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1994-10-25
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CJPEG(1) CJPEG(1)
N✓NA✓AM✓ME✓E
cjpeg - compress an image file to a JPEG file
S✓SY✓YN✓NO✓OP✓PS✓SI✓IS✓S
c✓cj✓jp✓pe✓eg✓g [ _✓o_✓p_✓t_✓i_✓o_✓n_✓s ] [ _✓f_✓i_✓l_✓e_✓n_✓a_✓m_✓e ]
D✓DE✓ES✓SC✓CR✓RI✓IP✓PT✓TI✓IO✓ON✓N
c✓cj✓jp✓pe✓eg✓g compresses the named image file, or the standard
input if no file is named, and produces a JPEG/JFIF file
on the standard output. The currently supported input
file formats are: PPM (PBMPLUS color format), PGM (PBMPLUS
gray-scale format), BMP, GIF, Targa, and RLE (Utah Raster
Toolkit format). (RLE is supported only if the URT
library is available.)
O✓OP✓PT✓TI✓IO✓ON✓NS✓S
All switch names may be abbreviated; for example,
-✓-g✓gr✓ra✓ay✓ys✓sc✓ca✓al✓le✓e may be written -✓-g✓gr✓ra✓ay✓y or -✓-g✓gr✓r. Most of the
"basic" switches can be abbreviated to as little as one
letter. Upper and lower case are equivalent (thus -✓-G✓GI✓IF✓F is
the same as -✓-g✓gi✓if✓f). British spellings are also accepted
(e.g., -✓-g✓gr✓re✓ey✓ys✓sc✓ca✓al✓le✓e), though for brevity these are not men¡
tioned below.
The basic switches are:
-✓-q✓qu✓ua✓al✓li✓it✓ty✓y _✓N
Scale quantization tables to adjust image quality.
Quality is 0 (worst) to 100 (best); default is 75.
(See below for more info.)
-✓-g✓gr✓ra✓ay✓ys✓sc✓ca✓al✓le✓e
Create monochrome JPEG file from color input. Be
sure to use this switch when compressing a
grayscale GIF file, because c✓cj✓jp✓pe✓eg✓g isn't bright
enough to notice whether a GIF file uses only
shades of gray. By saying -✓-g✓gr✓ra✓ay✓ys✓sc✓ca✓al✓le✓e, you'll get a
smaller JPEG file that takes less time to process.
-✓-o✓op✓pt✓ti✓im✓mi✓iz✓ze✓e
Perform optimization of entropy encoding parame¡
ters. Without this, default encoding parameters
are used. -✓-o✓op✓pt✓ti✓im✓mi✓iz✓ze✓e usually makes the JPEG file a
little smaller, but c✓cj✓jp✓pe✓eg✓g runs somewhat slower and
needs much more memory. Image quality and speed of
decompression are unaffected by -✓-o✓op✓pt✓ti✓im✓mi✓iz✓ze✓e.
-✓-t✓ta✓ar✓rg✓ga✓a Input file is Targa format. Targa files that con¡
tain an "identification" field will not be automat¡
ically recognized by c✓cj✓jp✓pe✓eg✓g; for such files you must
specify -✓-t✓ta✓ar✓rg✓ga✓a to make c✓cj✓jp✓pe✓eg✓g treat the input as
Targa format. For most Targa files, you won't need
this switch.
30 August 1994 1
CJPEG(1) CJPEG(1)
The -✓-q✓qu✓ua✓al✓li✓it✓ty✓y switch lets you trade off compressed file
size against quality of the reconstructed image: the
higher the quality setting, the larger the JPEG file, and
the closer the output image will be to the original input.
Normally you want to use the lowest quality setting
(smallest file) that decompresses into something visually
indistinguishable from the original image. For this pur¡
pose the quality setting should be between 50 and 95; the
default of 75 is often about right. If you see defects at
-✓-q✓qu✓ua✓al✓li✓it✓ty✓y 75, then go up 5 or 10 counts at a time until you
are happy with the output image. (The optimal setting
will vary from one image to another.)
-✓-q✓qu✓ua✓al✓li✓it✓ty✓y 100 will generate a quantization table of all
1's, eliminating loss in the quantization step (but there
is still information loss in subsampling, as well as
roundoff error). This setting is mainly of interest for
experimental purposes. Quality values above about 95 are
n✓no✓ot✓t recommended for normal use; the compressed file size
goes up dramatically for hardly any gain in output image
quality.
In the other direction, quality values below 50 will pro¡
duce very small files of low image quality. Settings
around 5 to 10 might be useful in preparing an index of a
large image library, for example. Try -✓-q✓qu✓ua✓al✓li✓it✓ty✓y 2 (or so)
for some amusing Cubist effects. (Note: quality values
below about 25 generate 2-byte quantization tables, which
are considered optional in the JPEG standard. c✓cj✓jp✓pe✓eg✓g emits
a warning message when you give such a quality value,
because some commercial JPEG programs may be unable to
decode the resulting file. Use -✓-b✓ba✓as✓se✓el✓li✓in✓ne✓e if you need to
ensure compatibility at low quality values.)
Switches for advanced users:
-✓-d✓dc✓ct✓t i✓in✓nt✓t
Use integer DCT method (default).
-✓-d✓dc✓ct✓t f✓fa✓as✓st✓t
Use fast integer DCT (less accurate).
-✓-d✓dc✓ct✓t f✓fl✓lo✓oa✓at✓t
Use floating-point DCT method. The floating-point
method is the most accurate, but will be the slow¡
est unless your machine has very fast floating-
point hardware. Also note that results of the
floating-point method may vary slightly across
machines, while the integer methods should give the
same results everywhere. The fast integer method
is much less accurate than the other two.
-✓-r✓re✓es✓st✓ta✓ar✓rt✓t _✓N
Emit a JPEG restart marker every N MCU rows, or
30 August 1994 2
CJPEG(1) CJPEG(1)
every N MCU blocks if "B" is attached to the num¡
ber. -✓-r✓re✓es✓st✓ta✓ar✓rt✓t 0✓0 (the default) means no restart
markers.
-✓-s✓sm✓mo✓oo✓ot✓th✓h _✓N
Smooth the input image to eliminate dithering
noise. N, ranging from 1 to 100, indicates the
strength of smoothing. 0 (the default) means no
smoothing.
-✓-m✓ma✓ax✓xm✓me✓em✓mo✓or✓ry✓y _✓N
Set limit for amount of memory to use in processing
large images. Value is in thousands of bytes, or
millions of bytes if "M" is attached to the number.
For example, -✓-m✓ma✓ax✓x 4✓4m✓m selects 4000000 bytes. If
more space is needed, temporary files will be used.
-✓-o✓ou✓ut✓tf✓fi✓il✓le✓e _✓n_✓a_✓m_✓e
Send output image to the named file, not to stan¡
dard output.
-✓-v✓ve✓er✓rb✓bo✓os✓se✓e
Enable debug printout. More -✓-v✓v's give more output.
Also, version information is printed at startup.
-✓-d✓de✓eb✓bu✓ug✓g Same as -✓-v✓ve✓er✓rb✓bo✓os✓se✓e.
The -✓-r✓re✓es✓st✓ta✓ar✓rt✓t option inserts extra markers that allow a
JPEG decoder to resynchronize after a transmission error.
Without restart markers, any damage to a compressed file
will usually ruin the image from the point of the error to
the end of the image; with restart markers, the damage is
usually confined to the portion of the image up to the
next restart marker. Of course, the restart markers
occupy extra space. We recommend -✓-r✓re✓es✓st✓ta✓ar✓rt✓t 1✓1 for images
that will be transmitted across unreliable networks such
as Usenet.
The -✓-s✓sm✓mo✓oo✓ot✓th✓h option filters the input to eliminate fine-
scale noise. This is often useful when converting GIF
files to JPEG: a moderate smoothing factor of 10 to 50
gets rid of dithering patterns in the input file, result¡
ing in a smaller JPEG file and a better-looking image.
Too large a smoothing factor will visibly blur the image,
however.
Switches for wizards:
-✓-a✓ar✓ri✓it✓th✓hm✓me✓et✓ti✓ic✓c
Use arithmetic coding rather than Huffman coding.
(Not currently supported for legal reasons.)
-✓-b✓ba✓as✓se✓el✓li✓in✓ne✓e
Force a baseline JPEG file to be generated. This
30 August 1994 3
CJPEG(1) CJPEG(1)
clamps quantization values to 8 bits even at low
quality settings.
-✓-n✓no✓oi✓in✓nt✓te✓er✓rl✓le✓ea✓av✓ve✓e
Generate noninterleaved JPEG file (not yet sup¡
ported).
-✓-q✓qt✓ta✓ab✓bl✓le✓es✓s _✓f_✓i_✓l_✓e
Use the quantization tables given in the specified
file. The file should contain one to four tables
(64 values each) as plain text. Comments preceded
by '#' may be included in the file. The tables are
implicitly numbered 0,1,etc. If -✓-q✓qu✓ua✓al✓li✓it✓ty✓y _✓N is also
specified, the values in the file are scaled
according to c✓cj✓jp✓pe✓eg✓g's quality scaling curve.
-✓-q✓qs✓sl✓lo✓ot✓ts✓s _✓N_✓[_✓,_✓._✓._✓._✓]
Select which quantization table to use for each
color component. By default, table 0 is used for
luminance and table 1 for chrominance components.
-✓-s✓sa✓am✓mp✓pl✓le✓e _✓H_✓x_✓V_✓[_✓,_✓._✓._✓._✓]
Set JPEG sampling factors. If you specify fewer
H/V pairs than there are components, the remaining
components are set to 1x1 sampling. The default
setting is equivalent to -✓-s✓sa✓am✓mp✓pl✓le✓e 2✓2x✓x2✓2.
The "wizard" switches are intended for experimentation
with JPEG. If you don't know what you are doing, d✓do✓on✓n'✓'t✓t
u✓us✓se✓e t✓th✓he✓em✓m. You can easily produce files with worse image
quality and/or poorer compression than you'll get from the
default settings. Furthermore, these switches should not
be used when making files intended for general use,
because not all JPEG implementations will support unusual
JPEG parameter settings.
E✓EX✓XA✓AM✓MP✓PL✓LE✓ES✓S
This example compresses the PPM file foo.ppm with a qual¡
ity factor of 60 and saves the output as foo.jpg:
c✓cj✓jp✓pe✓eg✓g -✓-q✓qu✓ua✓al✓li✓it✓ty✓y _✓6_✓0 _✓f_✓o_✓o_✓._✓p_✓p_✓m >✓> _✓f_✓o_✓o_✓._✓j_✓p_✓g
H✓HI✓IN✓NT✓TS✓S
Color GIF files are not the ideal input for JPEG; JPEG is
really intended for compressing full-color (24-bit)
images. In particular, don't try to convert cartoons,
line drawings, and other images that have only a few dis¡
tinct colors. GIF works great on these, JPEG does not.
If you want to convert a GIF to JPEG, you should experi¡
ment with c✓cj✓jp✓pe✓eg✓g's -✓-q✓qu✓ua✓al✓li✓it✓ty✓y and -✓-s✓sm✓mo✓oo✓ot✓th✓h options to get a
satisfactory conversion. -✓-s✓sm✓mo✓oo✓ot✓th✓h 1✓10✓0 or so is often help¡
ful.
Avoid running an image through a series of JPEG
30 August 1994 4
CJPEG(1) CJPEG(1)
compression/decompression cycles. Image quality loss will
accumulate; after ten or so cycles the image may be
noticeably worse than it was after one cycle. It's best
to use a lossless format while manipulating an image, then
convert to JPEG format when you are ready to file the
image away.
The -✓-o✓op✓pt✓ti✓im✓mi✓iz✓ze✓e option to c✓cj✓jp✓pe✓eg✓g is worth using when you are
making a "final" version for posting or archiving. It's
also a win when you are using low quality settings to make
very small JPEG files; the percentage improvement is often
a lot more than it is on larger files.
E✓EN✓NV✓VI✓IR✓RO✓ON✓NM✓ME✓EN✓NT✓T
J✓JP✓PE✓EG✓GM✓ME✓EM✓M
If this environment variable is set, its value is
the default memory limit. The value is specified
as described for the -✓-m✓ma✓ax✓xm✓me✓em✓mo✓or✓ry✓y switch. J✓JP✓PE✓EG✓GM✓ME✓EM✓M
overrides the default value specified when the pro¡
gram was compiled, and itself is overridden by an
explicit -✓-m✓ma✓ax✓xm✓me✓em✓mo✓or✓ry✓y.
S✓SE✓EE✓E A✓AL✓LS✓SO✓O
d✓dj✓jp✓pe✓eg✓g(1), r✓rd✓dj✓jp✓pg✓gc✓co✓om✓m(1), w✓wr✓rj✓jp✓pg✓gc✓co✓om✓m(1)
p✓pp✓pm✓m(5), p✓pg✓gm✓m(5)
Wallace, Gregory K. "The JPEG Still Picture Compression
Standard", Communications of the ACM, April 1991 (vol. 34,
no. 4), pp. 30-44.
A✓AU✓UT✓TH✓HO✓OR✓R
Independent JPEG Group
B✓BU✓UG✓GS✓S
Arithmetic coding is not supported for legal reasons.
Not all variants of BMP and Targa file formats are sup¡
ported.
The -✓-t✓ta✓ar✓rg✓ga✓a switch is not a bug, it's a feature. (It would
be a bug if the Targa format designers had not been clue¡
less.)
Still not as fast as we'd like.
30 August 1994 5