsed after much hard fighting, losing 13,771 men. Lee
lost 1,800, but considered his force too inferior in numbers to
exploit his victory and allowed Burnside to evacuate Feredericksburg.
@@
~hMurfreesboro / Stones River~
~jDecember 31st 1862 - January 2nd 1863~
This battle was fought between 35,000 Confederates under Bragg and
40,000 Federals under Rosecrans. Bragg attacked and drove back the
Federal right, but the center and left held and prevented the defeat
degenerating into a rout. Both sides lost heavily, but the
Confederates captured a large number of prisoners and over twenty
guns. The following day the Federal right retook the ground it had
lost and at nightfall both armies occupied their original positions.
Early on 2 January Bragg retired in good order. Each side lost about
8,000 killed, wounded or missing in the two days fighting.
@@
~hChancellorsville~
~jMay 1st - 4th 1863~
The Battle of Chancellorsville involved 120,000 Federals under Hooker
and 53,000 Confederates under Lee. On 2nd May, Lee sent half his
force under Jackson to turn Hooker's right and he routed the Federal
XI corps. In the dark, a South Carolina regiment fired by mistake at
Jackson's staff and Jackson himself was mortally wounded. On 3 May
the Confederates had further success and on 4 May the Federals were
driven off. Hooker being forced to cross the Rappahanock River.
Confederates suffered about 10,000 casualties, while the Federals
suffered about 18,000 including 7,650 prisoners. Considering the
disparity of numbers, the Confederate success was startling.
@@
~hGettysburg~
~jJuly 1st - 3rd, 1863~
A major and bloody battle between the northern army of the Potomac
under Meade and the army of Virginia under Lee. On 1 July General
Hills' corps attacked Meade's position in front of Gettysburg and
drove the Federals in disorder through the town. Next day Meade took
up new positions behind Gettysburg where he lost many men repulsing
Confederate attacks. On the 3rd he pushed back the Confederate left,
but Lee's main attack drove the Federals from the ridge. They
rallied and recaptured it, but by now had lost 20,000 men and could
not continue. Lee, who had also lost 20,000 men, tried to draw the
Federals into battle on 4 July, but when Meade held back Lee
withdrew. Great loss of life had resulted in no gain whatever.
@View Map Gettysburg@
@@
~hChickamauga~
~jSeptember 10th - 20th, 1863.~
On 19 September Bragg's confederate Army of the West attacked General
Rosecrans' lines, cutting the Federals off from the river and leaving
them waterless. Next day Bragg's further attacks succeeded
everywhere except on the right and by nightfall Rosecrans' army was
retreating. Confederate casualties were 12,000, while the Federals
lost 16,351. Their losses would have been heavier had Bragg not
allowed Rosecrans to retire to Chattanooga unmolested.
@@
~hChattanooga~
~jNovember 23rd - 27th, 1863~
This battle involved 80,000 Federals under Grant and the 64,000 strong
Confederate Army of the West under Bragg. The Federals attacked Look
Out Mountain in thick fog - the "Battle Above the Clouds" - and the
next day, 25 November, broke Bragg's center. Much of the combat on
the 26th and 27th was rearguard fighting. The Federals lost 753
soldiers killed, 4,722 wounded, with 342 missing. The Confederates
had 361 soldiers killed, 2,160 wounded, with 4,000 prisoners.
@@
~hVicksburg~
~jMay - July, 1863~
@View Vicksburg Campaign Map@
Vicksburg was a Confederate Fortress blocking Federal attempts to
control the Mississippi River. The Federal commander Grant had
already made five attempts to take Vicksburg which had a garrison of
about 25,000 under Pemberton. On 17 April Grant sent a cavalry force
to create a diversion and then moved his army down the west side of
the river. The battle had several phases.
7 May: Crossing the Mississippi with his corps, Sherman brought
Grant's strength to 41,000. By maneuvering, Grant divided two
Confederate armies standing ready to defend Vicksburg.
14 May: Grant attacked and captured Jackson, capital of Mississippi
State, then turned north and confronted Pemberton and his army which
had been advancing to help Jackson.
16-19 May: A major clash at Champion's Hill, between Grant's 29,000
men and Pemberton's 22,000. The Confederates lost 3,851 casualties to
the Federals 2,441, and a Confederate division was cut off and forced
to leave the area. The Federals, under Sherman, then overwhelmed the
rearguard Pemberton had left to cover his retreat to Vicksburg. He
thus lost another 1,700 men.
19 May-4 July: With only 30,000 men, Pemberton was besieged by a
Federal force which soon grew to 75,000, spread around 9 miles of
good defenses. Grant's one major assault, 22 May, cost him 3,200
casualties. He then waited for constant shelling, hunger and disease
to do their work. On 4 July, with half the garrison dead, wounded or
sick, Pemberton surrendered. Total Federal casualties were 9,362.
Vicksburg was decisive. It split the Confederacy geographically; it
enabled the Federals to use large forces against other objectives.
Combined with the Confederate reverse at Gettysburg, it robbed the
South of any chance of victory.
@@
~hThe Wilderness Campaign~
~j4-8 May, 1864~
The Federals, under their supreme commander, Grant, and Meade,
commander of the Army of the Potomac, mustered nearly 120,000 men
and had 316 guns. The Confederates under Lee had only 64,000 men and
274 guns. Both sides were committed to action in wild and difficult
terrain. Several fierce actions took place, most of them ending
because of exhaustion. A Confederate encircling attack engineered by
Longstreet succeeded, but when he tried to support it with a frontal
assault he was seriously wounded by fire from his own men. The
Federal right wing was nevertheless driven back in confusion. Both
sides spent a whole day, 7 May, straightening out their positions but
that night Grant withdrew north-east. Casualties proved that the
Confederates had the better of the involved and often bitter
fighting.
The Federals lost 17,666 men (2,246 killed, 12073
wounded);
The Confederates lost 7,750 men.
In all, five generals were killed, six were wounded and two were captured.
@@
~hThe Atlanta Campaign~
A Union army under General Sherman was pushing aggressively towards
Atlanta, the Confederates' most vital transport, manufacturing and
medical center. On 20 July the Confederates tried to stop the
advance in the Battle of Peach Tree Creek, where they lost 2,600 men
in 3 hours; the Federals lost 1,600. The forceful Confederate
general, John Hood, sent General Hardee and his corps on a 15 mile
night march to attack the southern flank of the Federals on 22 July.
In a violent struggle the Confederates lost 8,000 men while the
Federals suffered 3,700 casualties, including General McPherson. On
28 July the Federals, still forward-moving, were at Ezra Church (near
Atlanta) when they were again attacked - this time by Stephen Lee's
corps. The Federals held their positions.
Sherman now made attacks to cut the railways leading into Atlanta
from the south, and though the Confederates were able to hold at
Schofield and Utoy Creek, they could not long delay Sherman's
envelopment of Atlanta, beginning 20 August. Confederate General
Hardee fought the Federals on 31 August-1 September at Jonesboro;
that day Hood abandoned Atlanta to join Hardee, losing the city to
save the army. Sherman, having advanced 140 miles from Chattanooga,
suffered 21,656 casualties to take Atlanta, and inflicted 27,565 on
the Confederates. He burnt much of Atlanta and on 15 November marched
to the sea at Savannah.
@@@