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Yorick Documentation for functions, variables, and structures defined in file std.i Printed: Sat Mar 18 22:51:20 1995 Contents: _ dbauto legal set_path _init_clog dbcont library show _init_pdb dbdis log sign _jc dbexit log10 sin _jr dbinfo mac_primitives sinh _jt dbret macl_primitives sizeof _not_cdf dbskip max sort _not_pdb dbup median span _read dec_primitives merge spanl _set_pdb digitize merge2 sqrt _write dimsof min sread abs disassemble nallof strlen acos dump_clog nameof strmatch add_member edit_times noneof strpart add_next_file error numberof strtok add_record exit open struct_align add_variable exp open102 structof allof floor openb sum am_subroutine get_addrs openb_hooks sun3_primitives anyof get_argv orgsof sun_primitives area get_cwd pc_primitives swrite array get_env pi symbol_def asin get_home poly symbol_set asinh get_member pr1 system at_pdb_close get_ncycs print tan at_pdb_open get_times print_format tanh atan get_vars process_argv timer avg grow ptcen timer_print backup has_records quit timestamp batch help random transpose bookmark histogram random_seed typeof call include randomize uncen cd indgen rdline updateb ceil info read use_origins close install_struct read_clog vax_primitives close102 integ read_n vaxg_primitives close102_default interp recover_file volume collect is_array remove warranty conj is_func rename where copyright is_range require where2 cos is_stream reshape write cosh is_struct restore xdr_primitives cray_primitives is_void save yorick_stats create jc sech zncen createb jr set_blocksize data_align jt set_filesize FROM _ TO _not_pdb _ /* SEE grow */ _init_clog /* DOCUMENT _init_clog, file initializes a Clog binary file. Used after creating a new file -- must be called AFTER the primitive data formats have been set. */ _init_pdb /* DOCUMENT _init_pdb, file, at_pdb_close _set_pdb, file, at_pdb_close initializes a PDB binary file. Used after creating a new file -- must be called AFTER the primitive data formats have been set. The _set_pdb call only sets the CloseHook, on the assumption that the file header has already been written (as in recover_file). SEE ALSO: createb, recover_file, at_pdb_close */ _jc /* SEE _jr */ _jr /* DOCUMENT _jt, file, time _jc, file, ncyc _jr, file are raw versions of jt and jc provided to simplify redefining the default jt and jc functions to add additional features. For example, you could redefine jt to jump to a time, then plot something. The new jt can pass its arguments along to _jt, then call the appropriate plotting functions. There is a raw version of jr as well. */ _jt /* SEE _jr */ _not_cdf /* DOCUMENT _not_cdf(file) is like _not_pdb, but for netCDF files. */ _not_pdb /* DOCUMENT _not_pdb(file, familyOK) returns 1 if FILE is not a PDB file, otherwise returns 0 after setting the structure and data tables, and cataloguing any history records. Used to open an existing file. Also detects a file with an appended Clog description. Before calling _not_pdb, set the variable yPDBopen to the value of at_pdb_open you want to be in force. (For historical reasons -- in order to allow for the open102 keyword to openb -- _not_pdb looks at the value of the variable yPDBopen, rather than at_pdb_open directly.) */ FROM _read TO add_member _read /* DOCUMENT _write, file, address, expression _read, file, address, variable or nbytes= _read(file, address, variable); are low level read and write functions which do not "see" the symbol table for the binary FILE. The ADDRESS is the byte address at which to begin the write or read operation. The type and number of objects of the EXPRESSION or VARIABLE determines how much data to read, and what format conversion operations to apply. In the case of type char, no conversion operations are ever applied, and _read will return the actual number of bytes read, which may be fewer than the number implied by VARIABLE in this one case. (In all other cases, _read returns numberof(VARIABLE).) If the FILE has records, the ADDRESS is understood to be in the file family member in which the current record resides. SEE ALSO: openb, createb, updateb, save, restore */ _set_pdb /* SEE _init_pdb */ _write /* SEE _read */ abs /* DOCUMENT abs(x) or abs(x, y, z, ...) returns the absolute value of its argument. In the multi-argument form, returns sqrt(x^2+y^2+z^2+...). SEE ALSO: sign, sqrt, also note the rms range function */ acos /* DOCUMENT acos(x) returns the inverse cosine of its argument, range [0, pi]. SEE ALSO: sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan */ add_member /* DOCUMENT add_member, file, struct_name, offset, name, type, dimlist adds a member to a data type in the file FILE. The data type name (struct name) is STRUCT_NAME, which will be created if it does not already exist. The new member will be at OFFSET (in bytes) from the beginning of an instance of this structure, and will have the specified NAME, TYPE, and DIMLIST. Use OFFSET -1 to have add_member compute the next available offset in the structure. The TYPE can be either a structure definition, or a string naming a previously defined data type in FILE. The optional DIMLIST is as for the "array" function. The STRUCT_NAME built from a series of add_member calls cannot be used until it is installed with install_struct. This function should be used very sparingly, mostly in code which is building the structure of a foreign-format binary file. SEE ALSO: add_variable, install_struct, struct_align */ FROM add_next_file TO add_variable add_next_file /* DOCUMENT failure= add_next_file(file, filename, create_flag) adds the next file to the FILE, which must contain history records. If FILENAME is non-nil, the new file will be called that, otherwise the next sequential filename is used. If CREATE_FLAG is present and non-zero, the new file will be created if it does not already exist. If omitted or nil, CREATE_FLAG defaults to 1 if the file has write permission and 0 if it does not. Returns 0 on success. SEE ALSO: openb, updateb, createb, add_record */ add_record /* DOCUMENT add_record, file, time, ncyc or add_record, file, time, ncyc, address or add_record, file adds a new record to FILE corresponding to the specified TIME and NCYC (respectively a double and a long). Either or both TIME and NCYC may be nil or omitted, but the existence of TIME and NCYC must be the same for every record added to one FILE. If present, ADDRESS specifies the disk address of the new record, which is assumed to be in the current file. Without ADDRESS, or if ADDRESS<0, the next available address is used; this may create a new file in the family (see the set_filesize function). The add_record function leaves the new record current for subsequent save commands to actually write the data. The TIME, NCYC, and ADDRESS arguments may be equal length vectors to add several records at once; in this case, the first of the newly added records is the current one. If all three of TIME, NCYC, and ADDRESS are nil or omitted, no new records are added, but the file becomes a record file if it was not already, and in any case, no record will be the current record after such an add_record call. After the first add_record call (even if no records were added), subsequent add_variable commands will create record variables. After the first record has been added, subsequent save commands will create any new variables as record variables. After a second record has been added using add_record, neither save commands nor add_variable commands may be used to introduce any new record variables. SEE ALSO: save, createb, updateb, openb, set_filesize, set_blocksize add_variable */ add_variable /* DOCUMENT add_variable, file, address, name, type, dimlist adds a variable NAME to FILE at the specified ADDRESS, with the specified TYPE and dimensions given by DIMLIST. The DIMLIST may be zero or more arguments, as for the "array" function. If the ADDRESS is <0, the next available address is used. Note that, unlike the save command, add_variable does not actually write any data -- it merely changes Yorick's description of the contents of FILE. FROM add_variable TO array After the first add_record call, add_variable adds a variable to the record instead of a non-record variable. See add_record. SEE ALSO: save, openb, createb, updateb, add_record, add_member, install_struct, data_align */ allof /* DOCUMENT allof(x) anyof(x) nallof(x) noneof(x) Respectively: returns 1 if every element of the array x is non-zero, else 0. returns 1 if at least one element of the array x is non-zero, else 0. returns 1 if at least one element of the array x is zero, else 0. returns 1 if every element of the array x is zero, else 0. SEE ALSO: allof, anyof, noneof, nallof, where, where2 */ am_subroutine /* DOCUMENT am_subroutine() returns 1 if the current Yorick function was invoked as a subroutine, else 0. If am_subroutine() returns true, the result of the current function will not be used, and need not be computed (the function has been called for its side effects only). */ anyof /* SEE allof */ area /* DOCUMENT area(y, x) returns the zonal areas of the 2-D mesh (X, Y). If Y and X are imax-by-jmax, the result is (imax-1)-by-(jmax-1). The area is positive when, say, X increases with i and Y increases with j. For example, area([[0,0],[1,1]],[[0,1],[0,1]]) is +1. SEE ALSO: volume */ array /* DOCUMENT array(value, dimension_list) or array(type, dimension_list) returns an object of the same type as VALUE, consisting of copies of VALUE, with the given DIMENSION_LIST appended to the dimensions of VALUE. Hence, array(1.5, 3, 1) is the same as [[1.5, 1.5, 1.5]]. In the second form, the VALUE is taken as scalar zero of the TYPE. Hence, array(short, 2, 3) is the same as [[0s,0s],[0s,0s],[0s,0s]]. A DIMENSION_LIST is a list of arguments, each of which may be any of the following: (1) A positive scalar integer expression, (2) An index range with no step field (e.g.- 1:10), or (3) A vector of integers [number of dims, length1, length2, ...] (that is, the format returned by the dimsof function). SEE ALSO: reshape, is_array, dimsof, numberof, grow, span, use_origins */ FROM asin TO at_pdb_open asin /* DOCUMENT asin(x) returns the inverse sine of its argument, range [-pi/2, pi/2]. SEE ALSO: sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan */ asinh /* DOCUMENT asinh(x) acosh(x) atanh(x) returns the inverse hyperbolic sine, cosine, or tangent of its argument. The range of acosh is >=0.0. SEE ALSO: sinh, cosh, tanh, sech, csch */ at_pdb_close /* SEE at_pdb_open */ at_pdb_open /* DOCUMENT at_pdb_open at_pdb_close bits for optional behavior when a PDB file is opened or closed: at_pdb_open: 000 Major-Order: value specified in file is correct 001 Major-Order:102 always 002 Major-Order: opposite from what file says 003 Major-Order:101 always 004 Strip Basis @... suffices from variable names (when possible) Danger! If you do this and open a file for update, the variable names will be stripped when you close the file! 010 Use Basis @history convention on input The 001 and 002 bits may be overridden by the open102 keyword. The default value of at_pdb_open is 010. at_pdb_close (the value at the time the file is opened or created is remembered): 001 Write Major-Order 102 PDB file 002 Write PDB style history data The following are no-ops unless bit 002 is set: 004 Use Basis @history convention on output 010 Do NOT pack all history record variables into a single structure instance. The 001 bit may be overridden by the close102 keyword or if close102_default is non-zero. The default value of at_pdb_close is 007. SEE ALSO: close102_default */ FROM atan TO bookmark atan /* DOCUMENT atan(x) or atan(y, x) returns the inverse tangent of its argument, range [-pi/2, pi/2]. In the two argument form, returns the angle from (1, 0) to (x, y), in the range (-pi, pi], with atan(1, 0)==pi/2. (If x>=0, this is the same as atan(y/x).) SEE ALSO: sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan */ avg /* DOCUMENT avg(x) returns the scalar average of all elements of its array argument. SEE ALSO: sum, min, max */ backup /* SEE bookmark */ batch /* DOCUMENT batch, 1 batch, 0 batch() turns on, turns off, or tests for batch mode, respectively. If yorick is started with the command line: yorick -batch batch_include.i ... then batch mode is turned on, the usual custom.i startup file is skipped, and the file batch_include.i is parsed and executed. The -batch and batch_include.i command line arguments are removed from the list returned by get_argv(). These must be the first two arguments on the command line. In batch mode, any error will terminate Yorick (as by the quit function) rather than entering debug mode. SEE ALSO: process_argv, get_argv */ bookmark /* DOCUMENT backup, f or bmark= bookmark(f) ... backup, f, bmark back up the text stream F, so that the next call to the read function returns the same line as the previous call to read (note that you can only back up one line). If the optional second argument BMARK is supplied, restores the state of the file F to its state at the time the bookmark function was called. After a matching failure in read, use the single argument form of backup to reread the line containing the matching failure. SEE ALSO: read, rdline, open, close */ FROM call TO close102 call /* DOCUMENT call, subroutine(arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5 arg6, arg7, arg8); allows a SUBROUTINE to be called with a very long argument list as an alternative to: subroutine, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6, arg7, arg8; Note that the statement subroutine(arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5, arg6, arg7, arg8); will print the return value of subroutine, even if it is nil. If invoked as a function, call simply returns its argument. */ cd /* DOCUMENT cd, directory_name or cd(directory_name) change current working directory to DIRECTORY_NAME, returning the expanded path name (i.e.- with leading environment variables, ., .., or ~ replaced by the actual pathname). If called as a function, returns nil to indicate failure, otherwise failure causes a Yorick error. SEE ALSO: get_cwd, get_home, get_env, get_argv */ ceil /* DOCUMENT ceil(x) returns the smallest integer not less than x (no-op on integers). SEE ALSO: floor */ close /* DOCUMENT close, f closes the I/O stream F (returned earlier by the open function). If F is a simple variable reference (as opposed to an expression), the close function will set F to nil. If F is the only reference to the I/O stream, then "close, f" is equivalent to "f= []". Otherwise, "close, f" will close the file (so that subsequent I/O operations will fail) and print a warning message about the outstanding ("stale") references. SEE ALSO: open, read, write, rdline, bookmark, backup, save, restore, rename, remove */ close102 /* DOCUMENT close102 is a keyword for createb or updateb, open102 is a keyword for openb or updateb close102_default is a global variable (initially 0) ***Do not use close102_default -- use at_pdb_close -- this is for backward compatibility only*** close102=1 means to close the PDB file "Major-Order:102" close102=0 means close it "Major-Order:101" if not specified, uses 1 if close102_default non-zero, otherwise the value specified in at_pdb_close FROM close102 TO collect open102=1 means to ignore what the PDB file says internally, and open it as if it were "Major-Order:102" open102=0 (the default) means to assume the PDB file is correctly writen open102=2 means to assume that the file is incorrectly written, whichever way it is marked open102=3 means to ignore what the PDB file says internally, and open it as if it were "Major-Order:101" The PDB file format comes in two styles, "Major-Order:101", and "Major-Order:102". Yorick interprets these correctly by default, but other codes may ignore them, or write them incorrectly. Unlike Yorick, not all codes are able to correctly read both styles. If you are writing a file which needs to be read by a "102 style" code, create it with the close102=1 keyword. If you notice that a file you though was a history file isn't, or that the dimensions of multi-dimensional variables are transposed from the order you expected, the code which wrote the file probably blew it. Try openb("filename", open102=2). The choices 1 and 3 are for cases in which you know the writing code was supposed to write the file one way or the other, and you don't want to be bothered. The open102 and close102 keywords, if present, override the defaults in the variables at_pdb_open and at_pdb_close. SEE ALSO: at_pdb_open, at_pdb_close */ close102_default /* SEE close102 */ collect /* DOCUMENT result= collect(f, name_string) scans through all records of the history file F accumulating the variable NAME_STRING into a single array with one additional index varying from 1 to the number of records. NAME_STRING can be either a simple variable name, or a name followed by up to four simple indices which are either nil, an integer, or an index range with constant limits. (Note that 0 or negative indices count from the end of a dimension.) Examples: collect(f, "xle") -- collects the variable f.xle collect(f, "tr(2,2:)") -- collects f.tr(2,2:) collect(f, "akap(2,-1:0,)") -- collects f.akap(2,-1:0,) (i.e.- akap in the last two values of its second index) SEE ALSO: get_times */ FROM conj TO createb conj /* DOCUMENT conj(x) returns the complex conjugate of its argument. */ copyright /* DOCUMENT copyright, (no) warranty Copyright (c) 1994. The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Yorick is provided "as is" without any warranty, either expressed or implied. For a complete statement, type: legal at the Yorick prompt. SEE ALSO: legal */ cos /* SEE sin */ cosh /* SEE sinh */ cray_primitives /* DOCUMENT cray_primitives, file sets FILE primitive data types to be native to Cray 1, XMP, and YMP. */ create /* DOCUMENT f= create(filename) is a synonym for f= open(filename, "w") Creates a new text file FILENAME, destroying any existing file of that name. Use the write function to write into the file F. SEE ALSO: write, close, open */ createb /* DOCUMENT file= createb(filename) or file= createb(filename, primitives) creates FILENAME as a PDB file in "w+b" mode, destroying any existing file by that name. If the PRIMITIVES argument is supplied, it must be the name of a procedure that sets the primitive data types for the file. The default is to create a file with the native primitive types of the machine on which Yorick is running. The following PRIMITIVES functions are predefined: sun_primitives -- appropriate for Sun, HP, IBM, and most other workstations sun3_primitives -- appropriate for old Sun-2 or Sun-3 dec_primitives -- appropriate for DEC workstations cray_primitives -- appropriate for Cray 1, XMP, and YMP FROM createb TO dbexit mac_primitives -- appropriate for MacIntosh macl_primitives -- appropriate for MacIntosh, 12-byte double pc_primitives -- appropriate for IBM PC vax_primitives -- appropriate for VAXen only (H doubles) vaxg_primitives -- appropriate for VAXen only (G doubles) xdr_primitives -- appropriate for XDR files SEE ALSO: openb, updateb, cd save, add_record, set_filesize, set_blocksize close102, close102_default, at_pdb_open, at_pdb_close */ data_align /* DOCUMENT data_align, file, alignment in binary file FILE, align new variables to begin at a byte address which is a multiple of ALIGNMENT. (This affects placement of data declared using save and add_variable. For add_variable, data_align has an effect only if the address is not specified.) If ALIGNMENT is <=0, new variables will be aligned as they would be if they were data structure members. The default value is 0. SEE ALSO: save, add_variable */ dbauto /* SEE dbexit */ dbcont /* SEE dbexit */ dbdis /* SEE dbexit */ dbexit /* DOCUMENT Debug mode. Yorick errors fall into two general categories: Syntax errors discovered during parsing, and runtime errors discovered when a Yorick program is actually running. When a runtime error occurs, Yorick offers the choice of entering "debug mode", which you can do by typing the <RETURN> key immediately after the error occurs. Typing a non-blank line exits debug mode automatically by default. In debug mode, the Yorick prompt becomes "dbug>" instead of the usual ">". When you see this prompt, Yorick has halted "in the middle of" the function in which the error occurred, and you can print, plot, modify, or save the local variables in that function by means of ordinary Yorick commands. Debug mode is recursive; that is, you can debug an error which occurred during debugging to any number of levels. You can exit from debug mode in several ways: dbexit -- exit current debug level, discarding all active functions and their local variables dbexit, 0 -- exit all debug levels dbexit, n -- exit (at most) N debug levels dbcont -- continue execution of the current function FROM dbexit TO dbup Continuing is useful if you have managed to repair the problem which caused the error. The expression in which the error occurred will be evaluated a second time, so beware of side effects. dbret, value -- continue execution by returning VALUE (which may be nil or omitted) to the caller of the function in which the error occurred. This is useful if the function in which the error occurred is hopelessly confounded, but you know the value it should return. Yorick does not allow "single stepping" directly, although you can execute the statements in a function by copying them, then tell Yorick to skip those statements you have executed "by hand". There are two functions for skipping execution: dbskip -- skip the next logical line (This will be only a portion of a source line if several statements are stacked on the source line.) dbskip, n -- skip next N (positive or negative) logical lines dbup -- discard the current function, so that you are debugging its caller -- there is no way to go back "down", so be careful There are two functions which print information (like other print functions, if called as functions instead of subroutines, their result is returned as a string array with one line per string): dbinfo -- returns current function and source line dbdis -- returns disassembled virtual machine code for the next line (use the disassemble function to get the entire function) This allows you to see exactly where in a line the error occurred. Finally, dbauto -- toggles whether debug mode will be entered automatically when a runtime error occurs dbauto, 1 -- enter debug mode automatically after an error dbauto, 0 -- type <RETURN> after error to enter debug mode */ dbinfo /* SEE dbexit */ dbret /* SEE dbexit */ dbskip /* SEE dbexit */ dbup /* SEE dbexit */ FROM dec_primitives TO edit_times dec_primitives /* DOCUMENT dec_primitives, file sets FILE primitive data types to be native to DEC workstations. */ digitize /* DOCUMENT digitize(x, bins) returns an array of longs with dimsof(X), and values i such that BINS(i-1) <= X < BINS(i) if BINS is monotonically increasing, or BINS(i-1) > X >= BINS(i) if BINS is monotonically decreasing. Beyond the bounds of BINS, returns either i=1 or i=numberof(BINS)+1 as appropriate. SEE ALSO: histogram, interp, integ, sort, where, where2 */ dimsof /* DOCUMENT dimsof(object) or dimsof(object1, object2, ...) returns a vector of integers describing the dimensions of OBJECT. The format of the vector is [number of dims, length1, length2, ...]. The orgsof function returns the origin of each dimension (normally 1). If more than one argument is given, dimsof returns the dimension list of the result of binary operations between all the objects, or nil if the objects are not conformable. SEE ALSO: typeof, structof, numberof, sizeof, orgsof */ disassemble /* DOCUMENT disassemble(function) or disassemble, function Disassembles the specified function. If called as a function, the result is returned as a vector of strings; if called as a subroutine, the disassembly is printed at the terminal. If the function is nil, the current *main* program is disassembled -- you must include the call to disassemble in the main program, of course, NOT on its own line as a separate main program. */ dump_clog /* DOCUMENT dump_clog, file, clog_name dumps a Contents Log of the binary file FILE into the text file CLOG_NAME. Any previous file named CLOG_NAME is overwritten. SEE ALSO: openb */ edit_times /* DOCUMENT edit_times, file or edit_times, file, keep_list or edit_times, file, keep_list, new_times, new_ncycs edits the records for FILE. The KEEP_LIST is a 0-origin index list of records to be kept, or nil to keep all records. The NEW_TIMES array is the list of new time values for the (kept) records, and the NEW_NCYCS array is the list of new cycle number values for the (kept) records. Either NEW_TIMES, or NEW_NCYCS, or both, may be nil to leave the corresponding values unchanged. If non-nil, FROM edit_times TO get_addrs NEW_TIMES and NEW_NCYCS must have the same length as KEEP_LIST, or, if KEEP_LIST is nil, as the original number of records in the file. If KEEP_LIST, NEW_TIME, and NEW_NCYCS are all omitted or nil, then edit_times removes records as necessary to ensure that the remaining records have monotonically increasing times, or, if no times are present, monotonically increasing ncycs. (The latest record at any given time/ncyc is retained, and earlier records are removed.) In no case does edit_times change the FILE itself; only Yorick's in-memory model of the file is altered. SEE ALSO: get_times, get_ncycs, jt, jc */ error /* DOCUMENT exit, msg error, msg Exits the current interpreted *main* program, printing the MSG. (MSG can be omitted to print a default.) In the case of exit, the result is equivalent to an immediate return from every function in the current calling chain. In the case of error, the result is the same as if an error had occurred in a compiled routine. SEE ALSO: print, write, batch */ exit /* SEE error */ exp /* DOCUMENT exp(x) returns the exponential function of its argument (inverse of log). SEE ALSO: log, log10, sinh, cosh, tanh, sech, csch */ floor /* DOCUMENT floor(x) returns the largest integer not greater than x (no-op on integers). SEE ALSO: ceil */ get_addrs /* DOCUMENT addr_lists= get_addrs(file) returns the byte addresses of the non-record and record variables in the binary file FILE, and lists of the record addresses, file indices, and filenames for file families with history records. *addr_lists(1) absolute addresses of non-record variables *addr_lists(2) relative addresses of record variables (add record address to get absolute address) The order of these two address lists matches the corresponding lists of names returned by get_vars. *addr_lists(3) absolute addresses of records FROM get_addrs TO get_times *addr_lists(4) list of file indices corresponding to addr_lists(3); indices are into addr_lists(5) *addr_lists(5) list of filenames in the family SEE ALSO: openb, updateb, restore, jt, jc, has_records, get_vars */ get_argv /* DOCUMENT get_argv() returns string array containing the argv from the command line. The -batch and batch_include.i arguments are removed (not returned). SEE ALSO: process_argv, cd, get_cwd, get_home, get_env, batch */ get_cwd /* DOCUMENT get_cwd() or get_home() returns the pathname of the current working directory or of your home directory. SEE ALSO: cd, get_env, get_argv */ get_env /* DOCUMENT get_env(environment_variable_name) returns the environment variable (a string) associated with ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_NAME (calls ANSI getenv routine). SEE ALSO: cd, get_cwd, get_home, get_env, get_argv */ get_home /* SEE get_cwd */ get_member /* DOCUMENT get_member(f_or_s, member_name) returns F_OR_S member MEMBER_NAME, like F_OR_S.MEMBER_NAME syntax, but MEMBER_NAME can be a computed string. The F_OR_S may be a binary file or a structure instance. SEE ALSO: openb */ get_ncycs /* SEE get_times */ get_times /* DOCUMENT times= get_times(file) ncycs= get_ncycs(file) returns the list of time or ncyc values associated with the records if FILE, or nil if there are none. The time values are not guaranteed to be precise (but they should be good to at least 6 digits or so); the precise time associated with each record may be stored as a record variable. SEE ALSO: collect, openb, updateb, restore, jt, jc, edit_times */ FROM get_vars TO has_records get_vars /* DOCUMENT name_lists= get_vars(file) returns the lists of non-record and record variable names in the binary FILE. The return value is an array of two pointers to arrays of type string; *name_lists(1) is the array of non-record variable names (or nil if there are none), *name_lists(2) is the array of record variable names. The get_addrs function returns corresponding lists of disk addresses; the get_member function can be used in conjunction with the dimsof, structof, and typeof functions to determine the other properties of a variable. SEE ALSO: openb, updateb, restore, jt, jc, has_records, get_addrs */ grow /* DOCUMENT grow, x, xnext1, xnext2, ... or grow(x, xnext1, xnext2, ...) or _(x, xnext1, xnext2, ...) lengthens the array X by appending XNEXT1, XNEXT2, etc. to its final dimension. If X is nil, X is first redefined to the first non-nil XNEXT, and the remainder of the XNEXT list is processed normally. Each XNEXT is considered to have the same number of dimensions as X, by appending unit-length dimensions if necessary. All but this final dimension of each XNEXT must be right-conformable (that is, conformable in the sense of the right hand side of an assignment statement) with all but the final dimension of X. The result has a final dimension which is the sum of the final dimension of X and all the final dimensions of the XNEXT. Nil XNEXT are ignored. The value of the result is obtained by concatenating all the XNEXT to X, after any required broadcasts. If invoked as a function, grow returns the new value of X; in this case, X may be an expression. X must be a simple variable reference for the subroutine form of grow; otherwise there is nowhere to return the result. The subroutine form is slightly more efficient than the function form for the common usage: x= grow(x, xnext1, xnext2) is the same as grow, x, xnext1, xnext2 the preferred form The _ function is a synonym for grow, for people who want this operator to look like punctuation in their source code, on analogy with the array building operator [a, b, c, ...]. SEE ALSO: array, compare with the array building operator [...] */ has_records /* DOCUMENT has_records(file) returns 1 if FILE has history records, 0 if it does not. */ FROM help TO histogram help /* DOCUMENT help, topic or help Prints DOCUMENT comment from include file in which the variable TOPIC was defined, followed by the line number and filename. By opening the file with a text editor, you may be able to find out more, especially if no DOCUMENT comment was found. Examples: help, set_path prints the documentation for the set_path function. help prints the DOCUMENT comment you are reading. This copy of Yorick was launched from the directory: **** Y_LAUNCH (computed at runtime) **** Yorick's "site directory" at this site is: **** Y_SITE (computed at runtime) **** You can find out a great deal more about Yorick by browsing through these directories. Begin with the site directory, and pay careful attention to the subdirectories doc/ (which contains documentation relating to Yorick), and include/ and contrib/ (which contain many examples of Yorick programs). Look for files called README (or something similar) in any of these directories -- they are intended to assist browsers. The site directory itself contains std.i and graph.i, which are worth reading. Type: help, dbexit for help on debug mode. If your prompt is "dbug>" instead of ">", dbexit will return you to normal mode. SEE ALSO: info, print, copyright, warranty, legal */ histogram /* DOCUMENT histogram(list) or histogram(list, weight) returns an array hist which counts the number of occurrences of each element of the input index LIST, which must consist of positive integers (1-origin index values into the result array): histogram(list)(i) = number of occurrences of i in LIST A second argument WEIGHT must have the same shape as LIST; the result will be the sum of WEIGHT: histogram(list)(i) = sum of all WEIGHT(j) where LIST(j)==i The result of the single argument call will be of type long; the result of the two argument call will be of type double (WEIGHT is promoted to that type). The input argument(s) may have any number of dimensions; the result is always 1-D. KEYWORD: top=max_list_value By default, the length of the result is max(LIST). You may FROM histogram TO include specify that the result have a larger length by means of the TOP keyword. (Elements beyond max(LIST) will be 0, of course.) SEE ALSO: digitize, sort */ include /* DOCUMENT #include "yorick_source.i" require, filename include, filename or include, filename, now #include is a parser directive, not a Yorick statement. Use it to read Yorick source code which you have saved in a file; the file yorick_source.i will be read one line at a time, exactly as if you had typed those lines at the keyboard. The following directories are searched (in this order) to find yorick_source.i: . (current working directory) ~/Yorick (your personal directory of Yorick functions) Y_SITE/include (Yorick distribution library) Y_SITE/contrib (contributed source at your site) To find out what is available in the Yorick/include directory, type: library You can also type Y_SITE to find the name of the site directory at your site, go to the include or contrib subdirectory, and browse through the *.i files. This is a good way to learn how to write a Yorick program. Be alert for files like README as well. The require function checks to see whether FILENAME has already been included (actually whether any file with the same final path component has been included). If so, require is a no-op, otherwise, the action is the same as the include function with NOW == 1. The include function causes Yorick to parse and execute FILENAME immediately. The effect is similar to the #include parser directive, except the finding, parsing, and execution of FILENAME occurs at runtime. If the NOW argument is given and positive, the include occurs immediately, if nil or 0, it occurs just before the next line would have been parsed. If NOW is negative, the include file is pushed onto a stack, and will be popped off and parsed when all pending input has been processed. Unless you are writing a startup file, or have some truly bizarre technical reason for using the include function, use #include instead. The functional form of include may involve recursive FROM include TO install_struct parsing, which you will not be able to understand without deep study. Stick with #include. SEE ALSO: set_path, Y_SITE */ indgen /* DOCUMENT indgen(n) or indgen(start:stop) or indgen(start:stop:step) returns "index generator" list -- an array of longs running from 1 to N, inclusive. In the second and third forms, the index values specified by the index range are returned. SEE ALSO: span, spanl, array */ info /* DOCUMENT info, expr prints the data type and array dimensions of EXPR. SEE ALSO: help, print */ install_struct /* DOCUMENT install_struct, file, struct_name or install_struct, file, struct_name, size, align, order or install_struct, file, struct_name, size, align, order, layout installs the data type named STRUCT_NAME in the binary FILE. In the two argument form, STRUCT_NAME must have been built by one or more calls to the add_member function. In the 5 and 6 argument calls, STRUCT_NAME is a primitive data type -- an integer type for the 5 argument call, and a floating point type for the 6 argument call. The 5 argument form may also be used to declare opaque data types. SIZE is the size of an instance in bytes, ALIGN is its alignment boundary (also in bytes), and ORDER is the byte order. ORDER is 1 for most significant byte first, -1 for least significant byte first, and 0 for opaque (unconverted) data. Other ORDER values represent more complex byte permutations (2 is the byte order for VAX floating point numbers). If ORDER equals SIZE, then the data type is not only opaque, but also must be read sequentially. LAYOUT is an array of 7 long values parameterizing the floating point format, [sign_address, exponent_address, exponent_size, mantissa_address, mantissa_size, mantissa_normalized, exponent_bias] (the addresses and sizes are in bits, reduced to MSB first order). Use, e.g., nameof(float) for STRUCT_NAME to redefine the meaning of the float data type for FILE. SEE ALSO: add_variable, add_member */ FROM integ TO is_range integ /* DOCUMENT integ(y, x, xp) or integ(y, x, xp, which) See the interp function for an explanation of the meanings of the arguments. The integ function returns ypi which is the integral of the piecewise linear curve (X(i), Y(i)) (i=1, ..., numberof(X)) from X(1) to XP. The curve (X, Y) is regarded as constant outside the bounds of X. Note that X must be monotonically increasing or SEE ALSO: interp, digitize, span */ interp /* DOCUMENT interp(y, x, xp) or interp(y, x, xp, which) returns yp such that (XP, yp) lies on the piecewise linear curve (X(i), Y(i)) (i=1, ..., numberof(X)). Points beyond X(1) are set to Y(1); points beyond X(0) are set to Y(0). The array X must be one dimensional, have numberof(X)>=2, and be either monotonically increasing or monotonically decreasing. The array Y may have more than one dimension, but dimension WHICH must be the same length as X. WHICH defaults to 1, the first dimension of Y. WHICH may be non-positive to count dimensions from the end of Y; a WHICH of 0 means the final dimension of Y. The result yp has dimsof(XP) in place of the WHICH dimension of Y (if XP is scalar, the WHICH dimension is not present). (The dimensions of the result are the same as if an index list with dimsof(XP) were placed in slot WHICH of Y.) SEE ALSO: integ, digitize, span */ is_array /* DOCUMENT is_array(object) returns 1 if OBJECT is an array data type (as opposed to a function, structure definition, index range, I/O stream, etc.), else 0. An array OBJECT can be written to or read from a binary file; non-array Yorick data types cannot. SEE ALSO: is_func, is_void, is_range, is_struct, is_stream */ is_func /* DOCUMENT is_func(object) returns 1 if OBJECT is a Yorick interpreted function, 2 if OBJECT is a built-in (that is, compiled) function, else 0. SEE ALSO: is_array, is_void, is_range, is_struct, is_stream */ is_range /* DOCUMENT is_range(object) returns 1 if OBJECT is an index range (e.g.- 3:5 or 11:31:2), else 0. SEE ALSO: is_array, is_func, is_void, is_struct, is_stream */ FROM is_stream TO jt is_stream /* DOCUMENT is_stream(object) returns 1 if OBJECT is an I/O stream (usually a file), else 0. SEE ALSO: is_array, is_func, is_void, is_range, is_struct */ is_struct /* DOCUMENT is_struct(object) returns 1 if OBJECT is the definition of a Yorick struct, else 0. Thus, is_struct(double) returns 1, but is_struct(1.0) returns 0. SEE ALSO: is_array, is_func, is_void, is_range, is_stream */ is_void /* DOCUMENT is_void(object) returns 1 if OBJECT is nil (the one instance of the void data type), else 0. SEE ALSO: is_array, is_func, is_range, is_struct, is_stream */ jc /* DOCUMENT jc, file, ncyc jump to the record of FILE nearest the specified NCYC. SEE ALSO: jt, _jc, edit_times, show, jr */ jr /* DOCUMENT jr, file, i or _jr(file, i) Jump to a particular record number I (from 1 to n_records) in a binary file FILE. The function returns 1 if such a record exists, 0 if there is no such record. In the latter case, no action is taken; the program halts with an error only if jr was invoked as a subroutine. Record numbering wraps like array indices; use jr, file, 0 to jump to the last record, -1 to next to last, etc. SEE ALSO: jt, jc, edit_times, show */ jt /* DOCUMENT jt, time or jt, file, time or jt, file or jt, file, - jump to the record nearest the specified TIME. If no FILE is specified, the current record of all open binary files containing records is shifted. If both FILE and TIME are specified and jt is called as a function, it returns the actual time of the new current record. N.B.: "jt, file" and "jt, file, -" are obsolete. Use the jr function to step through a file one record at a time. If only the FILE is specified, increment the current record of that FILE by one. If the TIME argument is - (the pseudo-index range function), decrement the current record of FILE by one. FROM jt TO macl_primitives If the current record is the last, "jt, file" unsets the current record so that record variables will be inaccessible until another jt or jc. The same thing happens with "jt, file, -" if the current record was the first. If only FILE is specified, jt returns 1 if there is a new current record, 0 if the call resulted in no current record. Thus "jt(file)" and "jt(file,-)" may be used as the condition in a while loop to step through every record in a file: file= openb("example.pdb"); do { restore, file, interesting_record_variables; ...calculations... } while (jt(file)); SEE ALSO: jc, _jt, edit_times, show, jr */ legal /* DOCUMENT legal Prints the legal details of Yorick's copyright, licensing, and lack of warranty. SEE ALSO: copyright, warranty */ library /* DOCUMENT library print the Y_SITE/include/README file at the terminal. */ log /* DOCUMENT log(x) returns the natural logarithm of its argument (inverse of exp). SEE ALSO: log10, exp, asinh, acosh, atanh */ log10 /* DOCUMENT log10(x) returns the base 10 logarithm of its argument (inverse of 10^x). SEE ALSO: log, exp, asinh, acosh, atanh */ mac_primitives /* DOCUMENT mac_primitives, file sets FILE primitive data types to be native to MacIntosh, 8 byte double. */ macl_primitives /* DOCUMENT macl_primitives, file sets FILE primitive data types to be native to MacIntosh, long double. */ FROM max TO merge max /* DOCUMENT max(x) or max(x, y, z, ...) returns the scalar maximum value of its array argument, or, if more than one argument is supplied, returns an array of the maximum value for each array element among the several arguments. In the multi-argument case, the arguments must be conformable. SEE ALSO: min, sum, avg */ median /* DOCUMENT median(x) or median(x, which) returns the median of the array X. The search for the median takes place along the dimension of X specified by WHICH. WHICH defaults to 1, meaning the first index of X. The median function returns an array with one fewer dimension than its argument X (the WHICH dimension of X is missing in the result), in exact analogy with rank reducing index range functions. If dimsof(X)(WHICH) is odd, the result will have the same data type as X; if even, the result will be a float or a double, since the median is defined as the arithmetic mean between the two central values in that case. SEE ALSO: sort, built-in index range functions such as avg, rms */ merge /* DOCUMENT merge(true_expr, false_expr, condition) returns the values TRUE_EXPR or FALSE_EXPR where CONDITION is non-zero or zero, respectively. The result has the data type of TRUE_EXPR or FALSE_EXPR, promoted to the higher arithmetic type if necessary. The result has the dimensions of CONDITION. The number of elements in TRUE_EXPR must match the number of non-zero elements of CONDITION, and the number of elements in FALSE_EXPR must match the number of zero elements of CONDITION. (TRUE_EXPR or FALSE_EXPR should be nil if there are no such elements of CONDITION. Normally, TRUE_EXPR and FALSE_EXPR should be 1-D arrays if they are not nil.) This function is intended for vectorizing a function whose domain is divided into two or more parts, as in: func f(x) { big= (x>=threshhold); wb= where(big); ws= where(!big); if (is_array(wb)) { xx= x(wb); fb= <function of xx> } if (is_array(ws)) { xx= x(ws); fs= <function of xx> FROM merge TO open } return merge(fb, fs, big); } SEE ALSO: merge2, where */ merge2 /* DOCUMENT merge2(true_expr, false_expr, condition) returns the values TRUE_EXPR or FALSE_EXPR where CONDITION is non-zero or zero, respectively. The result has the data type of TRUE_EXPR or FALSE_EXPR, promoted to the higher arithmetic type if necessary. Unlike the merge function, TRUE_EXPR and FALSE_EXPR must be conformable with each other, and with the CONDITION. SEE ALSO: merge2, where */ min /* DOCUMENT min(x) or min(x, y, z, ...) returns the scalar minimum value of its array argument, or, if more than one argument is supplied, returns an array of the minimum value for each array element among the several arguments. In the multi-argument case, the arguments must be conformable. SEE ALSO: max, sum, avg */ nallof /* SEE allof */ nameof /* DOCUMENT nameof(object) If OBJECT is a function or a structure definition, returns the name of the func or struct as it was defined (not necessarily the name of the variable passed to the nameof function). SEE ALSO: typeof */ noneof /* SEE allof */ numberof /* DOCUMENT numberof(object) returns the number of elements if object is an array, or 0 if not. SEE ALSO: sizeof, dimsof, typeof, structof */ open /* DOCUMENT f= open(filename) or f= open(filename, filemode) or f= open(filename, filemode, errmode) opens the file FILENAME according to FILEMODE (both are strings). If ERRMODE is non-nil and non-zero, fail by returning nil F, otherwise failure to open or create the file is a runtime error. To use ERRMODE to check for the existence of a file: FROM open TO openb if (open(filename,,1)) file_exists; else file_does_not_exist; The return value F is an IOStream (or just stream for short). When the last reference to this return value is discarded, the file will be closed. The file can also be explicitly closed with the close function. The FILEMODE determines whether the file is to be opened in read, write, or update mode, and whether writes are restricted to the end-of-file (append mode). FILEMODE also determines whether the file is opened as a text file or as a binary file. FILEMODE can have the following values, which are the same as for the ANSI standard fopen function: "r" - read only "w" - write only, random access, existing file overwritten "a" - write only, forced to end-of-file, existing file preserved "r+" - read/write, random access, existing file preserved "w+" - read/write, random access, existing file overwritten "a+" - read/write, reads random access, writes forced to end-of-file, existing file preserved "rb" "wb" "ab" "r+b" "rb+" "w+b" "wb+" "a+b" "ab+" without b means text file, with b means binary file The default FILEMODE is "r" -- open an existing text file for reading. The read and write functions perform I/O on text files. I/O to binary files may be performed explicitly using the save and restore functions, or implicitly by using the stream variable F as if it were a data structure instance (e.g.- f.x refers to variable x in the binary file f). SEE ALSO: create, close, read, write, rdline, bookmark, backup, rename, remove, save, restore */ open102 /* SEE close102 */ openb /* DOCUMENT file= openb(filename) or file= openb(filename, clogfile) open the existing file FILENAME for read-only binary I/O. (Use updateb or createb, respectively, to open an existing file with read-write access or to create a new file.) If the CLOGFILE argument is supplied, it represents the structure of FILENAME in the Clog binary data description language. After an openb, the file variable may be used to extract variables from the file as if it were a structure instance. That is, the expression "file.var" refers to the variable "var" in file "file". A complete list of the variable names present in the file may be obtained using the get_vars function. If the file contains history records, the jt and jc functions may be used to set the current record -- initially, the first record is current. The restore function may be used to make memory copies of data in the file; this will be faster than a large number of references to "file.var". FROM openb TO poly SEE ALSO: updateb, createb, open, cd show, jt, jc, restore get_vars, get_times, get_ncycs, get_member, has_records set_blocksize, dump_clog, read_clog, recover_file openb_hooks, open102, close102, get_addrs */ openb_hooks /* DOCUMENT openb_hooks array of names of functions to be tried by openb if the file to be opened is not a PDB file. By default, openb_hooks= ["_not_pdbf", "_not_cdf"]. The hook functions will be called with the file as argument (e.g.- _not_cdf(file)), beginning with openb_hooks(1), until one of them returns 0. Note that a hook should return 0 if it "recognizes" the file as one that it should be able to open, but finds that the file is misformatted (alternatively, it could call error to abort the whole process). */ orgsof /* DOCUMENT orgsof(object) returns a vector of integers describing the dimensions of OBJECT. The format of the vector is [number of dims, origin1, origin2, ...]. By default, dimension origins are ignored, but use_origins changes this. The dimsof function returns the length of each dimension. *** NOTE NOTE NOTE *** Unless use_origins(1) is in effect, orgsof will always return 1 for all of the originI in the list. Thus, whether use_origins(1) is in effect or not, you are guaranteed that x(orgsof(x)(2)) is the first element of x. SEE ALSO: dimsof, typeof, structof, numberof, sizeof, use_origins */ pc_primitives /* DOCUMENT pc_primitives, file sets FILE primitive data types to be native to IBM PC. */ pi /* DOCUMENT pi roughly 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288 */ poly /* DOCUMENT poly(x, a0, a1, a2, ..., aN) returns the polynomial A0 + A1*x + A2*x^2 + ... + AN*X^N The data type and dimensions of the result, and conformability rules for the inputs are identical to those for the expression. */ FROM pr1 TO process_argv pr1 /* DOCUMENT pr1(x) returns text representing expression X, equivalent to print(X)(1). SEE ALSO: print, swrite */ print /* DOCUMENT print, object1, object2, object3, ... or print(object1, object2, object3, ...) prints an ASCII representation of the OBJECTs, in roughly the format they could appear in Yorick source code. When invoked as a subroutine (in the first form), output is to the terminal. When invoked as a function (int the second form), the output is stored as a vector of strings, one string per line that would have been output. Printing a structure definition prints the structure definition; printing a function prints its "func" definition; printing files, bookmarks, and other objects generally provides some sort of useful description of the object. SEE ALSO: pr1, print_format, write, exit, error, nameof, typeof */ print_format /* DOCUMENT print_format, line_length, char=, short=, int=, float=, double=, complex=, pointer= sets the format string the print function will use for each of the basic data types. Yorick format strings are the same as the format strings for the printf function defined in the ANSI C standard. The default strings may be restored individually by setting the associated format string to ""; all defaults are restored if print_format is invoked with no arguments. The default format strings are: "0x%02x", "%d", "%d", "%ld", "%g", "%g", and "%g%+gi". Note that char and short values are converted to int before being passed to printf, and that float is converted to double. If present, an integer positional argument is taken as the line length; <=0 restores the default line length of 80 characters. SEE ALSO: print, write, nameof, typeof */ process_argv /* DOCUMENT remaining= process_argv() -or- remaining= process_argv("your startup message") Performs standard command line processing. This function is invoked by the default custom.i file (in $Y_HOME/include); you can also invoke it from your personal ~/Yorick/custom.i file. The process_argv calls get_argv, removes any arguments of the form "-ifilename" or "-i filename" (the latter is a pair of arguments. It returns any arguments not of this form as its result, after including any filenames it found in the order they appeared on the command line. The optional string argument may be an array of strings to print a multi-line message. SEE ALSO: batch */ FROM ptcen TO randomize ptcen /* DOCUMENT ptcen(zncen) or ptcen(zncen, ireg) returns point centered version of the 2-D zone centered array ZNCEN. The result is imax-by-jmax if ZNCEN is (imax-1)-by-(jmax-1). If the region number array IREG is specified, zones with region number 0 are not included in the point centering operation. Note that IREG should have dimensions imax-by-jmax; the first row and column of IREG are ignored. Without IREG, ptcen(zncen) is equivalent to zncen(pcen,pcen). SEE ALSO: zncen, uncen */ quit /* DOCUMENT quit Exit YMainLoop when current task finishes. Normally this terminates the program. */ random /* DOCUMENT random(dimension_list) random_seed, seed returns an array of random double values with the given DIMENSION_LIST (nil for a scalar result), uniformly distributed on the interval from 0.0 to 1.0. The algorithm is from Press and Teukolsky, Computers in Physics, vol. 6, no. 5, Sep/Oct 1992 (ran2). They offer a reward of $1000 to anyone who can exhibit a statistical test that this random number generator fails in a "non-trivial" way. The random_seed call reinitializes the random number sequence; SEED should be between 0.0 and 1.0 non-inclusive; if SEED is omitted, nil, or out of range, the sequence is reinitialized as when Yorick starts. The numbers are actually at the centers of 2147483562 equal width bins on the interval [0,1]. Although only these 2 billion numbers are possible, the period of the generator is roughly 2.3e18. SEE ALSO: randomize */ random_seed /* SEE random */ randomize /* DOCUMENT randomize randomize() set the seed for random "randomly" (based on the timer clock and the current state of random). As a function, returns the value of the seed passed to random_seed. SEE ALSO: random, random_seed */ FROM rdline TO read rdline /* DOCUMENT rdline(f) or rdline(f, n, prompt= pstring) returns next line from stream F (stdin if F nil). If N is non-nil, returns a string array containing the next N lines of F. If end-of-file occurs, rdline returns nil strings. If F is nil, uses the PSTRING to prompt for input (default "read> "). SEE ALSO: read, open, close, bookmark, backup, read_n */ read /* DOCUMENT n= read(f, format=fstring, obj1, obj2, ...) or n= read(prompt= pstring, format=fstring, obj1, obj2, ...) or n= sread(source, format=fstring, obj1, obj2, ...) reads text from I/O stream F (1st form), or from the keyboard (2nd form), or from the string or string array SOURCE (3rd form), interprets it according to the optional FSTRING, and uses that interpretation to assign values to OBJ1, OBJ2, ... If the input is taken from the keyboard, the optional prompt PSTRING (default "read> ") is printed before each line is read. The Yorick write function does not interact with the read function -- writes are always to end-of-file, and do not affect the sequence of lines returned by read. The backup (and bookmark) function is the only way to change the sequence of lines returned by read. There must be one non-supressed conversion specifier (see below) in FSTRING for each OBJ to be read; the type of the conversion specifier must generally match the type of the OBJ. That is, an integer OBJ requires an integer specifier (d, i, o, u, or x) in FSTRING, a real OBJ requires a real specifier (e, f, or g), and a string OBJ requires a string specifier (s or []). An OBJ may not be complex, a pointer, a structure instance, or any non- array Yorick object. If FSTRING is not supplied, or if it has fewer conversion specifiers than the number of OBJ arguments, then Yorick supplies default specifiers ("%ld" for integers, "%lg" for reals, and "%s" for strings). If FSTRING contains more specifiers than there are OBJ arguments, the part of FSTRING beginning with the first specifier with no OBJ is ignored. The OBJ may be scalar or arrays, but the dimensions of every OBJ must be identical. If the OBJ are arrays, Yorick behaves as if the read were called in a loop numberof(OBJ1) times, filling one array element of each of the OBJ according to FSTRING on each pass through the loop. (Note that this behavior includes the case of reading columns of numbers by a single call to read.) The return value N is the total number of scalar assignments which were made as a result of this call. (If there were 4 OBJ arguments, and each was an array with 17 elements, a return value of N==35 would mean the following: The first 8 elements of OBJ1, OBJ2, OBJ3, and OBJ4 were read, and the 9th element of OBJ1, OBJ2, and OBJ3 was read.) The read function sets any elements of the OBJ which were not read to zero -- hence, independent of the returned N, the all of the old data in the OBJ arguments is overwritten. FROM read TO read The read or sread functions continue reading until either: (1) all elements of all OBJ have been filled, or (2) end-of-file (or end of SOURCE for sread) is reached ("input failure"), or (3) part of FSTRING or a conversion specifier supplied by default fails to match the source text ("matching failure"). The FSTRING is composed of a series of "directives" which are (1) whitespace -- means to skip any amount of whitespace in the source text (2) characters other than whitespace and % -- must match the characters in the source text exactly, or matching failure occurs and the read operation stops (3) conversion specifiers beginning with % and ending with a character specifying the type of conversion -- optionally skip whitespace, then convert as many characters as continue to "look like" the conversion type, possibly producing a matching failure The conversion specifier is of the form %*WSC, where: * is either the character '*' or not present A specifier beginning with %* does not correspond to any of the OBJ; the converted value will be discarded. W is either a positive decimal integer specifying the maximum field width (not including any skipped leading whitespace), or not present if any number of characters up to end-of-line is acceptable. S is either one of the characters 'h', 'l', or 'L', or not present. Yorick allows this for compatibility with the C library functions, but ignores it. C is a character specifying the type of conversion: d - decimal integer i - decimal, octal (leading 0), or hex (leading 0x) integer o - octal integer u - unsigned decimal integer (same as d for Yorick) x, X - hex integer e, f, g, E, G - floating point real s - string of non-whitespace characters [xxx] - (xxx is any sequence of characters) longest string of characters matching those in the list [^xxx] - longest string of characters NOT matching those in the list (this is how you can extend %s to be delimited by something other than whitespace) % - the ordinary % character; complete conversion specification must be "%%" The read function is modeled on the ANSI standard C library fscanf and sscanf functions, but differs in several respects: (1) Yorick's read cannot handle the %c, %p, or %n conversion specifiers in FSTRING. (2) Yorick's read never results in a portion of a line being read -- any unused part of a line is simply discarded (end FSTRING with "%[^\n]" if you want to save the trailing part of an input line). FROM read TO reshape (3) As a side effect of (2), there are some differences between fscanf and Yorick's read in how whitespace extending across newlines is handled. SEE ALSO: rdline, write, open, close, bookmark, backup, save, restore, read_n */ read_clog /* DOCUMENT file= read_clog(file, clog_name) raw routine to set the binary data structure of FILE according to the text description in the Contents Log file CLOG_NAME. */ read_n /* DOCUMENT read_n, f, n0, n1, n2, ... grabs the next numbers N0, N1, N2, ... from file F, skipping over any whitespace, comma, semicolon, or colon delimited tokens which are not numbers. (Actually, only the first and last characters of the token have to look like a number -- 4xxx3 would be read as 4.) ***WARNING*** at most ten Ns are allowed The Ns can be arrays, provided all have the same dimensions. SEE ALSO: read, rdline */ recover_file /* DOCUMENT recover_file, filename or recover_file, filename, clogfile writes the descriptive information at the end of a corrupted binary file FILENAME from its Contents Log file CLOGFILE, which is FILENAME+"L" by default. */ remove /* SEE rename */ rename /* DOCUMENT rename, old_filename, new_filename remove filename rename or remove a file. SEE ALSO: open, close, openb, closeb */ require /* SEE include */ reshape /* DOCUMENT reshape, reference, address, type, dimension_list or reshape, reference, type, dimension_list or reshape, reference The REFERENCE must be an unadorned variable, not an expression; reshape sets this variable to an LValue at the specified ADDRESS with the specified TYPE and DIMENSION_LIST. (See the array function documentation for acceptable DIMENSION_LIST formats.) If ADDRESS is an integer (e.g.- a long), the programmer is responsible for assuring that the data at ADDRESS is valid. FROM reshape TO set_blocksize If ADDRESS is a (Yorick) pointer, Yorick will assure that the data pointed to will not be discarded, and the reshape will fail if TYPE and DIMENSION_LIST extend beyond the pointee bounds. In the second form, ADDRESS is taken to be &REFERENCE; that is, the TYPE and DIMENSION_LIST of the variable are changed without doing any type conversion. In the third form, REFERENCE is set to nil ([]). (Simple redefinition will not work on a variable defined using reshape.) SEE ALSO: array, dimsof, numberof, is_array */ restore /* SEE save */ save /* DOCUMENT save, file, var1, var2, ... restore, file, var1, var2, ... saves the variables VAR1, VAR2, etc. in the binary file FILE, or restores them from that file. The VARi may be either non-record or record data in the case that FILE contains records. If one of the VARi does not already exist in FILE, it is created by the save command; after add_record, save adds or stores VARi to the current record. See add_record for more. The VARi may be structure definitions (for the save command) to declare data structures for the file. This is necessary only in the case that a record variable is a pointer -- all of the potential data types of pointees must be known. No data structures may be declared using the save command after the first record has been added. If no VARi are present, save saves all array variables, and restore restores every non-record variable in the file if there is no current record, and every variable in the current record if there is one. SEE ALSO: openb, createb, updateb, get_vars, add_record, get_addrs jt, jc, _read, _write, data_align */ sech /* DOCUMENT sech(x) csch(x) returns the hyperbolic secant (1/cosh) or cosecant (1/sinh) of its argument, without overflowing for large x. SEE ALSO: sinh, cosh, tanh, asinh, acosh, atanh */ set_blocksize /* DOCUMENT set_blocksize, file, blocksize sets smallest cache block size for FILE to BLOCKSIZE. BLOCKSIZE is rounded to the next larger number of the form 4096*2^n if necessary; cache blocks for this file will be multiples of BLOCKSIZE bytes long. The default BLOCKSIZE is 0x4000 (16 KB). SEE ALSO: openb, updateb, createb, save, restore, _read, _write */ FROM set_filesize TO show set_filesize /* DOCUMENT set_filesize, file, filesize sets the new family member threshhold for FILE to FILESIZE. Whenever a new record is added (see add_record), if the current file in the FILE family has at least one record and the new record would cause the current file to exceed FILESIZE bytes, a new family member will be created to hold the new record. The default FILESIZE is 0x400000 (4 MB). SEE ALSO: openb, updateb, createb, add_record */ set_path /* DOCUMENT set_path, "dir1:dir2:dir3:..." or set_path sets the include file search path to the specified list of directories. The specified directories are searched left to right for include files specified as relative file names in #include directives, or to the include or require functions. If the argument is omitted, restores the default search path, ".:~/Yorick:Y_LAUNCH/include:Y_SITE/include:Y_SITE/contrib", where y_site is the main Yorick directory for this site. The Y_LAUNCH directory is the directory which contains the executable; this directory is omitted if it is the same as Y_SITE. Only the "end user" should ever call set_path, and then only in his or her custom.i file, for the purpose of placing a more elaborate set of personal directories containing Yorick procedures. For example, if someone else maintains Yorick code you use, you might put their ~/Yorick on your include path. SEE ALSO: Y_LAUNCH, Y_SITE, include, require */ show /* DOCUMENT show, f or show, f, pat or show, f, 1 prints a summary of the variables contained in binary file F. If there are too many variables, use the second form to select only those variables whose first few characters match PAT. In the third form, continues the previous show command where it left off -- this may be necessary for files with large numbers of variables. The variables are printed in alphabetical order down the columns. The print function can be used to obtain other information about F. SEE ALSO: openb, jt, jc */ FROM sign TO sort sign /* DOCUMENT sign(x) returns algebraic sign of it argument, or closest point on the unit circle for complex x. Guaranteed that x==sign(x)*abs(x). sign(0)==+1. SEE ALSO: abs */ sin /* DOCUMENT sin(x) cos(x) tan(x) returns the sine, cosine, or tangent of its argument, which is in radians. SEE ALSO: asin, acos, atan */ sinh /* DOCUMENT sinh(x) cosh(x) tanh(x) returns the hyperbolic sine, cosine, or tangent of its argument. SEE ALSO: sech, csch, asinh, acosh, atanh */ sizeof /* DOCUMENT sizeof(object) returns the size of the object in bytes, or 0 for non-array objects. sizeof(structure_definition) returns the number of bytes per instance. SEE ALSO: dimsof, typeof, structof, numberof */ sort /* DOCUMENT sort(x) or sort(x, which) returns an array of longs with dimsof(X) containing index values such that X(sort(X)) is a monotonically increasing array. X can contain integer, real, or string values. If X has more than one dimension, WHICH determines the dimension to be sorted. The default WHICH is 1, corresponding to the first dimension of X. WHICH can be non-positive to count dimensions from the end of X; in particular a WHICH of 0 will sort the final dimension of X. WARNING: The sort function is non-deterministic if some of the values of X are equal, because the Quick Sort algorithm involves a random selection of a partition element. For information on sorting with multiple keys (and on making sort deterministic), type the following: #include "msort.i" help, msort SEE ALSO: median, digitize, interp, integ, histogram */ FROM span TO strmatch span /* DOCUMENT span(start, stop, n) or span(start, stop, n, which) returns array of N doubles equally spaced from START to STOP. The START and STOP arguments may themselves be arrays, as long as they are conformable. In this case, the result will have one dimension of length N in addition to dimsof(START, STOP). By default, the result will be N-by-dimsof(START, STOP), but if WHICH is specified, the new one of length N will be the WHICHth. WHICH may be non-positive to position the new dimension relative to the end of dimsof(START, STOP); in particular WHICH of 0 produces a result with dimensions dimsof(START, STOP)-by-N. SEE ALSO: spanl, indgen, array */ spanl /* DOCUMENT spanl(start, stop, n) or spanl(start, stop, n, which) similar to the span function, but the result array have N points spaced at equal ratios from START to STOP (that is, equally spaced logarithmically). See span for discussion of WHICH argument. START and STOP must have the same algebraic sign for this to make any sense. SEE ALSO: span, indgen, array */ sqrt /* DOCUMENT sqrt(x) returns the square root of its argument. SEE ALSO: abs, also note the rms range function */ sread /* SEE read */ strlen /* DOCUMENT strlen(string_array) returns an long array with dimsof(STRING_ARRAY) containing the lengths of the strings. The null string (0) is considered to have length 0, just like "". SEE ALSO: strmatch, strpart, strtok */ strmatch /* DOCUMENT strmatch(string_array, pattern) or strmatch(string_array, pattern, case_fold) returns an int array with dimsof(STRING_ARRAY) with 0 where PATTERN was not found in STRING_ARRAY and 1 where it was found. If CASE_FOLD is specified and non-0, the pattern match is insensitive to case, that is, an upper case letter will match the same lower case letter and vice-versa. SEE ALSO: strtok, strpart, strlen */ FROM strpart TO structof strpart /* DOCUMENT strpart(string_array, m:n) returns another string array with the same dimensions as STRING_ARRAY which consists of characters M through N of the original strings. M and N are 1-origin indices; if M is omitted, the default is 1; if N is omitted, the default is the end of the string. If M or N is non-positive, it is interpreted as an index relative to the end of the string, with 0 being the last character, -1 next to last, etc. Finally, the returned string will be shorter than N-M+1 characters if the original doesn't have an Mth or Nth character, with "" (note that this is otherwise impossible) if neither an Mth nor an Nth character exists. A 0 is returned for any string which was 0 on input. SEE ALSO: strmatch, strtok, strlen */ strtok /* DOCUMENT strtok(string_array, delimiters) or strtok(string_array) strips the first token off of each string in STRING_ARRAY. A token is delimited by any of the characters in the string DELIMITERS. If DELIMITERS is blank, nil, or not given, the default DELIMITERS is " \t\n" (blanks, tabs, or newlines). The result is a string array ts with dimensions 2-by-dimsof(STRING_ARRAY); ts(1,) is the first token, and ts(2,) is the remainder of the string (the character which terminated the first token will be in neither of these parts). The ts(2,) part will be 0 (i.e.- the null string) if no more characters remain after ts(1,); the ts(1,) part will be 0 if no token was present. A STRING_ARRAY element may be 0, in which case (0, 0) is returned for that element. SEE ALSO: strmatch, strpart, strlen */ struct_align /* DOCUMENT struct_align, file, alignment in binary file FILE, align new struct members which are themselves struct instances to begin at a byte address which is a multiple of ALIGNMENT. (This affects members declared explicitly by add_member, as well as implicitly by save or add_variable.) If ALIGNMENT is <=0, returns to the default for this machine. The struct alignment is in addition to the alignment implied by the most restrictively aligned member of the struct. Most machines want ALIGNMENT of 1. SEE ALSO: add_member */ structof /* DOCUMENT structof(object) returns the data type of OBJECT, or nil for non-array OBJECTs. Use typeof(object) to get the ASCII name of a the data type. SEE ALSO: typeof, dimsof, numberof, sizeof, nameof */ FROM sum TO symbol_set sum /* DOCUMENT sum(x) returns the scalar sum of all elements of its array argument. SEE ALSO: avg, min, max */ sun3_primitives /* DOCUMENT sun3_primitives, file sets FILE primitive data types to be native to Sun-2 or Sun-3. */ sun_primitives /* DOCUMENT sun_primitives, file sets FILE primitive data types to be native to Sun, HP, IBM, etc. */ swrite /* SEE write */ symbol_def /* DOCUMENT symbol_def(func_name)(arglist) or symbol_def(var_name) invokes the function FUNC_NAME with the specified ARGLIST, returning the return value. ARGLIST may be zero or more arguments. In fact, symbol_def("fname")(arg1, arg2, arg3) is equivalent to fname(arg1, arg2, arg3), so that "fname" can be the name of any variable for which the latter syntax is meaningful -- interpreted function, built-in function, or array. Without an argument list, symbol_def("varname") is equivalent to varname, which allows you to get the value of a variable whose name you must compute. DO NOT OVERUSE THIS FUNCTION. It works around a specific deficiency of the Yorick language -- the lack of pointers to functions -- and should be used for such purposes as hook lists (see openb). SEE ALSO: symbol_set */ symbol_set /* DOCUMENT symbol_set, var_name, value is equivalent to the redefinition varname= value except that var_name="varname" is a string which must be computed. DO NOT OVERUSE THIS FUNCTION. It works around a specific deficiency of the Yorick language -- the lack of pointers to functions, streams, bookmarks, and other special non-array data types. SEE ALSO: symbol_def */ FROM system TO timer_print system /* DOCUMENT system, "shell command line" Passes the command line string to a shell for execution. If the string is constant, you may use the special syntax: $shell command line (A long command line may be continued by ending the line with \ as usual.) The system function syntax allows Yorick to compute parts of the command line string, while the simple $ escape syntax does not. In either case, the only way to get output back from such a command is to redirect it to a file, then read the file. Note that Yorick does not regain control until the subordinate shell finishes. (Yorick will get control back if the command line backgrounds the job.) */ tan /* SEE sin */ tanh /* SEE sinh */ timer /* DOCUMENT timer, elapsed or timer, elapsed, split updates the ELAPSED and optionally SPLIT timing arrays. These arrays must each be of type array(double,3); the layout is [cpu, system, wall], with all three times measured in seconds. ELAPSED is updated to the total times elapsed since this copy of Yorick started. SPLIT is incremented by the difference between the new values of ELAPSED and the values of ELAPSED on entry. This feature allows for primitive code profiling by keeping separate accounting of time usage in several categories, e.g.-- elapsed= total= cat1= cat2= cat3= array(double, 3); timer, elapsed, total; ... category 1 code ... timer, elapsed, cat1; ... category 2 code ... timer, elapsed, cat2; ... category 3 code ... timer, elapsed, cat3; ... more category 2 code ... timer, elapsed, cat2; timer, elapsed, total; The wall time is not absolutely reliable, owning to possible rollover at midnight. SEE ALSO: timestamp, timer_print */ timer_print /* DOCUMENT timer_print, label1, split1, label2, split2, ... or timer_print or timer_print, label_total prints out a timing summary for splits accumulated by timer. SEE ALSO: timer */ FROM timestamp TO uncen timestamp /* DOCUMENT timestamp() returns string of the form "Sun Jan 3 15:14:13 1988" -- always has 24 characters. SEE ALSO: timer */ transpose /* DOCUMENT transpose(x) or transpose(x, permutation1, permutation2, ...) transpose the first and last dimensions of array X. In the second form, each PERMUTATION specifies a simple permutation of the dimensions of X. These permutations are compounded left to right to determine the final permutation to be applied to the dimensions of X. Each PERMUTATION is either an integer or a 1D array of integers. A 1D array specifies a cyclic permutation of the dimensions as follows: [3, 5, 2] moves the 3rd dimension to the 5th dimension, the 5th dimension to the 2nd dimension, and the 2nd dimension to the 3rd dimension. Non-positive numbers count from the end of the dimension list of X, so that 0 is the final dimension, -1 in the next to last, etc. A scalar PERMUTATION is a shorthand for a cyclic permutation of all of the dimensions of X. The value of the scalar is the dimension to which the 1st dimension will move. Examples: Let x have dimsof(x) equal [6, 1,2,3,4,5,6] in order to be able to easily identify a dimension by its length. Then: dimsof(x) == [6, 1,2,3,4,5,6] dimsof(transpose(x)) == [6, 6,2,3,4,5,1] dimsof(transpose(x,[1,2])) == [6, 2,1,3,4,5,6] dimsof(transpose(x,[1,0])) == [6, 6,2,3,4,5,1] dimsof(transpose(x,2)) == [6, 6,1,2,3,4,5] dimsof(transpose(x,0)) == [6, 2,3,4,5,6,1] dimsof(transpose(x,3)) == [6, 5,6,1,2,3,4] dimsof(transpose(x,[4,6,3],[2,5])) == [6, 1,5,6,3,2,4] */ typeof /* DOCUMENT typeof(object) returns a string describing the type of object. For the basic data types, these are "char", "short", "int", "long", "float", "double", "complex", "string", "pointer", "struct_instance", "void", "range", "struct_definition", "function", "builtin", and "stream". SEE ALSO: structof, dimsof, sizeof, numberof, nameof */ uncen /* DOCUMENT uncen(ptcen) or uncen(ptcen, ireg) returns zone centered version of the 2-D zone centered array PTCEN. The result is (imax-1)-by-(jmax-1) if PTCEN is imax-by-jmax. If the region number array IREG is specified, zones with region number 0 are not included in the point centering operation. Note that IREG should have dimensions imax-by-jmax, like the input PTCEN array; the first row and column of IREG are ignored. FROM uncen TO vaxg_primitives Without IREG, uncen(ptcen) is equivalent to ptcen(uncp,uncp). Do not use uncen to zone center data which is naturally point centered -- use the zncen function for that purpose. The uncen function is the (nearly) exact inverse of the ptcen function, so that uncen(ptcen(zncen, ireg), ireg) will return the original zncen array. The uncen reconstruction is as exact as possible, given the finite precision of floating point operations. SEE ALSO: ptcen, zncen */ updateb /* DOCUMENT file= updateb(filename) or file= updateb(filename, primitives) open a binary date file FILENAME for update (mode "r+b"). The optional PRIMITIVES argument is as for the createb function. If the file exists, it is opened as if by openb(filename), otherwise a new PDB file is created as if by createb(filename). SEE ALSO: openb, createb, cd, save, restore, get_vars, get_addrs close102, close102_default, open102, at_pdb_open, at_pdb_close */ use_origins /* DOCUMENT dummy= use_origins(dont_force) Yorick array dimensions have an origin as well as a length. By default, this origin is 1 (like FORTRAN arrays, unlike C arrays). However, the array function and the pseudo-index (-) can be used to produce arrays with other origins. Initially, the origin of an array index is ignored by Yorick; the first element of any array has index 1. You can change this default behavior by calling use_origins with non-zero DONT_FORCE, and restore the default behavior by calling use_origins(0). When the returned object DUMMY is destroyed, either by return from the function in which it is a local variable, or by explicit redefintion of the last reference to it, the treatment of array index origins reverts to the behavior prior to the call to use_origins. Thus, you can call use_origins at the top of a function and not worry about restoring the external behavior before every possible return (including errors). SEE ALSO: array, dimsof, orgsof */ vax_primitives /* DOCUMENT vax_primitives, file sets FILE primitive data types to be native to VAXen, H-double, only. */ vaxg_primitives /* DOCUMENT vaxg_primitives, file sets FILE primitive data types to be native to VAXen, G-double, only. */ FROM volume TO write volume /* DOCUMENT volume(r, z) returns the zonal volumes of the 2-D cylindrical mesh (R, Z). If R and Z are imax-by-jmax, the result is (imax-1)-by-(jmax-1). The volume is positive when, say, Z increases with i and R increases with j. For example, volume([[0,0],[1,1]],[[0,1],[0,1]]) is +pi. SEE ALSO: area */ warranty /* SEE copyright */ where /* DOCUMENT where(x) returns the vector of longs which is the index list of non-zero values in the array x. Thus, where([[0,1,3],[2,0,4]]) would return [2,3,4,6]. If noneof(x), where(x) is a special range function which will return a nil value if used to index an array; hence, if noneof(x), then x(where(x)) is nil. If x is a non-zero scalar, then where(x) returns a scalar value. The rather recondite behavior for scalars and noneof(x) provides maximum performance when the merge function to be used with the where function. SEE ALSO: where2, merge, merge2 allof, anyof, noneof, nallof, sort */ where2 /* DOCUMENT where2(x) like where(x), but the returned list is decomposed into indices according to the dimensions of x. The returned list is always 2 dimensional, with the second dimension the same as the dimension of where(x). The first dimension has length corresponding to the number of dimensions of x. Thus, where2([[0,1,3],[2,0,4]]) would return [[2,1],[3,1],[1,2],[3,2]]. If noneof(x), where2 returns [] (i.e.- nil). SEE ALSO: where, merge, merge2, allof, anyof, noneof, nallof, sort */ write /* DOCUMENT n= write(f, format=fstring, linesize=l, obj1, obj2, ...) n= write(format=fstring, linesize=l, obj1, obj2, ...) or strings= swrite(format=fstring, linesize=l, obj1, obj2, ...) writes text to I/O stream F (1st form), or to the terminal (2nd form), or to the STRINGS string array (3rd form), representing arrays OBJ1, OBJ2, ..., according to the optional FSTRING. The optional linesize L defaults to 80 characters, and helps restrict line lengths when FSTRING is not given, or does not contain newline directives. The write function always appends to the end of a text file; the position for a sequence of reads is not affected by intervening writes. There must be one conversion specifier (see below) in FSTRING for each OBJ to be written; the type of the conversion specifier must generally match the type of the OBJ. That is, an integer OBJ requires an integer specifier (d, i, o, u, x, or c) in FSTRING, FROM write TO write a real OBJ requires a real specifier (e, f, or g), a string OBJ requires the string specifier (s), and a pointer OBJ requires a the pointer specifier (p). An OBJ may not be complex, a structure instance, or any non-array Yorick object. If FSTRING is not supplied, or if it has fewer conversion specifiers than the number of OBJ arguments, then Yorick supplies default specifiers (" %8ld" for integers, " %14.6lg" for reals, " %s" for strings, and " %8p" for pointers). If FSTRING contains more specifiers than there are OBJ arguments, the part of FSTRING beginning with the first specifier with no OBJ is ignored. The OBJ may be scalar or arrays, but the dimensions of the OBJ must be conformable. If the OBJ are arrays, Yorick behaves as if he write were called in a loop dimsof(OBJ1, OBJ2, ...) times, writing one array element of each of the OBJ according to FSTRING on each pass through the loop. The swrite function returns a string array with dimensions dimsof(OBJ1, OBJ2, ...). The write function inserts a newline between passes through the array if the line produced by the previous pass did not end with a newline, and if the total number of characters output since the previous inserted newline, plus the number of characters about to be written on the current pass, would exceed L characters (L defaults to 80). The write function returns the total number of characters output. The FSTRING is composed of a series of "directives" which are (1) characters other than % -- copied directly to output (2) conversion specifiers beginning with % and ending with a character specifying the type of conversion -- specify how to convert an OBJ into characters for output The conversion specifier is of the form %FW.PSC, where: F is zero or more optional flags: - left justify in field width + signed conversion will begin with either + or - (space) signed conversion will begin with either space or - # alternate form (see description of each type below) 0 pad field width with leading 0s instead of leading spaces W is either a decimal integer specifying the minimum field width (padded as specified by flags), or not present to use the minimum number of characters required. .P is either a decimal integer specifying the precision of the result, or not present to get the default. For integers, this is the number of digits to be printed (possibly forcing leading zeroes), and defaults to 1. For reals, this is the number of digits after the decimal point, and defaults to 6. For strings, this is the maximum number of characters to print, and defaults to infinity. S is either one of the characters 'h', 'l', or 'L', or not present. Yorick allows this for compatibility with the C library functions, but ignores it. C is a character specifying the type of conversion: d, i - decimal integer o - octal integer (# forces leading 0) u - unsigned decimal integer (same as d for Yorick) x, X - hex integer (# forces leading 0x) FROM write TO zncen f - floating point real in fixed point notation (# forces decimal) e, E - floating point real in scientific notation g, G - floating point real in fixed or scientific notation depending on the value converted (# forces decimal) s - string of ASCII characters c - integer printed as corresponding ASCII character p - pointer % - the ordinary % character; complete conversion specification must be "%%" The write function is modeled on the ANSI standard C library fprintf and sprintf functions, but differs in several respects: (1) Yorick's write cannot handle the %n conversion specifier in FSTRING. (2) Yorick's write may insert additional newlines if the OBJ are arrays, to avoid extremely long output lines. SEE ALSO: print, exit, error, read, rdline, open, close, save, restore */ xdr_primitives /* DOCUMENT xdr_primitives, file sets FILE primitive data types to be XDR (external data representation). */ yorick_stats /* DOCUMENT yorick_stats returns an array of longs describing Yorick memory usage. For debugging. See ydata.c source code. */ zncen /* DOCUMENT zncen(ptcen) or zncen(ptcen, ireg) returns zone centered version of the 2-D point centered array PTCEN. The result is (imax-1)-by-(jmax-1) if PTCEN is imax-by-jmax. If the region number array IREG is specified, zones with region number 0 are not included in the point centering operation. Note that IREG should have dimensions imax-by-jmax, like the input PTCEN array; the first row and column of IREG are ignored. Without IREG, zncen(ptcen) is equivalent to ptcen(zcen,zcen). SEE ALSO: ptcen, uncen */