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- AN INTRODUCTION TO USING ONLINE SERVICES
- Copyright 1990 by DATASTORM TECHNOLOGIES
-
- In the beginning...
-
- ...microcomputers were small, self-contained universes. It took a lot of
- determination, even courage, to learn to use them. The excitement they
- generated in their users had more to do with possibilities than with
- accomplishments.
-
- But those possibilities drove programmers, who immediately set out to
- connect their personal computers to each other. They wrote simple
- communications programs, and invented "protocols" (and programs
- incorporating them) to handle the complicated task of sending and receiving
- files from computer to computer across phone lines. Their programs spoke to
- "modems" (MOdulation-DEModulation devices), which had been around for a
- while, used to connect dumb terminals to mainframes.
-
- A good deal of the excitement of using personal computers now is the ease
- with which we can access and exchange knowledge and ideas. It ties us
- together, makes us a community rather than isolated individuals sitting
- before keyboards and monitors, and provides us with endless possibilities
- for learning and growth. It empowers us in a way that larger, impersonal
- mainframe computers, or any other technology for that matter, has rarely
- been able to do.
-
- WHAT ARE COMPUTER BULLETIN BOARDS?
-
- A "bulletin board system" ('BBS' for short) usually exists physically as a
- program or set of programs running on a computer linked to the telephone
- system by means of one or more modems. The purpose of the program is to
- make it easy for you to call in with your computer and communications
- program, read and leave messages, send and receive private electronic mail
- messages, upload and download files, and possibly converse with other users
- logged into the bulletin board in real time (called "chatting" or
- "conferencing").
-
- BBS' are managed by a "systems operator", usually known in the BBS message
- system as "SYSOP". That person is responsible for taking care of the day to
- day business of the board, which includes reading and possibly responding to
- new messages left by users, deleting old and inappropriate messages, and
- populating and culling the files in the file download areas (sometimes known
- as directories or libraries). The sysop is legally responsible for the
- information posted on the BBS, and must guard against questionable or
- illegal messages and file uploads. The sysop must examine all files
- uploaded before making them available for download, for example, to guard
- against uploads of commercial, copyrighted, programs, among others.
-
- If you have a question about how a particular BBS works, you should post
- your question to that system's sysop. Before doing that, however, you
- should capture and read all of the available help files and bulletins posted
- by the sysop. Some BBS's require you to read or download bulletins or help
- files before you are given full access to the board's features.
-
-
- WHAT ARE ONLINE SERVICES?
-
- The term "online service" refers to any of several data communications
- network systems that provide information and other services to users
- remotely connected via computer and modem. They differ from bulletin board
- systems in size, scope of services provided, and in the way you connect to
- the service. They are almost always fee-based services, charging a monthly
- subscription fee or a fee for connect time, or both. Some systems, mainly
- outside of the United States, charge by the amount of data sent and received
- as well.
-
- In the United States, the largest of these systems is the CompuServe
- Information Service. Others include GEnie (General Electric Information
- Service), Prodigy (IBM and Sears), the WELL (Whole Earth 'Lectronic Link),
- and many others. Some, like Dialog, Dow Jones, Lexis, Nexis, etc. provide
- access to large databases of information in various specialty fields.
-
-
- WHAT IS E-MAIL?
-
- Electronic mail is like "ground mail" - a way to send and receive messages
- and other information, including files with programs, pictures, or any other
- data in them. It's usually much quicker than ground mail. An e-mail
- message sent on any bulletin board or online service can usually be received
- within minutes by the receiver. E-mail messages are generally considered
- private, although a sysop's liability for the information on a board means
- all messages may be subject to scrutiny, including private messages and
- electronic mail. Generally you should not send e-mail or private messages to
- another person if the contents *must* not be seen by others. In this
- regard, e-mail is similar to ground mail, which may also be legally opened
- and examined by postal employees if circumstances require it.
-
-
- WHAT IS A FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL?
-
- A "protocol" is simply an agreement among parties that allows communications
- to happen. In order to send and receive files between computers, common
- methods must be used on both sides of the connection to assure that what is
- received agrees with what was sent.
-
- This is accomplished by creating programs that send and receive files - one
- for each task - incorporating a specific set of agreements, or protocols.
- Thus, to send a file from one computer to another, compatible protocols
- (file transfer programs) must be started on both ends of the link. Those
- programs "handshake" with each other to establish the timing and order of
- events used to actually send and receive the data in the file.
-
- There are a variety of file transfer protocols and programs implementing
- them. Which one to choose will depend on factors like the connection type
- and speed, line quality, the type of modems in use, and personal favorites
- (what you're used to using). Since identical or compatible programs must be
- used on both sides of a connection, your choices may be limited by what's
- available on the computer or BBS or service to which you're connected.
-
- The most commonly available transfer protocols are XMODEM and Kermit. Other
- popular protocols include 1K-XMODEM, YMODEM, ZMODEM, and (on CompuServe)
- CompuServe-B+.
-
-