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  1. 06601030305800
  2. F0110030
  3. 9[...................................................]011
  4. Ç
  5. AIM:ANOTHERIMAGEMANAGER
  6.  
  7. TheimageprocessingprogramAIMwasoriginallydevelopedforthe
  8. ATARISTbyFransGroenandRobertdeVries.Sincethefirst
  9. versionofAIMtheextensionofthispublicdomainimage
  10. processingpackagehasbecomeajointeffortofanumberof
  11. peoplefromtheDelftUniversityofTechnologyandtheUniversity
  12. ofAmsterdam.EspeciallyPietVerbeeksuppliedmanylinearand
  13. non-linearfilteringroutines,LucasvanVlietandBenVerwer
  14. developedthefastmorphologicaloperations.AlsoGertvan
  15. Antwerpen,DamirSudarandIgorWebersuppliedanumberof
  16. routinestoAIM.
  17.  
  18. AIMrunsinhigh-resolutionandlow-resolutionmode.Themedium-
  19. resolutionmodeisnotsupported.AIMhasbeenwrittenintheC-
  20. languageusing.Thepurposeoftheprogramistoexperimentwith
  21. digitalimageprocessing.
  22.  
  24. Userinterface
  25.  
  26. TheuserinterfaceofAIMconsistsof:
  27.  
  28. -GEMinterface.Operationsandparameterscanbeselectedby
  29. meansofdialogboxesanddrop-downmenus.Achoicefromamenu
  30. resultsinacommandwhichispassedtothecommandinterpreter.
  31. Imagedisplayscanbemovedandsized.
  32.  
  33. -Commandinterpreter.Sequencesofcommandscanbeputtogether
  34. inacommandfile.Whentheloggingison,commandswhichare
  35. enteredarealsostoredinalogcommandfile.Acommandfilemay
  36. becalledwithinanothercommandfileupto16levelsdeep.
  37.  
  38. Thecommandinterpreterhasahistoryhandlerwithsomeediting
  39. facilities.
  40.  
  41. ImagesinAIM
  42.  
  43. FourimagememoriesareavailableinAIM.Theimagememoriesare
  44. 8bitwideandhaveamaximumsizeof65536pixels.Standardaim
  45. imageshaveathesizeof256x256pixels.Theseimagememories
  46. aredisplayedattheATARIscreen.Thewindowsaredesignated
  47. with'A','B','C'and'D'.Thepositionofthewindowsis
  48. obtainedfromasetupfile.Imagewindowscanbemovedandsized.
  49.  
  50. Acolourimageconsistsof4memorieswithamaximumof16384
  51. pixelsrespectivelyfortheintensity,red,greenandbluesub-
  52. images.Thismaximumsizeistheresultfromthecurrent1Mbyte
  53. memoryrestrictionoftheAtariST.Whenthememoryincreases,
  54. largercolourimagescouldbesupported.Standardaimcolour
  55. imageshaveasizeof4times128x128pixels.Theyoccupythe
  56. sameareaasangrey-valueimageofsize256x256.Mostofthe
  57. (colour)imageoperationsareappliedtoallsub-imagesofa
  58. Çcolourimage.Someimageoperations(gradx,grady,equal)are
  59. performedontheintensitysub-imageofacolourimage.After
  60. suchanoperationthered,greenandbluecolourvaluesare
  61. updatedaccordingtothenewintensityvalue.
  62.  
  63. The8bitplanesofthegrey-valueimagescanalsobeusedas8
  64. binaryimages.BinaryandCellularLogicoperationscanbe
  65. performedonthesebitplanes.Thebitplanesarenumberedfrom1
  66. to8.
  67.  
  68. Whenanimageisreadfromdiskall8bitplanesareread
  69. simultaneously.Thesameholdswhenanimageiswrittentodisk.
  70. Animageisdisplayedinthegrey-valuemodewhentheextension
  71. is.IMandincolormodewhentheextensionis.COL.Thedisplay
  72. ofcolorimagesisonlysupportedinthelow-resolutionmode.
  73.  
  74. AlsoDEGASandNeochromeimagescanbereadorwritten.Withthe
  75. readcommandthesepicturesareconvertedto320x200grey-value
  76. images.Withthecreadcommandtheyareconvertedtocolour
  77. imagesofsize160x100.Whentheextensionis.PI1or.PI3a
  78. DEGASfileisreadorwritten,whentheextensionis.NEOa
  79. neochromefileisreadorwritten.Examplesaregivenin@democ4.
  80.  
  81. Greatcareshouldbetakenbystoringimagesindegasor
  82. neochromeformat.Intheseformatsalimitednumberofgrey
  83. valuesorcoloursisused(palette),soadrasticreductionof
  84. informationtakesplace,whichlimitsthepossibilityoffurther
  85. imageprocessing.Imagesarestoredinfullgreyorcolour
  86. resolutionintheAIMformat.
  87.  
  88. Inthehighresolutionmodeastandardgrey-valueimageis
  89. representedby256x256blackandwhitedots.(thereareonly2
  90. greyvaluespossible:whiteandblack).Asigma-deltatechnique
  91. isusedtoobtainalocaldensityofthedotsrepresentingas
  92. goodaspossiblethegrey-valuesintheimage.Inabinary
  93. display0givesablackdotand1awhitedot.
  94.  
  95. Inthelowresolutionmodeastandardgrey-valueimageis
  96. representedby128x128pixelsin8grey-values.Againasigma-
  97. deltatechniqueisusedtorepresentasgoodaspossiblethe
  98. original256greyvalues.Asthestandardimageshaveasizeof
  99. 256x256pixels,inthelow-resolutionmodeonly1pixeloutof
  100. each2x2pixelneighbourhoodisdisplayed.Inthedefaultbinary
  101. low-resolutionmode(don1)ablackdotisdisplayedwhenall
  102. pixelsofa2x2neighbourhoodare'0'andawhitedotis
  103. displayedwhenallpixelsina2x2neighbourhoodare'1'.Inall
  104. othercasesagreydotisdisplayed.
  105.  
  106. Astandardcolorimageisdisplayedin128x128pixelswith16
  107. differentcolors.Anoptimumpaletteischosenforthecurrently
  108. displayedimage.Sothepalettesofotherimagesarenolonger
  109. correct.Thepaletteoftheimagewhichisontopisdisplayed.
  110. Clickingonanotherwindowbringsitontopwiththecorrect
  111. palette.
  112. Ç
  113. Standardgrey-valueimagesondisk(extension.IM)consistof256
  114. linesof256pixels(unsignedcharacters)of1byte.Soanimage
  115. consistsof65536bytesintotal.Thesequenceislinebyline
  116. fromtoplefttobottomright.
  117.  
  118. Standardcolorimagesondisk(extension.COL)consistofa
  119. sequenceof4sub-imagesof128linesof128pixels(unsigned
  120. characters)of1byte.Thesub-imagesareintensity,red,green
  121. andbluerespectively.
  122.  
  123. Whenanimagedoesnothaveastandardformataheaderisneeded
  124. (extension.HD),describingtheimagewidthandheight.The
  125. headerusedistheheaderoftheCentreforImageProcessing
  126. DelftandisgivenintheAppendix.Whenanimageiswrittenin
  127. theAIMformatalwaysaheaderiswritten.
  128.  
  129. Commandinterpreter
  130.  
  131. Itisnotnecessarytogivethecompletecommandname.The
  132. smallestnumberofletterswhichgivesnoambiguityissuffi⑨
  133. cient.
  134.  
  135. Itispossibletoedityourcommandsinasimpleway.Thedelete-
  136. orbackspace-keydeletethelastcharacter.CONTROL-Xdeletesthe
  137. wholeline.Asequenceofcommandswhichperformacertain
  138. operationmaybegroupedtoacommandfileandstoredondisk.
  139. Theextensionofcommandfilesis.AIM.Whentheloggingison
  140. alltheenteredcommandsarestored.Whentheloggingisswitched
  141. offalogcommandfileiswrittentodisc.
  142.  
  143.  
  144. Commandfilesareexecutedbytyping@name(withouttheexten⑨
  145. sion).Anewcommandfilecanbecalledfromacommandfileand
  146. maybenestedupto16levelsdeep.Sotyping@command-file-name
  147. insteadofacommandexecutesthecommand-file.ESCstopsthe
  148. executionofacommandfileandaskstheusertogoonornot.
  149. Defaultvaluesareusedwhenaparameterisnotgiven.Whenan
  150. erroneousvalueofaparameterisgiven,thecommandinterpreter
  151. asksforacorrectvalue.ESCstopsthisprocedureandreturnsto
  152. thecommandinterpreter(AIMprompt).Ifinthiscaseareturnis
  153. given,thedefaultvalueisused.Thisgivesthepossibilityto
  154. askforaparametervaluewhenacommand-fileisexecuted,
  155. insteadofusingafixedvalue.Inthecommandfileforinstancea
  156. questionmark(?)canbeusedinsteadoftheparametervalueto
  157. obtainthisfeature.
  158.  
  159. Aquestionmark(?)insteadofacommandgivesalistofall
  160. availablecommands.
  161.  
  162. Astar(*)indicatesthattheremainderofthecommandline
  163. consistsofcomments.
  164.  
  165. 9[....................................................]001
  166. History
  167. Ç
  168. ThehistorymechanisminAIMisintendedtoresembleasmuchas
  169. possibletheUNIXmechanism.Exceptforthe'history'commandmost
  170. importantfeatureshavebeenincluded.
  171. !!:repeatlastcommand.Itispossibletotypeextracharacters
  172. afterthe!!.Theseareappendedafterthepreviousline.
  173. !{chars}:repeatthecommandthatstartedwith{chars}.
  174. !<n>:repeatthen-thcommandwithnisaninteger.Incasethenumber
  175. isnegativethen-thpreviouscommandisrepeated.Ifsome
  176. charactersfollowtheintegernumber,theseareappended.
  177. ^<string1>^<string2>^<string3>:replace<string1>intheprevious
  178. commandwith<string2>,append<string3>andrepeatthechanged
  179. command.
  180.  
  181. Examples:
  182. Intheexamplestheprompthastheformof'aim'followedbyan
  183. integernumberfollowedby'>'.
  184. Thefirstcommandisasample.
  185. aim1>readftrui
  186. Nowlet'srepeatit.
  187. aim2>!!
  188. readftrui
  189. Anotherwaytorepeatit.
  190. aim3>!rea
  191. readftrui
  192. Youcanalsoappendtextafterthepreviouscommand.
  193. aim4>!!.im
  194. readftrui.im
  195. Repeatfirstcommand.
  196. aim5>!1
  197. readftrui
  198. Repeatthecommandofaim4>
  199. aim6>!-2
  200.    readftrui.im
  201. Changetruiintocermet.
  202. aim7>^trui^cermet
  203.    readfcermet.im
  204. ChangecermetintoketelandputimageinB.
  205.    aim8>^cermet^ketel^,B
  206.    readfketel.im,B
  207.  
  208. GEM-INTERFACE
  209.  
  210. Operationsmarkedwithastar(*)areonlyavailableinthe
  211. commandinterpreter.
  212.  
  213. Dialogboxes
  214.  
  215. Parametersareenteredinthedialogboxesbyfirstpushingthe
  216. ESCbuttontodeletethedefaultvalueandtogotothefirst
  217. position.Onlyatthefirstpositionminussignsareallowed.
  218. Therearetwospecialdialog-boxes.Oneisforthethreshold
  219. command.Thedefaultthresholdvalueiscomputedeachtimeanew
  220. input-imageisselected.
  221. ÇTheotherspecialboxisforthepalette.Ifacolorischosen
  222. thecolorcoefficientsareshownintheeditabletextline
  223. underneath.Ifthecoefficientsarechangedandanyothercolor-
  224. boxisclickedtheeffectofthechangesarevisible.Thethree
  225. coefficientsrepresentthered,greenandblue,andmayvaryfrom
  226. 0to7.Highervaluesarecastto7.
  227.  
  228. Printerdriver
  229.  
  230. Printeroutputcanonlybedoneinmonochromemode.Thisis
  231. becausetheactualscreenimageisprinted.Theprinterdriver
  232. supports8pinand24pingraphics.InthefileAIM.INFafter
  233. 'printer'theprinterdefinitionisplaced.Firstthenameofthe
  234. printerisgivenonasingleline.Afterthatthenumberofdots
  235. andfinallytheprintercodestoresettheprinter,tosetthe
  236. linedistanceandfinallytostartgraphicsprinting.
  237. Tomakeaprinterdriverforyourownprinteryouonlyneedatext
  238. editortocreateit.Thefirstlinecontainsthenameofyour
  239. printer.Thesecondlinegivesthenumberofverticaldotsper
  240. line.Itlookslike:
  241. dpl8
  242. "dpl"isakeywordfor"dotsperline"anditisseparatedbythe
  243. valuebyaspace.Theonlyvaluessupportedatthismomentare8
  244. and24.
  245. Thethirdlinegivestheresetcodeforyourprinter.Itlooks
  246. like:
  247. reset1B40
  248. "reset"isakeywordfortheresetcode.Thecharactersinthe
  249. resetcodearegiveninhexadecimalseperatedbyaspace.The
  250. maximumnumberofcharactersinthecontrolsequenceis20.
  251. Thefourthlinegivesthecontrolsequencetosetthelinedistance
  252. betweentwolinesofgraphicaloutput.Itlookslike:
  253. linedist1B4108
  254. "linedist"isthekeywordforthelinedistancecontrolsequence.
  255. Itcanbe20characterslong.
  256. Thelastlinegivesthecontrolsequencetostartgraphical
  257. output.Itlookslike:
  258. graphics1B4B
  259. "graphics"isagainakeyword.Thesequencetostartprinting
  260. graphicsisalwaysfollowedbythenumberofcolumnsofdotstobe
  261. printed.Inmostprintersthisisdonebysendingfirstthelow
  262. bytefollowedbythehighbyteofthewordthatcontainsthis
  263. number.OtherprinterssendthenumberinBCDformat.InAIMonly
  264. thefirstwayissupported.
  265.  
  266.  
  267. üOPERATIONSINAIMÇ
  268. FILEOPERATIONS
  269.  
  270.  
  271. readf[ile]:readsanimagefromdisk.
  272.  
  273. Thefirstcommandparameteristheimagename,thesecond
  274. optionalparameteristheimagememory(A,B,C,D).Defaultis
  275. ÇimagememoryA.Theextensionofangrey-valueimagefileis.IM.
  276. Availablestandardimagesare:TRUI.IM,CERMET.IM,TUD.IMand
  277. ASBEST.IM.Whennoextensionisgiven.IMisassumed.
  278. (Whentheextensionis.COLacolourimageisreadin).
  279.  
  280. Whennoheaderfileispresentastandardimagesizeisassumed,
  281. otherwisethedescriptionfromtheheaderfileisused.
  282. Whentheextensionis.PI1or.PI3aDEGASfileisconvertedtoa
  283. grey-valueimageof320x200pixels.Whentheextensionis.NEO
  284. aneochromefileisconvertedtoagrey-valueimageof320x200
  285. pixels.
  286.  
  287. command:readfimage-file,image
  288. default:readftrui,A
  289. range:-,<A-D>
  290.  
  291. creadf[ile]:readsacolourimagefromdisk.
  292.  
  293. Thefirstcommandparameteristheimagename,thesecond
  294. optionalparameteristheimagememory(A,B,C,D).Defaultis
  295. imagememoryA.
  296.  
  297. Theextensionofacolorimageis.COL.Availablecolorimages
  298. are:MANDRIL.COL,MAID.COL,GIRL.COLandARLES.COL.
  299. Whennoextensionisgiven.COLisassumed.
  300. (Whentheextensionis.IMagrey-valueimageisreadin).
  301.  
  302. Whennoheaderfileispresentastandardimagesizeisassumed.
  303. otherwisethedescriptionfromtheheaderfileisused.
  304.  
  305. Whentheextensionis.PI1aDEGASfileisconvertedtoacolour
  306. imageof160x100pixels.Whentheextensionis.NEOaneochrome
  307. fileisconvertedtoacolourimageof160x100pixels.
  308.  
  309. command:creadfimage-file,image
  310. default:creadfmandril,A
  311. range:-,<A-D>
  312.  
  313.  
  314. writf[ile]:writesanimagetodisk.
  315.  
  316. Thefirstcommandparameteristheimagememory(A,B,C,D).The
  317. secondparameteristhenameoftheimage-file.Whennoextension
  318. isgiven.IMisassumed.Besidestheimagefilealsoaheader
  319. fileiswritten(extension.HD).Theheaderstructureisgivenin
  320. theAppendix.
  321.  
  322. Whentheextensionis.PI1or.PI3aDEGASfileiswritten.When
  323. theextensionis.NEOaneochromefileiswritten.
  324.  
  325. command:writfimage,image-file
  326. default:writfA,dummy
  327. range:<A-D>,<anything>
  328.  
  329. Çloadsetup
  330.  
  331. Thiscommandloadsasetupfile.Thesetupfiledescribesthe
  332. pathoftheimagefiles(read/write),thecommandfiles,the
  333. helpfiles,theaspectandalign-flagsandthepositionofthe
  334. windows.
  335.  
  336. savesetup
  337.  
  338. Thiscommandsavesthecurrentsettings(pathsandwindow
  339. positions)inasetupfiles.
  340.  
  341. Macro:selectsandstartsacommandfile.
  342.  
  343. @filenameisacommandfile.An@startsthecommandfile.
  344. Commandfilesmaybenestedupto16levels.Anexampleisgiven
  345. in@demo.Theextensionofcommandfilesis.AIM.Theseexten⑨
  346. sionsareaddedtothecommandfilenamebyAIM.
  347.  
  348. Wheninfinite=-1thecommandfileisinfinitelyrepeated.
  349.  
  350. command:@name.AIM,infinite
  351. default:-,0
  352. range:-,<-1,0>
  353.  
  354. Logging
  355.  
  356. Whentheloggingisonallenteredcommandsarestored.Whenthe
  357. loggingisswitchedoff,thestoredcommandsarewritteninalog
  358. file.Inthiswayautomaticallycommandfilescanbecreated.
  359.  
  360. printpic:printsapicture.
  361.  
  362. Thiscommandprintsthecontentsofawindow.Itonlyworksin
  363. highres.Ifahistogramornumbersaredisplayedinawindowitis
  364. alsoprinted.Thesecondparameteristhemagnificationfactor.
  365. Whena24-dotmatrixprinterisinstalledtheresultlooksbetter
  366. withmagnificationfactor2.
  367.  
  368. command:printpicim,factor
  369. default:printpicA  ,1
  370. range:<A-D>,<1,5>
  371.  
  372. exit:endstheprogram.Thisactioncanalsobeobtainedby
  373. typingControl-Corbyclickingtheclose-boxofthecommand-
  374. window.
  375.  
  376. command:exit
  377.  
  378. TESTIMAGEGENERATION
  379. ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
  380. shad:shadingimagegenerator
  381.  
  382.  
  383. ÇShad generates a shadinglike grey image.Thegreyvalueisthe
  384. sumofthebilinearinterpolation of the corner points b a 
  385.                                                        c d 
  386. and the quadratic (e*x*(1-x) + f*y*(1-y))*N/128 
  387. ife+f>0,N = (255-(a+b+c+d)/4),  
  388. such that e=f=256 -> 255-(a+b+c+d)/4 as maximumoutput 
  389. ife+f<0,N = (    (a+b+c+d)/4), 
  390. such that e=f=-256 -> -(a+b+c+d)/4 as minimumoutput
  391.  
  392.  
  393. command:shadout_im,a,  b,c,d,e,f
  394. default:shad   B  ,255   0 ,  0 ,  0 ,  0, 0    
  395. range:<A-D>,<0,255>,<-255,255>
  396.  
  397.  
  398. GEOMETRICANDARITHMETICGREY-VALUEOPERATIONS
  399. ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
  400. GEOMETRICGREYVALUEOPERATIONS
  401.  
  402. copy:copiesorsamplesanimage.
  403.  
  404. Thefirstcommandparameteristheinputimage,thesecondis
  405. theoutputimage(A,B,C,D).Extraparametersallowsamplingthe
  406. inputimagewhichisvirtuallyrepeatedinalldirections
  407. (periodic).Thethirdandfourthparameterarethesampling
  408. startingpositionX,Yandallowwrapping(Xwith-signenforces
  409. theinverseoperation,Yalsowith-signenforceswritewithout
  410. clear(stamping));thefifthandsixgivethe2Dsamplingstep
  411. dx,dytakenintheinputimagewhenwritingalineintheoutput
  412. image;theseventhandeightharethe2DsamplingstepDX,DY
  413. takenwhenfeedingalineintheoutputimage.Inverse sampling
  414. (-X)at2**kstepsizemultiply overwritesallcopyingresultsbut
  415. thatofthe lower right block,whichisthusblowntodots.
  416. Differentparameterchoices:
  417.                  |
  418. typeofsampling |  X    Y    dx   dy   DX   DY
  419. copy               (1)  (1)   (1)  (0)  (0)  (1)(default)
  420. smearline31       1   31    1   0   0  0
  421. smearcolumn17    17   0    0   0   0   1
  422. wrap 17,31->1,1  17   31    (1)  (0)  (0)  (1)
  423. reduce 2x hor     1    1    2    0    0   1
  424. reduce 3x ver     1    1    1    0    0    3
  425. reduce 2xhor&ver   1    1     2    0    0    2
  426. skew up             1    1     1    1    0    1
  427. skew left           1    1     1    0    1    1
  428. skew right          1    1     1    0   -1    1
  429. reflect hor     256    1    -1    0    0    1
  430. reflect ver      1 256     1    0    0   -1
  431. upside down     256 256    -1    0    0   -1
  432. transpose           1    1     0    1    1    0
  433. symmetr. ri half 256    1    -1    0    0    1   out=in
  434. symmetr. lo half    1 256     1    0    0   -1   out=in
  435. pointsymlo half  256 256    -1    0    0   -1   out=in
  436. tilt atan 1 = 45  127 127    1    1   -1    1 
  437. Çtilt atan-1 =-45 127 127     1   -1    1    1
  438. tilt atan-2     127 127    1   -2    2    1
  439. tilt atan-1/2     127 127     2   -1    1    2
  440. inverse ofthis -127 127     2   -1    1    2
  441. blowtodots     -1    1     4    0    0    4
  442.  
  443. command:copyinput_image,out_im,X,  Y,dx,dy,DX,DY
  444. default:copy    A,   B  , 1    1    1    0    0   1    
  445. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<-256,256>
  446.  
  447. ARITHMETICGREYVALUEOPERATIONS
  448.  
  449. Standardandsignedgreyvalues.
  450. Thestandardarithmeticgreyvalueoperationshavebeenbuiltfor
  451. greyvaluesintherangeof0to255.Someinterestingimage
  452. processingresultssuchasgradientsmaybenegative.InAIMsuch
  453. resultsarerepresentedbysilentlyadding127(integer255/2).
  454. Ineffectanewkindofgreyvalues,"signedgreyvalues",witha
  455. rangeof-127to128issodefined.Arithmeticwithsignedgrey
  456. valuesasksforaseparatesetofsignedarithmeticcommands.
  457. Theyaresimilartothenormalcommandsbutforaprefix"s"and
  458. willnotbeseparatelydescribed."sadd"doesnotexistasitis
  459. identicalto"add","sginva"isidenticalto"scmula-1".
  460.  
  461. MONADICGREYVALUEARITHMETIC
  462.  
  463. cadd:addsaconstanttoanimage.
  464.  
  465. Thefirstcommandparameteristheinputimage.Thesecond
  466. parameteristheconstantwhichisadded.Thethirdparameteris
  467. theoutputimage.Ifnooutputimageisspecifiedtheoutput
  468. overwritestheinput.
  469.  
  470. output_image=input_image+constant
  471.  
  472. command:caddinput_image,constant,output_image
  473. default:caddA,0  , input_image
  474. range:<A-D>,<-255,255>,<A-D>
  475.  
  476.  
  477. ginv:subtractstheimagefrom255
  478.  
  479. Thefirstcommandparameteristheinputimage.Thesecond
  480. parameteristheoutputimage.Ifnooutputimageisspecified
  481. theoutputoverwritestheinput.
  482.  
  483. output_image=255-input_image
  484.  
  485. command:ginvinput_image,output_image
  486. default:ginvA, input_image
  487. range:<A-D>,<A-D>
  488.  
  489.  
  490. cabs:determinesabsolutedifferencewithaconstant
  491. Ç
  492. Thefirstcommandparameteristheinputimage.Thesecond
  493. parameteristheconstant.Thethirdparameteristheoutput
  494. image.Theresultisclippedabove255.Ifnooutputimageis
  495. specifiedtheoutputoverwritestheinput.
  496.  
  497. output_image=|input_image-constant|
  498.  
  499. command:cabsinput_image,constant,output_image
  500. default:cabsA,0  , input_image
  501. range:<A-D>,<-255,255>,<A-D>
  502.  
  503.  
  504. cmul:multipliesanimagebyaconstant.
  505.  
  506. Thefirstcommandparameteristheinputimage.Thesecond
  507. parameteristhemultiplicationconstant.Thethirdparameteris
  508. theoutputimage.Ifnooutputimageisspecifiedtheoutput
  509. overwritestheinput.
  510.  
  511. output_image=input_image*constant
  512.  
  513. command:cmulinput_image,constant,output_image
  514. default:cmulA,1  , input_image
  515. range:<A-D>,<0,255>,<A-D>
  516.  
  517.  
  518. cdiv:dividesanimagebyaconstant.
  519.  
  520. Thefirstcommandparameteristheinputimage.Thesecond
  521. parameteristhedivisionconstant.Thethirdparameteristhe
  522. outputimage.Ifnooutputimageisspecifiedtheoutput
  523. overwritestheinput.
  524.  
  525. output_image=input_image/constant
  526.  
  527. command:cdivinput_image,constant,output_image
  528. default:cdivA,1  , input_image
  529. range:<A-D>,<1,255>,<A-D>
  530.  
  531.  
  532. (*)clear:clearsanimage.
  533.  
  534. Clearsetseachpixelvalueintheimageto0.
  535.  
  536. command:clearimagedefault:clearArange:
  537. <A-D>(*)assign:assignsaconstanttoeachpixelinanimage.
  538.  
  539. command:assignimage,constant
  540. default:assignA,0
  541. range:<A-D>,<0,255>
  542.  
  543.  
  544. DYADICGREYVALUEARITHMETIC
  545. Ç
  546. add:addstwoimages.
  547.  
  548. Thefirstcommandparameteristhefirstinputimage,thesecond
  549. parameteristhesecondinputimage,thethirdparameteristhe
  550. outputimage.Ifnooutputimageisspecifiedtheoutput
  551. overwritesthesecondinput.
  552.  
  553. output_image=(input1_image+input2_image)/2
  554.  
  555. command:addinput1_image,input2_image,output_image
  556. default:addA,B    , input2_image
  557. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<A-D>
  558.  
  559.  
  560. sub:subtractstwoimages.
  561.  
  562. Thefirstparameteristhefirstinputimage,thesecond
  563. parameteristhesecondinputimage.Thethirdparameterisa
  564. constantwhichcanbeaddedtothedifference.Thefourth
  565. parameteristheoutputimage.Astheimagecannotbecome
  566. negative,theresultingvalueisclippedbelow0andabove255.
  567. Ifnooutputimageisspecifiedtheoutputoverwritesthesecond
  568. input.
  569.  
  570. output-image=(input1_image-input2_image)+constant
  571.  
  572. command:subinput1_image,input2_image,constant,output-image
  573. default:subA,B,0,input2_image
  574. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<-255,255>,  <A-D>
  575.  
  576.  
  577. abs:givesabsolutedifferenceoftwoimages.
  578.  
  579. Thefirstparameteristhefirstinputimage,thesecond
  580. parameteristhesecondinputimage.Thethirdparameterisa
  581. constantwhichcanbeaddedtothedifference.Thefourth
  582. parameteristheoutputimage.Theresultingvalueisclipped
  583. above255.Ifnooutputimageisspecifiedtheoutputoverwrites
  584. thesecondinput.
  585.  
  586. output-image=|input1_image-input2_image+constant|
  587.  
  588. command:absinput1_image,input2_image,constant,output-image
  589. default:absA,B,0,input2_image
  590. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<-255,255>,  <A-D>
  591.  
  592.  
  593. mul:multipliestwoimages.
  594.  
  595. Thefirstparameteristhefirstinputimage,thesecond
  596. parameteristhesecondinputimage.Thethirdparameterisa
  597. constantbywhichtheproductcanbedivided.Thefourth
  598. parameteristheoutputimage.Theresultingvalueisclipped
  599. Çabove255.Ifnooutputimageisspecifiedtheoutputoverwrites
  600. thesecondinput.
  601.  
  602. output-image=(input1_image*input2_image)/constant
  603.  
  604. command:mulinput1_image,input2_image,constant,output-image
  605. default:mulA,B,256,input2_image
  606. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<1,32767>,  <A-D>
  607.  
  608.  
  609. div:dividestwoimages.
  610.  
  611. Thefirstparameteristhefirstinputimage,thesecond
  612. parameteristhesecondinputimage.Thethirdparameterisa
  613. constantbywhichthequotientcanmultiplied.Thefourth
  614. parameteristheoutputimage.Theresultingvalueisclipped
  615. above255.Ifnooutputimageisspecifiedtheoutputoverwrites
  616. thesecondinput.
  617.  
  618. output-image=(input1_image/input2_image)*constant
  619.  
  620. command:divinput1_image,input2_image,constant,output-image
  621. default:divA,B,1,input2_image
  622. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<0,32767>,  <A-D>
  623.  
  624.  
  625. TRIADICGREYVALUEARITHMETIC
  626.  
  627. mud:multipliestwoimagesanddividesbyathirdimage.
  628.  
  629. Thefirstparameteristhefirstinputimage,thesecond
  630. parameteristhesecondinputimage.Thethirdparameteristhe
  631. thirdinputimagebywhichtheproductisdivided.Thefourth
  632. parameteristheoutputimage.Theresultingvalueisgiven
  633. modulo255.Ifnooutputimageisspecifiedtheoutputoverwrites
  634. thesecondinput.
  635.  
  636. output-image=(input1_image*input2_image)/input3_image
  637.  
  638. command:divinput1_image,input2_image,input3_image,output-image
  639. default:divA,B,C,input3_image
  640. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<A-D>,<A-D>
  641.  
  642.  
  643. ♪①DYADICGREYVALUENON-ARITHMETIC
  644.  
  645.  
  646. (*)minimum:minimumoftwoimages.
  647.  
  648. Thefirstcommandparameteristhefirstinputimage,thesecond
  649. parameteristhesecondinputimage,thethirdparameteristhe
  650. outputimage.Ifnooutputimageisspecifiedtheoutput
  651. overwritesthesecondinput.
  652.  
  653. Çoutput_image=minimum(input1_image,input2_image)
  654.  
  655. command:minimuminput1_image,input2_image,output_image
  656. default:minimumA,B    , input2_image
  657. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<A-D>
  658.  
  659.  
  660. (*)maximum:maximumoftwoimages.
  661.  
  662. Thefirstcommandparameteristhefirstinputimage,thesecond
  663. parameteristhesecondinputimage,thethirdparameteristhe
  664. outputimage.Ifnooutputimageisspecifiedtheoutput
  665. overwritesthesecondinput.
  666.  
  667. output_image=maximum(input1_image,input2_image)
  668.  
  669. command:maximuminput1_image,input2_image,output_image
  670. default:maximumA,B    , input2_image
  671. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<A-D>
  672.  
  673.  
  674.  
  675. (*)sminimum:signedminimumoftwostandardimages.
  676.  
  677. Thisoperationisapplicabletostandard,nottosignedgrey
  678. values.Theoutputissigned.Thefirstcommandparameteristhe
  679. firstinputimage,thesecondparameteristhesecondinput
  680. image,thethirdparameteristheoutputimage.Theresulting
  681. valueisclippedbelow0andabove255.Ifnooutputimageis
  682. specifiedtheoutputoverwritesthesecondinput.
  683.  
  684. if(input1_image<input2_image)
  685. output_image=127+input1_image
  686. else
  687. output_image=127-input2_image
  688.  
  689. command:sminimuminput1_image,input2_image,output_image
  690. default:sminimumA,B   , input2_image
  691. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<A-D>
  692.  
  693.  
  694. (*)ssminimum:signedminimumoftwoimages.
  695.  
  696. Thisoperationisapplicabletosigned,nottostandardgreyvalues.
  697. Theoutputissignedtoindicate.Thefirstcommandparameteristhefirst
  698. inputimage,thesecondparameteristhesecondinputimage,the
  699. thirdparameteristheoutputimage.Theresultingvalueis
  700. clippedbelow0andabove255.Ifnooutputimageisspecified
  701. theoutputoverwritesthesecondinput.
  702.  
  703. if(input1_image<input2_image)
  704. output_image=input1_image
  705. else
  706. output_image=254-input2_image
  707. Ç
  708.  
  709. command:ssmaximuminput1_image,input2_image,output_image
  710. default:ssmaximumA,B   , input2_image
  711. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<A-D>
  712.  
  713.  
  714. TRIADICGREYVALUENON-ARITHMETIC
  715.  
  716. (*)mindev:takeinputvaluewithminimumdeviation.
  717.  
  718. Theoutputpixelvalueisthatvalueoftheinput1orinput2
  719. images,thatdifferstheleastfromtheinput3pixelvalue.Ifno
  720. outputimageisspecifiedtheoutputoverwritesinput3.
  721.  
  722. if|input3value-input1value|<|input3value-input2value|
  723. output=input1
  724. else
  725. output=input2
  726.  
  727.  
  728. command:mindevinput1_im,input2_im,input3_im,output-im
  729. default:mindevA,B,C,input3_im
  730. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<A-D>,<A-D>
  731.  
  732.  
  733. GREY-VALUEFILTERS
  734. ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
  735. Apixelvalueintheoutputimageisdeterminedbythevalueof
  736. thepixelintheinputimagetogetherwiththepixelvaluesina
  737. localneighbourhoodaroundthepixel.Bothlinearandnon-linear
  738. operationscanbeappliedtosuchaneighbourhood.InAIMthe
  739. neighbourhoodsareeitherfixedsizeandfixedshape:3x3
  740. square,orvariablesizeandshape.
  741. Indicatinghorizontalby-,verticalby|andthediagonalsby/
  742. and\avariablefilterofsizescanhavedifferentshapes:
  743. size-x1|(shape=0or4),size/x1\(shape=1or5),size|x
  744. 1-(shape=2or6),size\x1/(shape=3or7),size-xsize|
  745. (square,shape=8),size/xsize\(diamond,shape=9),andin
  746. somecasesapproximatelyroundringswithdiameters(shapes10-
  747. 17).
  748.  
  749. APPLICATIONS
  750.  
  751. Differenttasksinimageprocessingcanbedefined.Eachtaskcan
  752. beperformedbydifferentfilters.Themaintasksare
  753. 1.maketheimagelesssharp("smoothing")
  754. 2.representslopestrength("gradient")
  755. 3.extractdetail("detail")
  756. 4.enhancedetail("crispening")
  757. 5.extractedgesorhighcontrastareas("edge")
  758. 6.findlocalextrema("min","max")
  759.  
  760. SURVEYGREYFILTERS
  761. ǯ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯|¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯|
  762. |non-adaptiveadaptive|
  763.         |      linear              non-linear               |
  764. size||
  765. &shape|fixedvariablefixedvariable|
  766. |-------------------------------------------------------|
  767. smooth|gaussuniformmediandyttet-kuwahara|
  768. |lgauss|
  769. |adne,adre|
  770. ||
  771. gradient|gradx,ylgradientxxxxkugradien*
  772. |ggradient|
  773. |sune,sure|
  774. ||
  775. detail|laplaceparabolapeakdygtegragvanefilte*
  776. |dogori-smoothori-smoothdystesras|
  777. ||
  778. crisp|filter(df)ori+detailhavedyftefrafori+detail
  779. |ori+detail|
  780. ||
  781. contrast|robertslgradient8-dyrterrar-|
  782. /edge|haradyltelral-|
  783. ||
  784. min|contrast-detail-lminlow-|
  785. max|contrast+detail-lmaxupp-|
  786. ||
  787. general-|filterseparablex---edgps|
  788. purpose|(+recurs)|
  789. ¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯¯
  790. *notyetimplemented;dfdefault;ximpossible;-absent.
  791.  
  792. IMPLEMENTATION
  793.  
  794. Separablefilters.Filtersthatcanbereplacedbyaone-
  795. dimensionalfilteringofeachimagelinefollowedbyaone-
  796. dimensionalfilteringofeach(resulting)columnarecalled
  797. separable.Theyworkonarectangularorsquareneighbourhood.
  798. Examplesarethelinear'uniform'filterandthenon-linear
  799. 'l(ocal)maximum'filter.InAIMthisseparationhasbeenexploi⑨
  800. tedtospeedupvariablesizefiltering.Theone-dimensional
  801. filtersusedcanalsobeappliedonebyonealonghorizontal,
  802. verticalandbothdiagonaldirections.Combiningdiagonaldirec⑨
  803. tionsyieldsadiamondneighbourhood.
  804. Sum-of-separablefilters.Thesumoftwoseparablefilters
  805. withoutacommonone-dimensionalcomponentbelongtoaspecial
  806. classofnon-separablefilters.InAIMtheirconstructionfrom
  807. one-dimensionalfiltersissometimesbutnotalwaysused.Exam⑨
  808. plesarethenon-linear'dyt'(dynamicthreshold)andthelinear
  809. 'laplace',respectively.InAIManot-separatedfilterisalways
  810. afixedsize3x3filteroritsrepeatedversion(e.g.'dog',
  811. differenceofgaussians).Inprincipleanylinearfilterisasum
  812. ofseparablefilters,tobefoundbysingularvaluedecomposi⑨
  813. tion.ThishasnotbeenimplementedinAIM.Alsootherfunctions
  814. oflinearfiltersmayoccur,likethemaximumofabsolutevalues
  815. Çinthe2-Dl(ocal)gradient(alaRoberts).Non-separable
  816. filters.Somenon-linearfiltersarenotknowntobereducibleto
  817. one-dimensionalfilters.Anexampleisthe'median'filter.
  818.  
  819. LINEAR,FIXEDSIZE&SHAPE
  820.  
  821. Alinearfiltercanberealizedbymultiplyingapixelandits
  822. neighbourhoodbycoefficients.Theresultisthesumofthese
  823. multiplica-tionsandiscalledaconvolution.Examplesoflinear
  824. filtersarethe'gauss','gradient'and'laplace'filters.
  825.  
  826. InAIMthesizeoflinearfiltersislimitedtoa3x3neighbour⑨
  827. hood.'Filter'isarotation-symmetrical3x3filterofwhichthe
  828. coefficientscanbespecifiedbytheuser.Inthe'gauss',
  829. 'gradient'and'laplace'filtersthecoefficientsarefixed.
  830.  
  831. Thecoefficientsare:
  832.  
  833. 121-10-1-1-2-10-10
  834. 242-20-2000-14-1
  835. 121-10-1-1-2-10-10
  836. gaussx-gradienty-gradientlaplace
  837. 
  838. cdchvcd0-10001010100100
  839. chvccchv-15-1000-1000000-10
  840. cdchvcd0-10-10000000-1000
  841. filter(default)grad/3grad/2grad\3grad\2
  842.                           ---------------roberts-----------------
  843.  
  844.    
  845. gauss:linearfilterforsmoothing.
  846.  
  847. Thefirstparameteristheinput-image(defaultA)andthe
  848. secondparameteristheoutput-image(defaultB).Thefiltering
  849. canberepeated(size-1)/2-1moretimesandthenemulatesasize
  850. xsizebinomialfilter,anapproximationoftheactualgauss
  851. filter.
  852. Thethirdparameteristhesize(2n+2=2n+1,default3).
  853.  
  854. output-image=gauss(gauss(gauss...(gauss(input-image))...))
  855. command:gaussinput-image,output-image,size
  856. default:gaussA,B,3
  857. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<3-255>
  858.  
  859.  
  860. gradx:horizontal"Sobel"gradientfilter.
  861.  
  862. Thefirstparameteristheinput-image(defaultA)andthesecond
  863. parameteristheoutput-image(defaultB).Theoutput-imagemay
  864. bemultipliedbyafactor(multiply/1024)andaconstant(add)
  865. maybeaddedtotheresult.
  866. output-image=gradx(input-image)*(multiply/1024)+add
  867.  
  868. command:gradxinput-image,output-image,multiply,add
  869. Çdefault:gradxA,B,1024,128
  870. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<1-10000>,<-255-255>
  871.  
  872.  
  873. grady:vertical"Sobel"gradientfilter.
  874.  
  875. Thefirstparameteristheinput-image(defaultA)andthesecond
  876. parameteristheoutput-image(defaultB).Theoutput-imagemay
  877. bemultipliedbyafactor(multiply/1024)andaconstant(add)
  878. maybeaddedtotheresult.
  879.  
  880. output-image=grady(input-image)*(multiply/1024)+add
  881.  
  882. command:gradyinput-image,output-image,multiply,add
  883. default:gradyA,B,1024,128
  884. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<1-10000>,<-255-255>
  885.  
  886. enhance:linearfilterforimagedetailenhancement.
  887.  
  888. Thisisthepreviouslaplaceoperation.Thefirstcommand
  889. parameteristheinput-imageandthesecondparameteristhe
  890. output-image.Defaultsare:Afortheinput-imageandBforthe
  891. output-image.
  892.  
  893. command:enhanceinput-image,output-image
  894. default:enhanceA,B
  895. range:<A-D>,<A-D>
  896.  
  897. nlaplace:linearfilterforimagedetailextraction.
  898.  
  899. Thefirstcommandparameteristheinput-imageandthesecond
  900. parameteristheoutput-image.Defaultsare:Afortheinput-image
  901. andBfortheoutput-image.
  902.  
  903. command:nlaplaceinput-image,output-image
  904. default:nlaplaceA,B
  905. range:<A-D>,<A-D>
  906.  
  907. dog:differenceofgaussians,linearfilterforimagedetail
  908. extraction.
  909.  
  910. Thefirstcommandparameteristheinput-imageandthesecond
  911. parameteristheoutput-image.Defaultsare:Afortheinput-
  912. imageandBfortheoutput-image.Thethirdandfourthparameters
  913. thearesizesofthelargestandsmallestgauss(binomial)filter
  914. (2s+2=2s+1,defts.3,1).
  915.  
  916. output-image=gauss(input-image,s)-gauss(input-image,l)+127
  918. command:doginput-image,output-image,largel,smalls
  919. default:dogA,B,3,1(original)
  920. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<3,255>,<1,sl-1>
  921.  
  922.  
  923. Çroberts:3x3or2x2Robertsgradientfilter.
  924.  
  925. Thefirstparameteristheinput-image(defaultA)andthesecond
  926. parameteristheoutput-image(defaultB).Thethirdparameter
  927. indicatessize3x3(3,default)or2x2(2).
  928.  
  929. output-image=pointmaximum(abs(grad/),abs(grad\))
  930. command:gradxinput-image,output-image,size
  931. default:gradxA,B,3
  932. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<2-3>
  933.  
  934.  
  935. filter:generalpurpose3x3rotation-symmetricalfilter.
  936.  
  937. Thisfilterperformsageneral3x3rotation-symmetricalconvolu⑨
  938. tion.Parametersaretheinput-image,theoutput-imageandthe3
  939. differentcoefficientsina3x3neighbourhood.Thecoefficientof
  940. thecentralpixeliscc,thecoefficientsofthehorizontaland
  941. verticalneighboursarechvandthecoefficientsofthediagonal
  942. neighboursarecd.Thedefaults(5,-1,0)arechosensoasto
  943. givethecrispsum'original+laplace'.
  944. Theresultmaybemultipliedbyafactor(multiply/1024)anda
  945. constant(add)maybeaddedtotheresult.
  946.  
  947. output-image=filter(input-image)*(multiply/1024)+add
  948.  
  949. command:filterinput-image,output-image,cd,chv,cc,multiply,add
  950. default:filterA,B,0,-1,5,2048,0
  951. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<-/+1000>,<10000>,<-+255>
  952.  
  953.  
  954. LINEAR,VARIABLESIZE&SHAPE
  955.  
  956. Forevensizetheresultisshiftedover1/2pixelwithrespect
  957. tothefiltercenter.
  958.  
  959.  
  960. unif:linearfilterforsmoothing.
  961.  
  962. Thisfilterdeterminesforeachpixeltheaverageofalocal
  963. neighbour-hoodintheinput-image.Thisaveragebecomesthepixel
  964. valueintheoutput-image.
  965. Thefirstparameteristheinput-image,thesecondparameteris
  966. theoutput-image.Thethirdparameteristhesizeofthelocal
  967. neighbourhood.Thissizeisavaluebetween1and127.Thefourth
  968. parameteristheshape:0,4=-;1,5=/;2,6=|;3,7=\;8=+,9=X.
  969. Roundshapeshavenotyetbeenimplemented.
  970.  
  971.  
  972. command:unifinput-image,output-image,neighbourhoodsize,shape
  973. default:unifA,B,3,8
  974. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<1,63>,<0,9>
  975.  
  976. lgau:linearfilterforsmoothing.
  977. Ç
  978. Thisfilterdeterminesforeachpixeltheweightedaverageofa
  979. localneighbourhoodintheinput-image.Thebinomialcoefficients
  980. areusedasweights.Thisaveragebecomesthepixelvalueinthe
  981. output-image.
  982. Thesquareversionisfarbetterisotropicthansquareunif.
  983. Thefirstparameteristheinput-image,thesecondparameteris
  984. theoutput-image.Thethirdparameteristhesizeofthelocal
  985. neighbour-hood.Thissizeisavaluebetween1and63.Thefourth
  986. parameteristheshape.Roundshapesarenotneededandhavenot
  987. beenimplemented.
  988.  
  989.  
  990. command:lgauinput-image,output-image,neighbourhoodsize,shape
  991. default:lgauA,B,3,8
  992. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<1,63>,<0,9>
  993.  
  994.  
  995. adne:linearfilterforsmoothing.
  996.  
  997. Thisfilteraddstoeachpixelintheinput-imagethevalue(or
  998. halforaquarteretc.)ofitsleftneighbour(ifshape=0)inthe
  999. input-image.Thesum(orincaseofoverflowsum-256)becomesthe
  1000. pixelvalueintheoutput-image.Thefirstpixelofeachline(if
  1001. shape=0)iscopiedunprocessed.Thefirstparameteristheinput-
  1002. image,thesecondparameteristheoutput-image.Thethird
  1003. parameterindicateswhichpartoftheneighbourisadded:0->
  1004. full,1->half,2->quarter,k->1/(2**k),7->1/128.Thefourth
  1005. parameteristheshapeandalsotheFreemandirection.0->E(ast),
  1006. 1->NE,2->N,3->NW,4->W,5->SW,6->S,7->SE.
  1007. 2-Dfiltersarecombinedfromthese:8->0,2,4,6;9->1,3,5,7.
  1008. Noroundshapes."adne"istheexactinverseof"sure".
  1009.  
  1010.  
  1011. command:adneinput-image,output-image,neighbourpart,shape
  1012. default:adneA,B,0,0
  1013. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<0,7>,<0,9>
  1014.  
  1015. adre:recursivelinearfilterforsmoothing.
  1016.  
  1017. Thisfilteraddstoeachpixelintheinput-imagethevalue(or
  1018. halforaquarteretc.)ofitsleftneighbour(ifshape=0)inthe
  1019. output-image.Thesum(orincaseofoverflowsum-256)becomes
  1020. thepixelvalueintheoutput-image.Thefirstpixelofeachline
  1021. (ifshape=0)iscopiedunprocessed.Thefirstparameteristhe
  1022. input-image,thesecondparameteristheoutput-image.Thethird
  1023. parameterindicateswhichpartoftheneighbourisadded:0->
  1024. full,1->half,2->quarter,k->1/(2**k),7->1/128.Thefourth
  1025. parameteristheshapeandalsotheFreemandirection.0->E(ast),
  1026. 1->NE,2->N,3->NW,4->W,5->SW,6->S,7->SE.2-Dfiltersare
  1027. combinedfromthese:8->6,4,2,0;9->7,5,3,1.Noroundshapes.
  1028. "adre"istheexactinverseof"sune".
  1029.  
  1030. command:adreinput-image,output-image,neighbourpart,shape
  1031. Çdefault:adreA,B,0,0
  1032. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<0,7>,<0,9>
  1033.  
  1034. lgra:lineargradientfilter.
  1035.  
  1036. Thisfilterdeterminesforeachpixeltheslopeaofthebestfit
  1037. firstdegreepolynomial(ax+b)overalocalneighbourhoodinthe
  1038. input-image.Thisslopebecomesthepixelvalueintheoutput-
  1039. image;normallyitisscaledsothatthelargeststepup(0000
  1040. 255255255255)producesoutput127+127,thelargeststepdown
  1041. 127-127.Thefirstparameteristheinput-image,thesecond
  1042. parameteristheoutput-image.Thethirdparameteristhesizeof
  1043. thelocalneighbour-hood.Thissizeisavaluebetween1and127.
  1044. A-signenforcesexactslopescaling.Thefourthparameteristhe
  1045. shape.2-Dshapes(square8,diamond9)givemaximumofabsolute
  1046. slopesalaRoberts(8->0,2;9->1,3).Noroundshapes.
  1047.  
  1048. command:lgrainput-image,output-image,neighbourhoodsize,shape
  1049. default:lgraA,B,3,8
  1050. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<1,127>,<0,9>
  1051.  
  1052. ggra:lineargradientfilter.
  1053.  
  1054. Thisfilterisequivalenttolgaufollowedbysune(full
  1055. subtraction).Thefirstparameteristheinput-image,thesecond
  1056. parameteristheoutput-image.Thethirdparameteristhesizeof
  1057. thelocalneighbour-hood.Thissizeisavaluebetween1and127.
  1058. Thefourthparameteristheshape.2-Dshapes(square8,diamond
  1059. 9)givemaximumofabsoluteslopesalaRoberts(8->0,2;9->1,3).
  1060. Noroundshapes.
  1061.  
  1062. command:ggrainput-image,output-image,neighbourhoodsize,shape
  1063. default:ggraA,B,3,8
  1064. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<1,127>,<0,9>
  1065.  
  1066.  
  1067.  
  1068.  
  1069. sune:lineargradientfilter.
  1070.  
  1071. Thisfiltersubtractsfromeachpixelintheinput-imagethe
  1072. value(orhalforaquarteretc.)ofitsleftneighbour(if
  1073. shape=0)intheinput-image.Thesum(orincaseofunderflowsum
  1074. +256)becomesthepixelvalueintheoutput-image.Thefirst
  1075. pixelofeachline(ifshape=0)iscopiedunprocessed.Thefirst
  1076. parameteristheinput-image,thesecondparameteristheoutput-
  1077. image.Thethirdparameterindicateswhichpartoftheneighbour
  1078. issubtracted:0->full,1->half,2->quarter,k->1/(2**k),7->
  1079. 1/128.ThefourthparameteristheshapeandalsotheFreeman
  1080. direction.0->E(ast),1->NE,2->N,3->NW,4->W,5->SW,6->S,7-
  1081. >SE.2-Dfiltersarecombinedfromthese:8->0,2,4,6;9->1,3,5,7.
  1082. Noroundshapes."sune"istheexactinverseof"adre"andeven
  1083. compensatesitsoverfloweffects.
  1084.  
  1085. Çcommand:suneinput-image,output-image,neighbourpart,shape
  1086. default:suneA,B,0,0
  1087. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<0,7>,<0,9>
  1088.  
  1089. sure:recursivelineargradientfilter.
  1090.  
  1091. Thisfiltersubtractsfromeachpixelintheinput-imagethe
  1092. value(orhalforaquarteretc.)ofitsleftneighbour(if
  1093. shape=0)intheoutput-image.Thesum(orincaseofunderflow
  1094. sum+256)becomesthepixelvalueintheoutput-image.Thefirst
  1095. pixelofeachline(ifshape=0)iscopiedunprocessed.Thefirst
  1096. parameteristheinput-image,thesecondparameteristheoutput-
  1097. image.Thethirdparameterindicateswhichpartoftheneighbour
  1098. issubtracted:0->full,1->half,2->quarter,k->1/(2**k),7->
  1099. 1/128.ThefourthparameteristheshapeandalsotheFreeman
  1100. direction.0->E(ast),1->NE,2->N,3->NW,4->W,5->SW,6->S,7-
  1101. >SE.2-Dfiltersarecombinedfromthese:8->6,4,2,0;9->7,5,3,1.
  1102. Noroundshapes."sure"istheexactinverseof"adne"andeven
  1103. compensatesitsoverfloweffects.
  1104.  
  1105. command:sureinput-image,output-image,neighbourpart,shape
  1106. default:sureA,B,0,0
  1107. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<0,7>,<0,9>
  1108.  
  1109.  
  1110. para:lineardetailextractingfilter.
  1111.  
  1112. Thisfilterdeterminesforeachpixelthecoefficientaofthe
  1113. bestfitseconddegreepolynomial(ax2+b)overalocalneighbour⑨
  1114. hoodintheinput-image.Thiscoefficientbecomesthepixelvalue
  1115. intheoutput-image;normallyitisscaledsothatthelargest
  1116. trough(2552552550...0255255255255)producesoutput
  1117. 127+127,thelargestridge127-127.Thefirstparameteristhe
  1118. input-image,thesecondparameteristheoutput-image.Thethird
  1119. parameteristhesizeofthelocalneighbourhood.Thissizeisa
  1120. valuebetween1and127.A-signenforcesexactcoefficient
  1121. scaling.Thefourthparameteristheshape.2-Dshapes(square8,
  1122. diamond9)givemaximumofabsoluteslopesalaRoberts(8->0,2;
  1123. 9->1,3).Noroundshapes.
  1124.  
  1125. command:lgrainput-image,output-image,neighbourhoodsize,shape
  1126. default:lgraA,B,3,8
  1127. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<1,127>,<0,9>
  1128.  
  1129. sepa:generalpurposelinearfilter
  1130.  
  1131. This routine performs a one-dimensional filtering; thefirst
  1132. parameter(filter)type can be min=0,max=1,unif=2,
  1133. lgau(=binom)=4,adne(=add neighb)=10,adre(=recursive adne)=12,
  1134. lgra(=linfit)=6,sune(=sub neighb)=11,sure(=recursive sune)=13,
  1135. para(=quadfit)=8,recu(=3point recursive filtering)=14,defined
  1136. as  out=b0*in+b1*in_1+b2*in_2-a1*out_1-a2*out_2-a3*out_3.
  1137. Thesecondandthirdparameterareinputandoutputimage.The
  1138. fourthparameteris f(ilter)size, even size gives 1/2 pixelwrap-
  1139. Çped outputin the f(ilter)dir(ection) indicated by thefifthpa-
  1140. rameter; fdir can be 0=E(astwd),1=NE,2=N,3=NW,4=W,5=SW,6=S,7=SE;
  1141. thesixththrougheleventhparametersareb0,b1,b2,a1,a2,a3.
  1142.  
  1143. diagonal scanning goes as follows:                 
  1144.              SE scan  xsize = 10, ysize = 8         
  1145.                               11   *      7 = 77    
  1146.                                                     
  1147.      1  8 15 22 29 36 43 50 57 64                   
  1148.     71  2                      58                  
  1149.     65 72  3                   52                   
  1150.     59    73  4                46                   
  1151.     53       74  5             40                   
  1152.     47          75  6       27 34                   
  1153.     41             76  7 14 21 28                   
  1154.     35 42 49 56 63 70 77 -  -  -                    
  1155.  
  1156.              SW scan  xsize = 10, ysize = 8         
  1157.                                9   *      9 = 81    
  1158.                                                     
  1159.    18  9 18 55 46 37 28 19 10  1                   
  1160.      -                       2 11                   
  1161.     66                    3    52                   
  1162.     58                 4       46                   
  1163.     50              5          40                   
  1164.     42           6          27 34                   
  1165.    34        7                                     
  1166.     26 17  8 17             -  -                    
  1167.  
  1168. command:sepatype,in-im,outim,fsize,fdir,a1,a2,a3,b0,b1,b2
  1169. default:sepa2,A,B,3,0,0,0,0,0,0,0
  1170. range:<0,14>,<A-D>,<A-D>,<-127,127>,<0,7>,<-127,127>
  1171.  
  1172.  
  1173.  
  1174.    out=b0*in+b1*in_1+b2*in_2-a1*out_1-a2*out_2-a3*out_3 
  1175.  
  1176.  
  1177.  
  1178. NON-LINEARFILTERS
  1179.  
  1180. Non-linearfiltersperformimageoperationswhichareimpossible
  1181. withlinearfilters.Noisecanbesuppressedwithanon-linear
  1182. filterwithoutdeterioratingedgesinanimage.Themedian
  1183. filter,Schlag'speakfilter,thelocalminimumandmaximum
  1184. filtersandtheirrelatives(themax/minfamilyincludingthe
  1185. PAPSdynamicthreshold"dyt"andtheLee-Haralickedgefilter
  1186. "dyl"and"hara")areimplementedinAIM.
  1187.  
  1188. NON-LINEARFIXEDSIZE&SHAPE
  1189.  
  1190. medi:medianfilter.
  1191.  
  1192. Themedianfilterdeterminesforeachpixelthemedian(the
  1193. Çmiddle)valueofalocal(3x3)neighbourhoodintheinput-image.
  1194. Thismedianvaluebecomesthepixelvalueintheoutput-image.
  1195. Thisfiltersuppressesnoise.
  1196.  
  1197. Thefirstparameteristheinput-image,thesecondparameteris
  1198. theoutput-image.
  1199.  
  1200. command:mediinput-image,output-image
  1201. default:mediA,B
  1202. range:<A-D>,<A-D>
  1203.  
  1204.  
  1205. peak:ridgefindingfilter.
  1206.  
  1207. Thepeakfilter(JohnSchlag)determinesforeachpixelifitis
  1208. a1-Dmaximumalongthe-,/,|and\direction.Ifthisistrue
  1209. for"num"ormoredirectionsandifthepixelvalueisabove
  1210. "thresh"theoutputpixelisgiventhevalue"val"else0.
  1211.  
  1212. Thefirstparameteristheinput-image,thesecondparameteris
  1213. theoutput-image,thethirdparameteristhenumberofdirections
  1214. inwhichthepixelmustbemaxinorderthatitmaybepeak,the
  1215. fourthparameteristhethresholdabovewhichthepixelcanbe
  1216. peak,thefifthparameteristhevaluewrittenatpeakpositions.
  1217.  
  1218. command:peakinput-image,output-image,number,thresh,value
  1219. default:peakA,B    ,2  ,0,255
  1220. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<0,4>,<0,255>,<0,255>
  1221.  
  1222.  
  1223. (*)hara:non-linearedgefilter.
  1224.  
  1225. Thefilterharaperformsavariant(LucasvanVliet)ofthe3x3
  1226. Lee-Haralickedgefilter(Patt.Rec.Conf.,Paris'86).
  1227. Thisfilterisbasedupontheweighteddifferencebetweenthe
  1228. originalimageandthelocalminimumandlocalmaximumfiltered
  1229. images.
  1230.  
  1231. Thefirstcommandparameteristheinput-imageandthesecond
  1232. parameteristheoutput-image.Defaultsare:Afortheinput-
  1233. imageandBfortheoutput-image.
  1234.  
  1235. command:harainput-image,output-image
  1236. default:haraA,B
  1237. range:<A-D>,<A-D>
  1238.  
  1239. (*)have:non-linearlaplacelikefilter.
  1240.  
  1241. Thefilterhaveperformsanon-linearlaplacelike-likeoperation
  1242. inspiredbythe3x3Lee-Haralickedgefilter(Patt.Rec.Conf.,
  1243. Paris'86).
  1244. Addingthehaveresulttotheoriginalgivessharpeningasinthe
  1245. linearlaplacefilter.
  1246. Thisfilterisbasedupontheweighteddifferencebetweenthe
  1247. Çoriginalimageandthelocalminimumandlocalmaximumfiltered
  1248. images.
  1249.  
  1250. Thefirstcommandparameteristheinput-imageandthesecond
  1251. parameteristheoutput-image.Defaultsare:Afortheinput-
  1252. imageandBfortheoutput-image.
  1253.  
  1254. command:haveinput-image,output-image
  1255. default:haveA,B
  1256. range:<A-D>,<A-D>
  1257.  
  1258.  
  1259. NON-LINEAR,VARIABLESIZE&SHAPE
  1260.  
  1261. lmin:localminimumfilter.
  1262.  
  1263. Theminimumfilterdeterminesforeachpixeltheminimumofa
  1264. localneighbourhoodintheinput-image.Thisminimumbecomesthe
  1265. pixelvalueintheoutput-image.Thisoperationresultsinan
  1266. extensionofthedarkpartsinanimage.Thisoperationisalso
  1267. calledgrey-valueerosion.
  1268. Thefirstparameteristheinput-image,thesecondparameteris
  1269. theoutput-image.Thethirdparameteristhesizeofthelocal
  1270. neighbourhood.Thissizeisavaluebetween1and127.Thissize
  1271. isavaluebetween1and127.Thefourthparameteristheshape:
  1272. 0,4=-;1,5=/;2,6=|;3,7=\;8=+;9=X;10=sparsecircularcordon;
  1273. 11=10+centre;12=10stamping;13=11stamping;14=circularring;15=14+
  1274. centre;16=14stamping;17=15stamping.Theoperationisillustrated
  1275. in@demo5and@demo7.
  1276.  
  1277. command:lmininput-image,output-image,neighbsize,shape
  1278. default:lminA,B,3   ,8
  1279. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<1,127>  , <0,17>
  1280.  
  1281. lmax:localmaximumfilter.
  1282.  
  1283. Themaximumfilterdeterminesforeachpixelthemaximumofa
  1284. localneighbourhoodintheinput-image.Thismaximumbecomesthe
  1285. pixelvalueintheoutput-image.Thisoperationresultsinan
  1286. extensionofthebrightpartsofanimage.Thisoperationisalso
  1287. calledgrey-valuedilation.
  1288. Thefirstparameteristheinput-image,thesecondparameteris
  1289. theoutput-image.Thethirdparameteristhesizeofthelocal
  1290. neighbourhood.Thissizeisavaluebetween1and127.Thefourth
  1291. parameteristheshape:0,4=-;1,5=/;2,6=|;3,7=\;8=+,9=X;
  1292. 10=sparsecircularcordon;11=10+centre;12=10stamping;13=11stamping;
  1293. 14=circularring;15=14+centre;16=14stamping;17=15stamping.
  1294.  
  1295. command:lmaxinput-image,output-image,neighbsize,shape
  1296. default:lmaxA,B,3   ,8
  1297. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<1,127>  , <0,17>
  1298.  
  1299. MAX/MINFAMILY
  1300. Allfiltersinthemax/minfamilyarecombinationsoflmaxand
  1301. Çlminfilters,thesizeandshapeofwhichcanbespecified.The
  1302. inputimageisalwaysA,theoutput-imagealwaysB.
  1303. IntermediateresultsarestoredinC(mostcases)andinD(many
  1304. cases).Duetotheconcatenationoffilterstepstheeffective
  1305. sizeofthetotalfilterwillbecorrespondinglylarger.
  1307. low:lowerenvelopefilter
  1308.  
  1309. Thelowerenvelopefilterremovessmallpeaksandfollowssmooth
  1310. ramps.Itconsistsoflminfollowedbylmax:low=lmax(lmin).
  1311.  
  1312. command:lowinput-image,output-image,neighbsize,shape
  1313. default:lowA,B,3   ,8
  1314. range:<A>,<B>,<1,127>  , <0,17>
  1315.  
  1316. upp:upperenvelopefilter
  1317.  
  1318. Theupperenvelopefilterremovessmalldipsandfollowssmooth
  1319. ramps.Itconsistsoflmaxfollowedbylmin:upp=lmin(lmax).
  1320.  
  1321. command:uppinput-image,output-image,neighbsize,shape
  1322. default:uppA,B,3   ,8
  1323. range:<A>,<B>,<1,127>  , <0,17>
  1324.  
  1325. dyt:dynamicthresholdfilter
  1326.  
  1327. Thedynamicthresholdfilter(Bernsen,PhilipsPAPS)isanon-
  1328. linearsmoothingfilterthatprovidesalocalthresholdinshaded
  1329. images.Applyingitasathresholdbringsoutdetail.Itconsists
  1330. oftheaverageoflminandlmax:dyt=(lmin+lmax)/2.
  1331.  
  1332. command:dytinput-image,output-image,neighbsize,shape
  1333. default:dytA,B,3   ,8
  1334. range:<A>,<B>,<1,127>  , <0,17>
  1335.  
  1336. tet:texturethresholdfilter
  1337.  
  1338. Thetexturethresholdfilterisanon-linearsmoothingfilter
  1339. thatprovidesalocalthresholdinshadedimageswhilefollowing
  1340. ramps.Applyingitasathresholdbringsouttexturedetailbut
  1341. norampdetail.Thereisnolinearequivalentforthis.The
  1342. filterconsistsoftheaverageoflowandupp:
  1343. tet=(low+upp)/2.Noiseishandledastexture:reducedbytet.
  1344.  
  1345. command:tetinput-image,output-image,neighbsize,shape
  1346. default:tetA,B,3   ,8
  1347. range:<A>,<B>,<1,127>  , <0,17>
  1348.  
  1349. dyg:dynamicgistfilter
  1350.  
  1351. Thedynamicgist(=essence)filterisanon-lineardetail
  1352. extractingfilter.Itsubtractsthedynamicthresholdfromthe
  1353. original.WhilePAPSdynamicthresholdinggivesthesignofthe
  1354. differenceasabinaryoutput,dyggivesthedifferenceasgrey
  1355. Çvalueoutput:dyg=ori-dyt.
  1356.  
  1357. command:dyginput-image,output-image,neighbsize,shape
  1358. default:dygA,B,3   ,8
  1359. range:<A>,<B>,<1,127>  , <0,17>
  1360.  
  1361. teg:texturegistfilter
  1362.  
  1363. Thetexturegist(=essence)filterisanon-lineartexturedetail
  1364. extractingfilterthatignoresrampdetail.Thereisnolinear
  1365. equivalentforthis.Thefiltersubtractsthetexturethreshold
  1366. fromtheoriginal:teg=ori-tet.Noiseishandledastexture:
  1367. extractedbyteg.
  1368.  
  1369. command:teginput-image,output-image,neighbsize,shape
  1370. default:tegA,B,3   ,8
  1371. range:<A>,<B>,<1,127>  , <0,17>
  1372.  
  1373. rag:rampgistfilter
  1374.  
  1375. Therampgist(=essence)filterisanon-linearrampdetail
  1376. extractingfilterthatignorestexturedetail.Thereisnolinear
  1377. equivalentforthis.Thefiltersubtractsthetexturegistfrom
  1378. thetotaldynamicgist:rag=dyg-teg.Noiseishandledas
  1379. texture:reducedbyrag.Fornoisyimagesragisbetterthandyg.
  1380.  
  1381. command:raginput-image,output-image,neighbsize,shape
  1382. default:ragA,B,3   ,8
  1383. range:<A>,<B>,<1,127>  , <0,17>
  1384.  
  1385.  
  1386. dyl:dynamicLeeedgefilter
  1387.  
  1388. TheLee-Haralick-Shapirofilterisanon-linearedgefilter.It
  1389. givestheabsolutedifferenceoftheoriginalwiththelocal
  1390. minimumorthelocalmaximum,whicheverissmallest:
  1391. dyl=pmin(lmax-ori,ori-lmin).
  1392.  
  1393. command:dylinput-image,output-image,neighbsize,shape
  1394. default:dylA,B,3   ,8
  1395. range:<A>,<B>,<1,127>  , <0,17>
  1396.  
  1397. tel:textureLeeedgefilter
  1398.  
  1399. ThisvariantoftheLee-Haralick-Shapirofilterisanon-linear
  1400. textureedgefilter.Itgivestheabsolutedifferenceofthe
  1401. originalwiththelowerorupperenvelope,whicheverissmallest:
  1402. tel=pmin(upp-ori,ori-low).Atrampsthesedifferencesareboth
  1403. small.Noiseishandledliketexture:extractedbytel.
  1404.  
  1405. command:telinput-image,output-image,neighbsize,shape
  1406. default:telA,B,3   ,8
  1407. range:<A>,<B>,<1,127>  , <0,17>
  1408.  
  1409. Çral:rampLeeedgefilter
  1410.  
  1411. ThisvariantoftheLee-Haralick-Shapirofilterisanon-linear
  1412. rampedgefilter.Itgivestheabsolutedifferenceofthelocal
  1413. minimumwiththelowerenvelopeortheabsolutedifferenceofthe
  1414. localmaximumwiththeupperenvelope,whicheverissmallest:
  1415. ral=pmin(lmax-upp,low-lmin).Atrampsthesedifferencesare
  1416. bothsmall.Noiseishandledliketexture:reducedbyral.In
  1417. noisyimagesralisbetterthandyl.
  1418.  
  1419. command:ralinput-image,output-image,neighbsize,shape
  1420. default:ralA,B,3   ,8
  1421. range:<A>,<B>,<1,127>  , <0,17>
  1422.  
  1423. dys:dynamicsignedLeefilter
  1424. hisvariantoftheLee-Haralick-Shapirofilterisanon-linear
  1425. detailextractingfilter.Unlikedyg(andlinearlaplace)it
  1426. representsdetailbyverysharpextremes.Startingoutfromdyl
  1427. onegetsdysbyaddingthesign:+iforiginalnearertolocal
  1428. maximum,-ifnearertominimum:dys=smin(lmax-ori,ori-lmin).
  1429.  
  1430. command:dysinput-image,output-image,neighbsize,shape
  1431. default:dysA,B,3   ,8
  1432. range:<A>,<B>,<1,127>  , <0,17>
  1433.  
  1434. tes:texturesignedLeefilter
  1435.  
  1436. ThisvariantoftheLee-Haralick-Shapirofilterisanon-linear
  1437. texturedetailextractingfilter.Thereisnolinearequivalent
  1438. forthis.Unliketegitrepresentsdetailbyverysharpextremes.
  1439. Startingoutfromtelonegetstesbyaddingthesign:+if
  1440. originalnearertoupperenvelope,-ifnearertolowerenvelope:
  1441. tes=smin(upp-ori,ori-low).Atrampsthesedifferencesareboth
  1442. small.Noiseishandledliketexture:extractedbytes.
  1443.  
  1444. command:tesinput-image,output-image,neighbsize,shape
  1445. default:tesA,B,3   ,8
  1446. range:<A>,<B>,<1,127>  , <0,17>
  1447.  
  1448. ras:rampsignedLeefilter
  1449.  
  1450. ThisvariantoftheLee-Haralick-Shapirofilterisanon-linear
  1451. rampdetailextractingfilter.Thereisnolinearequivalentfor
  1452. this.Unlikeragitrepresentsdetailbyverysharpextremes.
  1453. Startingoutfromralonegetstesbyaddingthesign:+iflocal
  1454. maximumnearertoupperenvelope,-iflocalminimumnearerto
  1455. lowerenvelope:ras=smin(lmax-upp,low-lmin).Attexturethese
  1456. differencesarebothsmall.Noiseishandledliketexture:
  1457. reducedbyras.Innoisyimagesrasisbetterthandys.
  1458.  
  1459. command:rasinput-image,output-image,neighbsize,shape
  1460. default:rasA,B,3   ,8
  1461. range:<A>,<B>,<1,127>  , <0,17>
  1462.  
  1463. Çdyf:dynamicfrontLeefilter
  1464.  
  1465. ThisvariantoftheLee-Haralick-Shapirofilterisanon-linear
  1466. crispeningfilter.Edgesareshapedintosteps.Likeadding
  1467. linearlaplaceherenon-lineardysisaddedtotheoriginal:
  1468. dyf=ori+dys.
  1469.  
  1470. command:dyfinput-image,output-image,neighbsize,shape
  1471. default:dyfA,B,3   ,8
  1472. range:<A>,<B>,<1,127>  , <0,17>
  1473.  
  1474. tef:texturefrontLeefilter
  1475.  
  1476. ThisvariantoftheLee-Haralick-Shapirofilterisanon-linear
  1477. texturecrispeningfilter.Textureedgesareshapedintosteps.
  1478. Thereisnolinearequivalentforthis.Likeaddingdysheretes
  1479. isaddedtotheoriginal:
  1480. tef=ori+tes.Atrampstesissmall.Noiseishandledlike
  1481. texture:extractedbytef.
  1482.  
  1483. command:tefinput-image,output-image,neighbsize,shape
  1484. default:tefA,B,3   ,8
  1485. range:<A>,<B>,<1,127>  , <0,17>
  1486.  
  1487. raf:rampfrontLeefilter
  1488.  
  1489. ThisvariantoftheLee-Haralick-Shapirofilterisanon-linear
  1490. rampcrispeningfilter.Textureedgesareshapedintosteps.
  1491. Thereisnolinearequivalentforthis.Likeaddingdyshereras
  1492. isaddedtotheoriginal:
  1493. raf=ori+ras.Attexturerasissmall.Noiseishandledlike
  1494. texture:reducedbyraf.Innoisyimagesrafisbetterthandyf.
  1495.  
  1496. command:rafinput-image,output-image,neighbsize,shape
  1497. default:rafA,B,3   ,8
  1498. range:<A>,<B>,<1,127>  , <0,17>
  1499.  
  1500. ADAPTIVEFILTERS
  1501.  
  1502. Typically,adaptivefiltersarecompositesofsimplelinearor
  1503. non-linearfilters.Theireffectisusuallynon-linear.Asimple
  1504. examplewouldbeanX-rayenhancerthatappliescrispeningin
  1505. lightareasonly:onesmoothingfilter"tastes"thegreyvalueof
  1506. areas,theresultisusedtocontrolasteerablecrispening
  1507. filter.Moreingeneral,severaltastingfiltersmaycollect
  1508. informationtransformedbyacontrolruleintoacontrolsignal
  1509. vectorthatsteersasteerableactingfilter,(e.g.aweighted
  1510. filterbank).
  1511.  
  1512. edgps:flippingneighbourhoodmechanism
  1513.  
  1514. VanAntwerpenintroducedthismechanismaspivotalpartofhis
  1515. versionofKuwaharaedgepreservingsmoothing(kuwainAIM).It
  1516. canbeusedtogeneralizethekuwafilter.Thefirstparameteris
  1517. Çafilteredimage.Thesecondparameterisanimagethatcontains
  1518. thetastedinformation.Thethirdparameteristheoutputimage.
  1519. Foreachoutputpixelthemechanisminspectsthecornersofanxn
  1520. square(nisthefourthparameter,usuallyequaltothesizeof
  1521. thefiltersusedtoproducetheinputimages)aroundit(giving
  1522. thefifthparameter(c)anon-zerovalueenforcesadditional
  1523. inspectionofthecenterposition)andselectstheonewithleast
  1524. tastedvalue.Thevalueofthefilteredimageattheselected
  1525. positioniswrittenastheoutputresult.Themechanismmimicks
  1526. thechoicebetweentheresultsoffour(fiveifc!=0)acting
  1527. filters(withasneighbourhoodstheupperleft,upperright,
  1528. lowerleftandlowerrightquadrantwithrespecttotheoutput
  1529. pixel,andalsoacenteredsquareifc!=0).Thischoicemay
  1530. changefromonepositiontothenext:aflippingneighbourhood.
  1531. Forevenntheoutputpositionhasan1/2,1/2offsetthatwill
  1532. compensatetheoffsetsofthefiltersused,iftheyareSouthand
  1533. Eastoriented(asisdefaultinAIM).
  1535. command:edgpsfilt'd-im,tasted-im,output-im,size,center-on
  1536. default:edgpsA,B,filt'd-im,3  ,0
  1537. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<A-D>,<2,255>,<-255,255>
  1538.  
  1539. kuwa:edgepreservingsmoothingfilter
  1540.  
  1541. Hachimura&Kuwaharaproposedtheflippingneighbourhoodin
  1542. combinationwithavariancefilterastastingfilterandwith
  1543. uniformsmoothingasactingfilter.Areasthatcontainanedge
  1544. havinglargervariancethanothersareavoidedinthesmoothing.
  1545. Henceedgesarepreserved.InAIM(accordingtoVanAntwerpen)
  1546. thedynamicrange(lmax-lmin)istastedratherthanvariance.
  1547. Thefirstparameteristheinputimage,thesecondisa
  1548. temporaryimageusedasscratch,thethirdistheoutputimage.
  1549. Thefourthparameteristhesizeofthesmoothingandtasting
  1550. filters(evensizesallowed).Thefifthparameterifnon-zero
  1551. extendsthefourquadrantschoicebyacentersquare(seeedgps).
  1552.  
  1553. command:kuwainput-im,temp-im,output-im,quadrantsize,center-on
  1554. default:kuwaA,B,C,3  ,0
  1555. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<A-D>,<2,15>,<-255,255>
  1556.  
  1557.  
  1558.  
  1559. GREY-VALUEPOINTOPERATIONS
  1560.  
  1561. equal(ization):histogramequalization.
  1562.  
  1563. Thisoperationreassignsthegrey-valuesinanimageandresults
  1564. inan"optimum"useoftheavailablegrey-values.Thegrey-value
  1565. histogramoftheoutputimageisasflataspossible(giventhe
  1566. necessaryrequantization).Anexampleisgivenin@demo1.
  1567.  
  1568. command:equalinput-image,output-image
  1569. default:equalA,B
  1570. range:<A-D>,<A-D>
  1571. Ç
  1572. table:transformsagreyvalueimageusingalook-uptable.
  1573.  
  1574. Thegreyvaluegfromtheinputimage(firstparameter)isused
  1575. astableaddress,thecontentfoundtherebecomesthegreyvalue
  1576. hintheoutputimage(secondparameter).Severaltablescanbe
  1577. generated(thirdparameter,t;examplesaregivenin@demtable):
  1578. t=0:h=g**(j/k);t=2:h=(k/g)**j;
  1579. t=1:h=(j/k)**g;j=0->j/k=e;t=-1:h=log(g)/log(j/k);
  1580. t=3:h=atan(k*(g-gj));t=-3:h=tan(g-j)/k+gj;
  1581. t=4:g=(x+8)+16*(y+8)->h=phi*16/2pi+16*r;t=-4:inverseoft=4;
  1582. t=5:h=cos(g**j*k*2pi);t=-5:h=sin(g**j*k*2pi);
  1583. t=6:j=lower,k=higherthreshold;t=-6:8thresholdsj,j+1,,j+7;
  1584. t=7:h=log(g+1)-log(256-g);t=-7:h=-1+257/(1+exp(-g)); 
  1585. t=8:h=((j/k)**g+(j/k)**-g)/2 -1;|t=-8:h=(log(g+1+sqrt((g+1)**2-1)))
  1586.                  j=0 -> j/k=e  ;|    /log(j/k);   j=0 -> j/k=e.
  1587. t=-8: inverse cosh-1, sqrt at low g,h but log at high g,h:
  1588.       pseudo Weber-Fechner law of human visual sensitivity
  1589. Fourthpara.(r)reflectstable:r=1:normal;r=2:g->-g;r=3:h->
  1590. -h;r=4:g->-g,h->-h;r=5:g->|g|;r=6:g->|g|,h->|h|*sgn(g).
  1591.  
  1592. thresh[olding]:transformsagrey-valueimageinabinaryimage.
  1593.  
  1594. Thebinaryimageisobtainedbythresholdingtheinputimage.
  1595. Afterthresholdingbinaryimageoperationsmaybeapplied.Pixels
  1596. withagrey-valueabovethethresholdgetthebinaryvalue'1'
  1597. andthusbecomewhite.Pixelswithagrey-valuebelowthe
  1598. thresholdgetthebinaryvalue'0'andbecomeblack.Thedefault
  1599. valueofthethresholdisobtainedfromthegrey-valuehistogram
  1600. withthemethodofRidler&Calvert.
  1601.  
  1602. command:threshinput-image,output-image,bitplane,threshold
  1603. default:threshA,B,1,automatic
  1604. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<1,8>,<0,255>
  1605.  
  1606. mcop:transformsabinaryimageintoagrey-valueimage.
  1607.  
  1608. mcopallowsabinaryimagewantedtotakepartingreyoperations
  1609. tobecopiedtoallbitplanesofagreyimage(1->255).Amask
  1610. wordmayrestrict"all"tosome:e.g.255->all,37->only1,3,6.
  1611. Notethattheremainingbitplaneswillnotbereset.
  1612.  
  1613. command:mcopinput-image,output-image,input-bitplane,mask
  1614. default:mcopA,B,1,255
  1615. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<1,8>,<0,255>
  1616.  
  1617.  
  1618.  
  1619. CELLULARLOGIC(BINARY)OPERATIONS
  1620.  
  1621. Theseoperationscanbeappliedtothe8bitplanesofanimage.
  1622. Thebitplanesarenumberedfrom1to8.Ablackpixelhasthe
  1623. value'0',awhitepixelhasthevalue'1'.
  1624. Theedgevalueoftheimagecanbesetto'0'or'1'inall
  1625. Çoperations.Thedefaultvalueoftheimageedgeisblack(0).The
  1626. givennumberofiterationsisamaximum.Theiterationsstopwhen
  1627. nochangesinthepixelvaluesoccuranymore.
  1628. Thenumberofiterationsisshowninthatcase.
  1629.  
  1630. erosion:erodeswhiteobjects.
  1631.  
  1632. Onelayerofthewhiteobjectsispeeledoffineachiteration.
  1633. Whiteobjectswhicharesmallerthanthenumberofiterations*2
  1634. willdisappear.Theconnectivitydetermineswhichwhitepixels
  1635. belongtoalayertobepeeledoff.Whentheconnectivityis4
  1636. thislayerconsistsofthosewhitepixelsthathaveahorizontal
  1637. orverticalblackneighbour.Whentheconnectivityis8alayer
  1638. consistsofthosewhitepixelsthathaveahorizontal,vertical
  1639. ordiagonalblackneighbour.Whentheconnectivityis6forthe
  1640. odditerationsa4-connectivityisusedandfortheeven
  1641. iterationsan8-connectivityisused.Theerosionisillustrated
  1642. in@demo6.
  1643.  
  1644. command:erosion#iterations,bitplane,connectivity,edge,image
  1645. default:erosion1,1,6,0,B
  1646. range:<1,512>,<1,8>,<4,6,8>,<0,1>,<A-D>
  1647.  
  1648. dilation:extendswhiteobjects.
  1649.  
  1650. Onelayerisaddedtothewhiteobjectsineachiteration.Black
  1651. partssuchasholeswhicharesmallerthanthenumberof
  1652. iterations*2willdisappear.Theconnectivitydetermineswhich
  1653. blackpixelsbelongtoalayertobeadded.Whentheconnectivity
  1654. is4thislayerconsistsofthosewhitepixelsthathavea
  1655. horizontalorverticalwhiteneighbour.Whentheconnectivityis
  1656. 8alayerconsistsofthoseblackpixelsthathaveahorizontal,
  1657. verticalordiagonalwhiteneighbour.Whentheconnectivityis6
  1658. fortheodditerationsa4-connectivityisusedandfortheeven
  1659. iterationsan8-connectivityisused.
  1660.  
  1661. command:dilation#iterations,bitplane,connectivity,edge,image
  1662. default:dilation1,1,6,0,B
  1663. range:<1,512>,<1,8>,<4,6,8>,<0,1>,<A-D>
  1664.  
  1665. propag[ation]:dilatesabitplaneunderamask.
  1666.  
  1667. Thepropagationstronglyresemblesthedilation.However,the
  1668. blackpixelsareonlyaddedwhentheyarewhite(1)inthemask
  1669. bitplane.Thepropagationcanbeusedtofindtheoriginalshapes
  1670. ofobjectswhichremainedafteranumberoferosioniterations.
  1671. Thisapplicationisalsoshownin@demo6.
  1672. Thefirstparameteristhenumberofiterations.Thesecond
  1673. parameteristhebitplaneofwhichthedilationtakesplace(seed
  1674. bitplane).Thethirdparameteristhemaskbitplane.Theother
  1675. parametersareagaintheconnectivityandtheimageedgevalue.
  1676. Whentheedgevalueis0onlytheseedbitplaneispropagated.
  1677. Whentheedgevalueis1onlytheedgeispropagatedandwhenthe
  1678. edgevalueis2boththeedgeandtheseedbitplaneare
  1679. Çpropagated.
  1680.  
  1681. command:propag#iterations,bitplane,maskbitplane,connectiv,
  1682. edge,image
  1683. default:propag1,1,2,6,0
  1684. ,A
  1685. range:<1,512>,<1,8>,<1,8>,<4,6,8>
  1686. ,<0,2>,<A-D>
  1687.  
  1688. skelet:skeletonwithendpixels.
  1689.  
  1690. Theskeletonisan1pixelthicklineinthemiddleofwhite
  1691. objects.Theskeletonoperationresemblestheerosion,butin
  1692. thiscasepixelsofalayerareonlydeleted,whentheirdeletion
  1693. doesnotchangethetopologyoftheimage.(Theyarenotbreak
  1694. pixels).Anadditionalrestrictionisthatapixelmaynotbe
  1695. deletedattheendofaskeleton(line).Thenumberofiterations
  1696. mustbesufficientlylargetofindthecompleteskeleton(the
  1697. biggestdiameterofthewhiteobjectsdividedby2).
  1698. Theoperationstopswhenthenumberofiterationsisreachedor
  1699. whennopixelschangeanymore.Anexampleisgivenin@demo3.
  1700.  
  1701. command:skelet#iterations,bitplane,edgevalue,image
  1702. default:skelet100,1,0,B
  1703. range:<1,512>,<1,8>,<0,1>,<A-D>
  1704.  
  1705. -skelet:skeletonwithoutendpixels
  1706.  
  1707. Theskeletonwithoutendpixelsisthesameastheprevious
  1708. skeletonoperation,butendpixelsmaybedeletedinthiscase.
  1709. Solidobjectswillresultinsinglepixelsandholesinobjects
  1710. willresultinrings.Thisisillustratedbytheskeletonofthe
  1711. background(exo-skeleton)in@demo4.
  1712.  
  1713. command:-skelet#iterations,bitplane,edgevalue,image
  1714. default:-skelet100,1,0,B
  1715. range:<1,512>,<1,8>,<0,1>,<A-D>
  1716.  
  1717. contour:determinesthecontoursofobjects.
  1718.  
  1719. Theresultistheedgesofwhiteobjects.Thismeansallwhite
  1720. pixelswithoneormoreblackneighbours.
  1721.  
  1722. command:contourbitplane,edgevalue,image
  1723. default:contour1,0,B
  1724. range:<1,8>,<0,1>,<A-D>
  1725.  
  1726. majority:performsamajorityvoting.
  1727.  
  1728. Thecentralpixelofa3x3neighbourhoodbecomesblackorwhite
  1729. dependinguponthemajorityoftheneighbourhood.
  1730.  
  1731. command:majoritybitplane,edgevalue,image
  1732. default:majority1,0,B
  1733. Çrange:<1,8>,<0,1>,<A-D>
  1734.  
  1735. remove[noise]:removespepperandsaltnoise.
  1736.  
  1737. Awhitepixelinacompleteblack3x3neighbourhoodbecomes
  1738. black.Ablackpixelinacompletewhite3x3neighbourhood
  1739. becomeswhite.
  1740.  
  1741. command:removebitplane,edgevalue,image
  1742. default:remove1,0,B
  1743. range:<1,8>,<0,1>,<A-D>
  1744.  
  1745. life:gameoflife
  1746.  
  1747. Thewell-knowngameoflifeisalsoacellularlogicoperation!
  1748.  
  1749. command:life#iterations,bitplane,edgevalue,image
  1750. default:life1,1,0,B
  1751. range:<1,512>,<1,8>,<0,1>,<A-D>
  1752.  
  1753.  
  1754.  
  1755. SPECIALLINEFIGUREPIXELS
  1756.  
  1757. sinpix[els]:determinesisolatedwhitepixels
  1758.  
  1759. Thesewhitepixelshavenowhiteneighbourina3x3neighbour⑨
  1760. hood.
  1761.  
  1762. command:sinpixbitplane,edgevalue,image
  1763. default:sinpix1,0,B
  1764. range:<1,8>,<0,1>,<A-D>
  1765.  
  1766. endpix[els]:determinesendpixelsofalinefigure.
  1767.  
  1768. Thesewhitepixelshaveonlyonewhiteneighbourina3x3
  1769. neighbourhood.
  1770.  
  1771. command:endpixbitplane,edgevalue,image
  1772. default:endpix1,0,B
  1773. range:<1,8>,<0,1>,<A-D>
  1774.  
  1775. linkpix[els]:determineswhitepixelswithtwowhiteneighbours.
  1776.  
  1777. Thesewhitepixelshavetwowhiteneighboursina3x3neighbour⑨
  1778. hood.
  1779.  
  1780. command:linkpixbitplane,edgevalue,image
  1781. default:linkpix1,0,B
  1782. range:<1,8>,<0,1>,<A-D>
  1783.  
  1784. vertices:determinestheverticesinalinefigure.
  1785.  
  1786. Thesewhitepixelshavemorethantwowhiteneighboursina3x3
  1787. Çneighbourhood.
  1788.  
  1789. command:verticesbitplane,edgevalue,image
  1790. default:vertices1,0,B
  1791. range:<1,8>,<0,1>,<A-D>
  1792.  
  1793.  
  1794. BITOPERATIONS
  1795.  
  1796.  
  1797. bcopy:copiesabitplane.
  1798.  
  1799. Thecommandparametersaretheinput-bitplaneandtheoutput-
  1800. bitplane.
  1801.  
  1802. command:bcopybitplanein,bitplaneout,imagein,imageout
  1803. default:bcopy1,3,B,B
  1804. range:<1,8>,<1,8>,<A-D>,<A-D>
  1805.  
  1806. and:AND-functionoftwobitplanes.
  1807.  
  1808. Thecommandparametersaretheinput-bitplanesofwhichtheAND-
  1809. functionistakenandtheoutput-bitplane.
  1810.  
  1811. command:andbitplanein1,bitplanein2,bitplaneout,image
  1812. default:and1,2,2,B
  1813. range:<1,8>,<1,8>,<1,8>,<A-D>
  1814.  
  1815. or:OR-functionoftwobitplanes
  1816.  
  1817. Thecommandparametersaretheinput-bitplanesofwhichtheOR-
  1818. functionistakenandtheoutput-bitplane.
  1819.  
  1820. command:orbitplanein1,bitplanein2,bitplaneout,image
  1821. default:or1,2,2,B
  1822. range:<1,8>,<1,8>,<1,8>,<A-D>
  1823.  
  1824. exor:EXOR-functionoftwobitplanes
  1825.  
  1826. Thecommandparametersaretheinput-bitplanesofwhichtheEXOR-
  1827. functionistakenandtheoutput-bitplane.
  1828.  
  1829. command:exorbitplanein1,bitplanein2,bitplaneout,image
  1830. default:exor1,2,2,B
  1831. range:<1,8>,<1,8>,<1,8>,<A-D>
  1832.  
  1833. invert:invertsabitplane
  1834.  
  1835. Thefirstcommandparameteristhebitplane.Thesecondcommand
  1836. parameteristheimage.
  1837.  
  1838. command:invertbitplane,image
  1839. default:invert1,B
  1840. range:<1,8>,<A-D>
  1841. Ç
  1842. set:setsabitplane,somakesitwhite(1).
  1843.  
  1844. Thefirstcommandparameteristhebitplane.Thesecondcommand
  1845. parameteristheimage
  1846.  
  1847. command:setbitplane,image
  1848. default:set1,B
  1849. range:<1,8>,<A-D>
  1850.  
  1851. reset:resetsabitplane,somakesitblack(0).
  1852.  
  1853. Thefirstcommandparameteristhebitplane.Thesecondcommand
  1854. parameteristheimage.
  1855.  
  1856. command:resetbitplane,image
  1857. default:reset1,B
  1858. range:<1,8>,<A-D>
  1859.  
  1860.  
  1861. label:labelsconnectedcomponents.
  1862.  
  1863. Thiscommandlabelstheconnectedcomponentswithinabinary
  1864. image.Themaximumnumberoflabelsis255.(Inlowresolution
  1865. thebestdisplayisobtainedby:don,3followedbybdisp.)
  1866.  
  1867. command:input-image,output-image,inputbitplane,connectivity
  1868. default:B,A,1,8
  1869. range:<A-D>,<A-D>,<1-8>,<4,6,8>
  1870.  
  1871. UTILITIES
  1872.  
  1873. (*)don:Automaticdisplayon
  1874.  
  1875. Whentheautomaticdisplayison,aftereachoperationtheresult
  1876. isshown.
  1877. Anoptionalparametergivesthetypeofdisplayinthelow-
  1878. resolutionmode.Anexampleisgivenin@democ5.
  1879.  
  1880. 0:displayoff(sameasdoff)
  1881.  
  1882. 1:Whenallpixelsofa2x2neighbourhoodintheoriginal
  1883. bitplaneare'0'ablackdotisdisplayed.Whenallpixelsofa
  1884. 2x2neighbourhoodinthebitplaneare'1'awhitedotis
  1885. displayed.Inallothercasesagreydotisdisplayed.
  1886.  
  1887. 2:ThebitplaneissampleddependingupontheGEMwindowsize.
  1888. Whenthefirstpixelofasampleregionis'0'ablackdotis
  1889. displayed.Whenthefirstpixelis'1'awhitedotisdisplayed.
  1890.  
  1891. 3:Multiplebitplanedisplay.Bitplanesaresampleddepending
  1892. upontheGEMwindowsize.Bitplane1isdisplayedinred,bitplane
  1893. 2inblueandbitplane3ingreen.Whenallthreelowest
  1894. bitplanesare'0',the3highestbitplanesareshownasgrey-
  1895. Çvalue.
  1896.  
  1897. 4:Multiplebitplanedisplay.Bitplanesaresampleddepending
  1898. upontheGEMwindowsize.Bitplane8isdisplayedinred,bitplane
  1899. 7isdisplayedinblueandbitplane6isdisplayedingreen.
  1900.  
  1901. command:don,display_type
  1902. default:don,1
  1903. range:don,<0,4>
  1904.  
  1905. (*)doff:Automaticdisplayoff
  1906.  
  1907. Whentheautomaticdisplayisoff,onlyanimageisdisplayed
  1908. afteragdisporbdispcommand.
  1909.  
  1910. command:doff
  1911.  
  1912. (*)ton:Timeron
  1913.  
  1914. Theexecutiontimeofeachcommandisdisplayedwhenthetimeris
  1915. on.
  1916.  
  1917. command:ton
  1918.  
  1919. (*)toff:Timeroff
  1920.  
  1921. Setstimeroff.
  1922.  
  1923. command:toff
  1924.  
  1925. gdisp:Grey-value/colordisplayofanimage.
  1926.  
  1927. Thisroutinedisplaysagrey-valueimageas256x256blackor
  1928. whitedotsinhighresolution.Inlowresolution128x128pixels
  1929. of8grey-valuesaredisplayed.Imagesarealwaysdisplayedwith
  1930. maximumcontrast.Thecontrastiscomputedfromthe0.1*promille
  1931. percentileofthehistogram.
  1932. Whentheimageisacolorimageitisdisplayedincolorinthe
  1933. lowresolutionmode.Whenthecdisp_typeparameteris0anoptimal
  1934. paletteiscomputed.Whentheparameteris2asigma/delta
  1935. techniqueforredgreenandbluedotsisused.Whentheparameter
  1936. is1,redandbluearedisplayedwithdots,greenisdisplayedin
  1937. 4values.
  1938. Thefirstparameteristheimage(AtoD).
  1939.  
  1940. command:gdispimage,promille,cdisp_type
  1941. default:gdispA,previous,0
  1942. range:<A-D>,<0-100>,<0-2>
  1943.  
  1944. bdisp:Displaysoneofthe8bitplanesofanimage.
  1945.  
  1946. Firstcommandparameteristheimage(defaultA).Secondparame⑨
  1947. teristhebitplane(default1).Inhighresolutionblackor
  1948. whitepixelsaredisplayed.Thetypeofdisplayinlowresolution
  1949. Çisdeterminedbythe(optional)donparameter.
  1950.  
  1951. command:bdispimage,bitplane
  1952. default:bdispA,1
  1953. range:<A-D>,<1,8>
  1954.  
  1955. hist:calculatesthehistogramofanimage.
  1956.  
  1957. Thehistogramisdisplayedinoverlayintheappropriateimage
  1958. window(AtoD).Athresholdiscalculatedfromthehistogramto
  1959. segmenttheimage(forthethreshcommand).Thecommand
  1960. parameteristheimage(defaultA).
  1961.  
  1962. command:histimage
  1963. default:histA
  1964. range:<A-D>
  1965. Palette:Changethepaletteinteractively.
  1966.  
  1967. Thisoptionisonlysupportedinthelow-resolutionmode.
  1968.  
  1969. Preferences:Changepreferences.
  1970.  
  1971. Whentheimagewindowsaresized,theaspectsratiocanbe
  1972. preservedornot.
  1973. Theimagescanbealignedtobyteboundariesornot.
  1974.  
  1975. help:giveshelpinformation.
  1976.  
  1977. command:helpcommand
  1978.  
  1979. APPENDIX:Fileheaderstructure
  1980.  
  1981.  
  1982. /*calltheheaderfile*.hd,thisfilecontainsthestructure
  1983. withallparametersofthecorrespondingimagefile*.im.*/
  1984.  
  1985. typedefstruct
  1986. {
  1987. short*address;/*image_addressinmemory*/
  1988. charname[16];/*nameoftheimagefile*/
  1989. shortformat;/*format*/
  1990. shortsizex;/*dimension1*/
  1991. shortsizey;/*dimension2*/
  1992. shortsizez;/*dimension3*/
  1993. unsignedshortcommsz;/*sizeofcommentinbytes*/
  1994. shortdata[16];/*userimagedependentdata*/
  1995. }
  1996. HEADER;
  1997.  
  1998. #defineF_WORDS0/*formatwordsintheimage*/
  1999. #defineF_BYTES1/*formatbytesintheimage*/
  2000. #defineF_FOBIT2/*fourbitsimage,packedin4pix/word*/
  2001. #defineF_TWBIT3/*twobitsimage,packedin8pix/word*/
  2002. #defineF_SBITS4/*formatsinglebitsintheimage*/
  2003. Ç
  2004.  
  2005. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
  2006.  
  2007. ThefollowingpeoplecontributedtoAIM:
  2008. FransGroen(UVA/VU):someimageprocessing.
  2009. RobertdeVries(TUD):GEMinterface.
  2010. IgorWeber(UniversityofZagreb,YU):low-resolutionandcolour
  2011.                                         display.
  2012. GertvanAntwerpen(CBD):lmin,lmax,unif,label
  2013. PietVerbeek(TUD):gaus,dog,robe,lgau,adne,adre,lgra,ggra,
  2014. sune,sure,para,sepa,peak,hara,have,low,upp,dyt,tet,dyg,teg,rag,
  2015. dyr,ter,rar,dyl,tel,ral,dys,tes,ras,dyf,tef,raf,kuwa,edgps,copy
  2016. LucasvanVlietand:erosion,dilation,propagation,
  2017. BenVerwer(TUD)skeleton
  2018. TomHoeksma(TUD):testsandevaluation.
  2019. AdHerweijer(TUD)
  2020.  
  2021. FransGroen
  2022. PietVerbeek
  2023. RobertdeVries
  2024.  
  2025. March1988
  2026.  
  2027.  
  2028. Pleasesendremarksandcommentsto:
  2029. FransGroen
  2030. FacultyofMathematicsandComputerScience
  2031. UniversityofAmsterdam
  2032. Kruislaan409
  2033. 1098SJAmsterdam
  2034. TheNetherlands
  2035. email:groen@uva.uucp(....!mcvax!uva!groen)
  2036.  
  2037. orto:
  2038. PietVerbeek
  2039. AppliedPhysicsDepartment
  2040. DelftUniversityofTechnology
  2041. Lorentzweg1
  2042. 2628CJDelft
  2043. TheNetherlands
  2044. tel(31)15-781416
  2045.  
  2046.