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- ║ INTEL MATH COPROCESSOR TECHNICAL OVERVIEW ║
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- INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE
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- As computer application programs get more sophisticated, they also
- get larger and slower. Even if your application does not involve
- math explicitly, it may use math behind the scenes to do its work.
- For example, graphics and font manipulation, spreadsheet
- calculations, even chart creation, all involve mathematical
- operations.
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- HOW THE INTEL MATH COPROCESSOR WORKS
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- Your computer's central processing unit (Intel's 8086, 8088, 286,
- 386(TM) SX(TM) or 386 DX(TM)) can, of course, do basic integer
- arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division of
- whole numbers). However, mathematical operations involving very
- large numbers, floating point numbers (numbers with decimals), or
- more complex calculations put a substantial drag on the CPU.
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- The CPU tackles such complex mathematical operations by using
- software subroutines. Depending on the complexity of the
- operation, one of these subroutines can take hundreds of times
- longer than a basic arithmetic function.
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- The Intel Math CoProcessor (8087, 287, 387(TM)) takes math-
- intensive operations from the CPU and handles in one instruction
- what would take hundreds of instructions on the general-purpose
- CPU. For example, a floating point division takes 24.4
- microseconds for an 8086/8087 combination and 2,000 microseconds
- with the 8086 alone.
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- FLOATING POINT EXPERT
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- Specifically, the Intel Math CoProcessor is an expert at floating
- point calculations. Its instruction set includes 68 numeric
- functions for extended precision, floating point, trigonometric,
- logarithmic, and exponential functions.
- While a program is running, the CPU continues to control overall
- program execution. But when it encounters a floating point
- operation, it generates an ESCAPE instruction to the math
- coprocessor. The math coprocessor operates independently from the
- time it receives the instruction to the time it is ready to pass
- the result back to the CPU. While the math coprocessor is
- working, the CPU can be either waiting for the result or
- processing other tasks.
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- February 25, 1991 Intel FaxBack # 3000 Page 1
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- ╔═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
- ║ ║
- ║ INTEL MATH COPROCESSOR TECHNICAL OVERVIEW ║
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- ╚══════════════════════════════ (continued) ══════════════════════════════╝
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- In addition to performing many calculations considerably faster
- than the CPU, the Intel Math CoProcessor can often provide much
- more accurate answers than software subroutines. The math
- coprocessor can perform arithmetic on integers with 64-bit
- precision in the range of +/- 10E18, and can process decimal
- numbers up to 18 digits without round-off errors. It holds and
- manipulates all numbers in a format called "temporary real," which
- has a precision of 64 bits and a range of +/- 10E4932.
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- THE INTEL MATH COPROCESSOR AND YOUR APPLICATIONS
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- The Intel Math CoProcessor can speed up all kinds of business
- application software -- probably a program you're using now. The
- following examples give you a good idea of how the Intel Math
- CoProcessor works with a wide variety of application software to
- get work done faster.
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- GRAPHICS AND DESKTOP PUBLISHING
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- There are two types of graphics software: bit-mapped and vector-
- oriented. Bit-mapped graphics use patterns of dots to make up
- lines, letters, boxes, and other shapes and does not take
- advantage of Intel Math CoProcessors. Z-SOFT's PC Paintbrush is
- an example of a bit-mapped graphics package.
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- Vector-oriented graphics, however, uses formulas to represent what
- the user draws or writes and can benefit from the Intel Math
- CoProcessor. For example, when the user draws a circle, the
- software actually calls up the formula for a circle. When the user
- saves the circle to disk, the formula gets stored. And when the
- user changes the size or location of the circle, the software
- simply changes the parameters of its formula and recalculates.
- The Intel Math CoProcessor makes these recalculations considerably
- faster, speeding up changes and other redraws.
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- CHARTS & DIAGRAMS
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- Picture Perfect and Diagraph/2000 are menu-driven business
- graphics programs from Computer Support Corporation. Picture
- Perfect is designed to turn data into presentation-quality charts
- and graphs. Diagraph/2000 creates charts, diagrams, maps,
- symbols, forms, and much more.
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- Both programs have been optimized for speed with the Intel Math
- CoProcessor. They are vector-oriented and use floating point data
- and operations. The math coprocessor helps most on diagrams with
- bold lines, shading, and shadowing. Tests show a time savings of
- 65 to 80 percent for previewing a chart, and 63 to 75 percent for
- previewing text when a 287-10 Intel Math CoProcessor was added to
- a 286 PC.
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- February 25, 1991 Intel FaxBack # 3000 Page 2
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- ╔═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
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- ║ INTEL MATH COPROCESSOR TECHNICAL OVERVIEW ║
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- ╚══════════════════════════════ (continued) ══════════════════════════════╝
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- FONT GENERATION
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- Font generation is an excellent example of using math behind the
- scenes. Users define the typefaces they want with a font package
- such as Bitstream's Fontware or SoftCraft, Inc.'s Spinfont or
- WYSIfonts! The software applies a formula to produce the size and
- typeface requested. The Bitstream Fontware benchmarks show, on
- average, a 75 percent time savings with an Intel Math CoProcessor.
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- POSTSCRIPT EMULATION
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- Freedom of Press from Custom Applications, Inc., allows you to
- print PostScript files on several non-postscript laser and 24-pin
- dot matrix printers. The program uses the computer's memory to
- interpret the PostScript code and makes a customized bit map for
- your printer. The customized bit map is generated using formulas.
- Intel Math CoProcessors speed up these formulas considerably.
-
- Tests show that the 287 math coprocessor yielded a 44 percent time
- savings for an Epson LQ-850, and a 57 percent time savings for a
- Hewlett-Packard LaserJet Series II.
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- COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN
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- Computer-aided design (CAD) is a classic graphics application for
- Intel Math CoProcessors. Many CAD drawings are created by
- specifying coefficients for formulas. Math coprocessors are used
- to generate and change drawings and are essential for image
- rotations and 3D diagrams.
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- Many CAD packages today would be so slow without a math
- coprocessor that they require one. Benchmarks were done with an
- older version (2.5) of Autodesk's AutoCAD to show the dramatic
- performance increases with Intel Math CoProcessors (newer releases
- of AutoCAD will not run without an Intel Math CoProcessor). They
- show a 50 percent time savings for hidden line removal and a 77
- percent time savings for drawing regeneration.
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- SPREADSHEETS AND STATISTICS
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- Intel Math CoProcessors speed up many common spreadsheet
- functions, though some operations are not accelerated at all.
- Since basic integer arithmetic (addition, subtraction,
- multiplication, division of whole numbers) is performed easily by
- the main CPU, the math coprocessor will not accelerate those
- functions. However, floating point operations are laborious for
- the CPU and run considerably faster with an Intel Math
- CoProcessor.
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- ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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- February 25, 1991 Intel FaxBack # 3000 Page 3
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- ╔═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
- ║ ║
- ║ INTEL MATH COPROCESSOR TECHNICAL OVERVIEW ║
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- ╚══════════════════════════════ (continued) ══════════════════════════════╝
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- Floating point math includes basic arithmetic of numbers with
- decimals, trigonometric and exponential functions, and any
- operations that build on trigonometry or exponentiation. Many
- common financial and statistical functions are based on exponents
- and work much faster with an Intel Math CoProcessor.
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- Consider the net present value formula, the function for the
- periodic interest rate, and the formula for standard deviation.
- Because these functions contain exponents, they take advantage of
- the Intel Math CoProcessor's specialties. The Intel Math
- CoProcessor can speed up recalculation time for these and many
- other common financial and statistical operations.
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- SPREADSHEETS
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- The Lotus 1-2-3 Release 2.01 benchmarks show a sample of different
- functions. Each function was tested for math coprocessor
- sensitivity by filling all of the cells in a large spreadsheet
- (200K to 400K) with that formula. While this does not represent a
- realistic spreadsheet, it does give a precise indication of the
- Intel Math CoProcessor's effect on each function.
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- Tests show a range of time savings from 16 percent for
- multiplication and division to 80 percent for periodic interest
- rate (@rate). This could add up to a savings of several hours a
- week for many spreadsheet users.
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- STATISTICS
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- Statistical analysis programs take advantage of Intel Math
- CoProcessors primarily when working with several data sets and
- doing floating point math. The many statistical formulas which
- are based on exponents run much faster with an Intel Math
- CoProcessor installed.
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- The benchmarks show statistical operations with STSC, Inc.'s
- STATGRAPHICS, a fully integrated statistical graphics system for
- PCs. The time savings with the Intel Math CoProcessor range from
- 8 percent for forecasting to 50 percent for correlation analysis.
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- DATABASES
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- Most database applications, including Ashton-Tate's dBASE IV, Fox
- Software's FoxBASE +, Borland's Paradox, and Nantucket's Clipper,
- make use of Intel's Math CoProcessors for math calculations
- included in the database program. The DBASE IV benchmarks show a
- 65 percent savings for doing square root and logarithmic
- calculations. This translates into similar time savings for any
- function that uses exponents or logarithms (net present value,
- standard deviation, variance, square root).
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- ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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- February 25, 1991 Intel FaxBack # 3000 Page 4
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- ╔═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
- ║ ║
- ║ INTEL MATH COPROCESSOR TECHNICAL OVERVIEW ║
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- ╚══════════════════════════════ (continued) ══════════════════════════════╝
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- WE MEAN BUSINESS
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- So you see, math coprocessors are good for more than just speeding
- up engineering and math software. They'll speed up your
- spreadsheets, graphics and font packages, chart programs, CAD
- software, and over other business programs.
-
- Installation is easy; just plug it in and go. You don't have to
- worry about compatibility, because virtually every IBM PC and
- compatible on the market provides a socket for an Intel Math
- CoProcessor. And you don't have to worry about reliability,
- because we back every Intel Math CoProcessor with an industry-
- leading 5 year warranty.
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- Visit your PC dealer today, or contact us at one of the numbers
- below for information. You may have an application (or two or
- three) that an Intel Math CoProcessor could really send screaming.
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- Other ways to contact Intel for information:
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- U.S. and Canada (800) 538-3373
- International (503) 629-7354
- Fax Machine (800) 458-6231
- Compuserve "GO INTEL"
- MCI MAIL "INTEL SUPPORT"
- Intel BBS (503) 645-6275
- (9600bps, 8 bits, NO parity, 1 stop)
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- Intel is a registered trademark of Intel Corporation. Other brand
- and product names are trademarks of their respective owners.
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- ═══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════
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- February 25, 1991 Intel FaxBack # 3000 Page 5
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