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Perl POD Document | 2004-03-20 | 70.6 KB | 2,019 lines

# Net::SSLeay.pm - Perl module for using Eric Young's implementation of SSL # # Copyright (c) 1996-2002 Sampo Kellomaki <sampo@iki.fi>, All Rights Reserved. # Version 1.04, 31.3.1999 # 30.7.1999, Tracking OpenSSL-0.9.3a changes, --Sampo # 31.7.1999, version 1.05 --Sampo # 7.4.2001, fixed input error upon 0, OpenSSL-0.9.6a, version 1.06 --Sampo # 18.4.2001, added TLSv1 support by Stephen C. Koehler # <koehler@securecomputing.com>, version 1.07, --Sampo # 25.4.2001, 64 bit fixes by Marko Asplund <aspa@kronodoc.fi> --Sampo # 17.4.2001, more error codes from aspa --Sampo # 25.9.2001, added heaps and piles of newer OpenSSL auxiliary functions --Sampo # 6.11.2001, got rid of $p_errs madness --Sampo # 9.11.2001, added EGD (entropy gathering daemon) reference info --Sampo # 7.12.2001, Added proxy support by Bruno De Wolf <bruno.dewolf@@pandora._be> # 6.1.2002, cosmetic fix to socket options from Kwindla Hultman Kramer <kwindla@@allafrica_.com> # 25.3.2002, added post_https_cert and friends per patch from # mock@@obscurity.ogr, --Sampo # 3.4.2002, added `use bytes' from Marcus Taylor <marcus@@semantico_.com> # This avoids unicode/utf8 (as may appear in some XML docs) # from fooling the length comuptations. Dropped support for # perl5.005_03 because I do not have opportunity to test it. --Sampo # 5.4.2002, improved Unicode gotcha eliminator to support old perls --Sampo # 8.4.2002, added a small line end fix from Petr Dousa (pdousa@@kerio_.com) # 17.5.2002, Added BIO_s_mem, BIO_new, BIO_free, BIO_write, BIO_read # BIO_eof, BIO_pending, BIO_wpending, RSA_generate_key, RSA_free # --mikem@open._com.au # 10.8.2002, Added SSL_peek patch to ssl_read_until from # Peter Behroozi <peter@@fhpwireless_.com> --Sampo # 21.8.2002, Added SESSION_get_master_key, SSL_get_client_random, SSL_get_server_random # --mikem@open.com_.au # 2.9.2002, Added SSL_CTX_get_cert_store, X509_STORE_add_cert, X509_STORE_add_crl # X509_STORE_set_flags, X509_load_cert_file, X509_load_crl_file # X509_load_cert_crl_file, PEM_read_bio_X509_CRL, # constants for X509_V_FLAG_* in order to support certificate revocation lists. # --mikem@open.com_.au # 6.9.2002, fixed X509_STORE_set_flags to X509_STORE_CTX_set_flags, --Sampo # 19.9.2002, applied patch from Tim Engler <tim@burntcouch_.com> # $Id: SSLeay.pm,v 1.18 2002/08/21 17:52:41 sampo Exp $ # # The distribution and use of this module are subject to the conditions # listed in LICENSE file at the root of OpenSSL-0.9.6c # distribution (i.e. free, but mandatory attribution and NO WARRANTY). package Net::SSLeay; use strict; use Carp; use vars qw($VERSION @ISA @EXPORT @EXPORT_OK $AUTOLOAD $CRLF); use Socket; use Errno; require Exporter; require DynaLoader; use AutoLoader; # 0=no warns, 1=only errors, 2=ciphers, 3=progress, 4=dump data $Net::SSLeay::trace = 0; # Do not change here, use # $Net::SSLeay::trace = [1-4] in caller # 2 = insist on v2 SSL protocol # 3 = insist on v3 SSL # 10 = insist on TLSv1 # 0 or undef = guess (v23) # $Net::SSLeay::ssl_version = 0; #define to enable the "cat /proc/$$/stat" stuff $Net::SSLeay::linux_debug = 0; # Number of seconds to sleep after sending message and before half # closing connection. Useful with antiquated broken servers. $Net::SSLeay::slowly = 0; # don't change here, use # Net::SSLeay::version=[2,3,0] in caller # RANDOM NUMBER INITIALIZATION # # Edit to your taste. Using /dev/random would be more secure, but may # block if randomness is not available, thus the default is # /dev/urandom. $how_random determines how many bits of randomness to take # from the device. You should take enough (read SSLeay/doc/rand), but # beware that randomness is limited resource so you should not waste # it either or you may end up with randomness depletion (situation where # /dev/random would block and /dev/urandom starts to return predictable # numbers). # # N.B. /dev/urandom does not exit on all systems, such as Solaris. In that # case you should get a third party package that emulates /dev/urandom # (e.g. via named pipe) or supply a random number file. Some such # packages are documented in Caveat section of the POD documentation. $Net::SSLeay::random_device = '/dev/urandom'; $Net::SSLeay::how_random = 512; $VERSION = '1.21'; @ISA = qw(Exporter DynaLoader); @EXPORT_OK = qw( AT_MD5_WITH_RSA_ENCRYPTION CB_ACCEPT_EXIT CB_ACCEPT_LOOP CB_CONNECT_EXIT CB_CONNECT_LOOP CK_DES_192_EDE3_CBC_WITH_MD5 CK_DES_192_EDE3_CBC_WITH_SHA CK_DES_64_CBC_WITH_MD5 CK_DES_64_CBC_WITH_SHA CK_DES_64_CFB64_WITH_MD5_1 CK_IDEA_128_CBC_WITH_MD5 CK_NULL CK_NULL_WITH_MD5 CK_RC2_128_CBC_EXPORT40_WITH_MD5 CK_RC2_128_CBC_WITH_MD5 CK_RC4_128_EXPORT40_WITH_MD5 CK_RC4_128_WITH_MD5 CLIENT_VERSION ERROR_NONE ERROR_SSL ERROR_SYSCALL ERROR_WANT_CONNECT ERROR_WANT_READ ERROR_WANT_WRITE ERROR_WANT_X509_LOOKUP ERROR_ZERO_RETURN CT_X509_CERTIFICATE FILETYPE_ASN1 FILETYPE_PEM F_CLIENT_CERTIFICATE F_CLIENT_HELLO F_CLIENT_MASTER_KEY F_D2I_SSL_SESSION F_GET_CLIENT_FINISHED F_GET_CLIENT_HELLO F_GET_CLIENT_MASTER_KEY F_GET_SERVER_FINISHED F_GET_SERVER_HELLO F_GET_SERVER_VERIFY F_I2D_SSL_SESSION F_READ_N F_REQUEST_CERTIFICATE F_SERVER_HELLO F_SSL_ACCEPT F_SSL_CERT_NEW F_SSL_CONNECT F_SSL_ENC_DES_CBC_INIT F_SSL_ENC_DES_CFB_INIT F_SSL_ENC_DES_EDE3_CBC_INIT F_SSL_ENC_IDEA_CBC_INIT F_SSL_ENC_NULL_INIT F_SSL_ENC_RC2_CBC_INIT F_SSL_ENC_RC4_INIT F_SSL_GET_NEW_SESSION F_SSL_MAKE_CIPHER_LIST F_SSL_NEW F_SSL_READ F_SSL_RSA_PRIVATE_DECRYPT F_SSL_RSA_PUBLIC_ENCRYPT F_SSL_SESSION_NEW F_SSL_SESSION_PRINT_FP F_SSL_SET_CERTIFICATE F_SSL_SET_FD F_SSL_SET_RFD F_SSL_SET_WFD F_SSL_STARTUP F_SSL_USE_CERTIFICATE F_SSL_USE_CERTIFICATE_ASN1 F_SSL_USE_CERTIFICATE_FILE F_SSL_USE_PRIVATEKEY F_SSL_USE_PRIVATEKEY_ASN1 F_SSL_USE_PRIVATEKEY_FILE F_SSL_USE_RSAPRIVATEKEY F_SSL_USE_RSAPRIVATEKEY_ASN1 F_SSL_USE_RSAPRIVATEKEY_FILE F_WRITE_PENDING MAX_MASTER_KEY_LENGTH_IN_BITS MAX_RECORD_LENGTH_2_BYTE_HEADER MAX_RECORD_LENGTH_3_BYTE_HEADER MAX_SSL_SESSION_ID_LENGTH_IN_BYTES MIN_RSA_MODULUS_LENGTH_IN_BYTES MT_CLIENT_CERTIFICATE MT_CLIENT_FINISHED MT_CLIENT_HELLO MT_CLIENT_MASTER_KEY MT_ERROR MT_REQUEST_CERTIFICATE MT_SERVER_FINISHED MT_SERVER_HELLO MT_SERVER_VERIFY NOTHING OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER PE_BAD_CERTIFICATE PE_NO_CERTIFICATE PE_NO_CIPHER PE_UNSUPPORTED_CERTIFICATE_TYPE READING RWERR_BAD_MAC_DECODE RWERR_BAD_WRITE_RETRY RWERR_INTERNAL_ERROR R_BAD_AUTHENTICATION_TYPE R_BAD_CHECKSUM R_BAD_MAC_DECODE R_BAD_RESPONSE_ARGUMENT R_BAD_SSL_FILETYPE R_BAD_SSL_SESSION_ID_LENGTH R_BAD_STATE R_BAD_WRITE_RETRY R_CHALLENGE_IS_DIFFERENT R_CIPHER_CODE_TOO_LONG R_CIPHER_TABLE_SRC_ERROR R_CONECTION_ID_IS_DIFFERENT R_INVALID_CHALLENGE_LENGTH R_NO_CERTIFICATE_SET R_NO_CERTIFICATE_SPECIFIED R_NO_CIPHER_LIST R_NO_CIPHER_MATCH R_NO_CIPHER_WE_TRUST R_NO_PRIVATEKEY R_NO_PUBLICKEY R_NO_READ_METHOD_SET R_NO_WRITE_METHOD_SET R_NULL_SSL_CTX R_PEER_DID_NOT_RETURN_A_CERTIFICATE R_PEER_ERROR R_PEER_ERROR_CERTIFICATE R_PEER_ERROR_NO_CIPHER R_PEER_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED_CERTIFICATE_TYPE R_PERR_ERROR_NO_CERTIFICATE R_PUBLIC_KEY_ENCRYPT_ERROR R_PUBLIC_KEY_IS_NOT_RSA R_PUBLIC_KEY_NO_RSA R_READ_WRONG_PACKET_TYPE R_REVERSE_KEY_ARG_LENGTH_IS_WRONG R_REVERSE_MASTER_KEY_LENGTH_IS_WRONG R_REVERSE_SSL_SESSION_ID_LENGTH_IS_WRONG R_SHORT_READ R_SSL_SESSION_ID_IS_DIFFERENT R_UNABLE_TO_EXTRACT_PUBLIC_KEY R_UNDEFINED_INIT_STATE R_UNKNOWN_REMOTE_ERROR_TYPE R_UNKNOWN_STATE R_UNSUPORTED_CIPHER R_WRONG_PUBLIC_KEY_TYPE R_X509_LIB SERVER_VERSION SESSION SESSION_ASN1_VERSION ST_ACCEPT ST_BEFORE ST_CLIENT_START_ENCRYPTION ST_CONNECT ST_GET_CLIENT_FINISHED_A ST_GET_CLIENT_FINISHED_B ST_GET_CLIENT_HELLO_A ST_GET_CLIENT_HELLO_B ST_GET_CLIENT_MASTER_KEY_A ST_GET_CLIENT_MASTER_KEY_B ST_GET_SERVER_FINISHED_A ST_GET_SERVER_FINISHED_B ST_GET_SERVER_HELLO_A ST_GET_SERVER_HELLO_B ST_GET_SERVER_VERIFY_A ST_GET_SERVER_VERIFY_B ST_INIT ST_OK ST_READ_BODY ST_READ_HEADER ST_SEND_CLIENT_CERTIFICATE_A ST_SEND_CLIENT_CERTIFICATE_B ST_SEND_CLIENT_CERTIFICATE_C ST_SEND_CLIENT_CERTIFICATE_D ST_SEND_CLIENT_FINISHED_A ST_SEND_CLIENT_FINISHED_B ST_SEND_CLIENT_HELLO_A ST_SEND_CLIENT_HELLO_B ST_SEND_CLIENT_MASTER_KEY_A ST_SEND_CLIENT_MASTER_KEY_B ST_SEND_REQUEST_CERTIFICATE_A ST_SEND_REQUEST_CERTIFICATE_B ST_SEND_REQUEST_CERTIFICATE_C ST_SEND_REQUEST_CERTIFICATE_D ST_SEND_SERVER_FINISHED_A ST_SEND_SERVER_FINISHED_B ST_SEND_SERVER_HELLO_A ST_SEND_SERVER_HELLO_B ST_SEND_SERVER_VERIFY_A ST_SEND_SERVER_VERIFY_B ST_SERVER_START_ENCRYPTION ST_X509_GET_CLIENT_CERTIFICATE ST_X509_GET_SERVER_CERTIFICATE TXT_DES_192_EDE3_CBC_WITH_MD5 TXT_DES_192_EDE3_CBC_WITH_SHA TXT_DES_64_CBC_WITH_MD5 TXT_DES_64_CBC_WITH_SHA TXT_DES_64_CFB64_WITH_MD5_1 TXT_IDEA_128_CBC_WITH_MD5 TXT_NULL TXT_NULL_WITH_MD5 TXT_RC2_128_CBC_EXPORT40_WITH_MD5 TXT_RC2_128_CBC_WITH_MD5 TXT_RC4_128_EXPORT40_WITH_MD5 TXT_RC4_128_WITH_MD5 VERIFY_CLIENT_ONCE VERIFY_FAIL_IF_NO_PEER_CERT VERIFY_NONE VERIFY_PEER WRITING X509_LOOKUP X509_V_FLAG_CB_ISSUER_CHECK X509_V_FLAG_USE_CHECK_TIME X509_V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK X509_V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK_ALL X509_V_FLAG_IGNORE_CRITICAL CTX_new CTX_v2_new CTX_v3_new CTX_v23_new CTX_free new free accept clear connect set_fd set_rfd set_wfd get_fd read write peek use_RSAPrivateKey use_RSAPrivateKey_ASN1 use_RSAPrivateKey_file CTX_use_RSAPrivateKey_file use_PrivateKey use_PrivateKey_ASN1 use_PrivateKey_file use_certificate use_certificate_ASN1 use_certificate_file CTX_use_certificate_file load_error_strings ERR_load_SSL_strings state_string rstate_string state_string_long rstate_string_long get_time set_time get_timeout set_timeout copy_session_id set_read_ahead get_read_ahead pending get_cipher_list set_cipher_list get_cipher get_shared_ciphers get_peer_certificate set_verify flush_sessions set_bio get_rbio get_wbio SESSION_new SESSION_print SESSION_free i2d_SSL_SESSION set_session add_session remove_session d2i_SSL_SESSION BIO_f_ssl BIO_new BIO_new_file BIO_s_mem BIO_free BIO_read BIO_write BIO_eof BIO_pending BIO_wpending ERR_get_error ERR_error_string err clear_error X509_get_issuer_name X509_get_subject_name X509_NAME_oneline X509_NAME_get_text_by_NID CTX_get_cert_store X509_STORE_add_cert X509_STORE_add_crl X509_STORE_CTX_set_flags X509_load_cert_file X509_load_crl_file X509_load_cert_crl_file PEM_read_bio_X509_CRL die_if_ssl_error die_now print_errs set_cert_and_key set_server_cert_and_key make_form make_headers do_https get_https post_https sslcat ssl_read_CRLF ssl_read_all ssl_read_until ssl_write_CRLF ssl_write_all dump_peer_certificate RSA_generate_key RSA_free X509_free SESSION_get_master_key get_client_random get_server_random ); sub AUTOLOAD { # This AUTOLOAD is used to 'autoload' constants from the constant() # XS function. If a constant is not found then control is passed # to the AUTOLOAD in AutoLoader. my $constname; ($constname = $AUTOLOAD) =~ s/.*:://; my $val = constant($constname); if ($! != 0) { if ($! =~ /((Invalid)|(not valid))/i || $!{EINVAL}) { $AutoLoader::AUTOLOAD = $AUTOLOAD; goto &AutoLoader::AUTOLOAD; } else { croak "Your vendor has not defined SSLeay macro $constname"; } } eval "sub $AUTOLOAD { $val }"; goto &$AUTOLOAD; } bootstrap Net::SSLeay $VERSION; # Preloaded methods go here. $CRLF = "\x0d\x0a"; # because \r\n is not fully portable ### Print SSLeay error stack sub print_errs { my ($msg) = @_; my ($count, $err, $errs, $e) = (0,0,''); while ($err = ERR_get_error()) { $count ++; $e = "$msg $$: $count - " . ERR_error_string($err) . "\n"; $errs .= $e; warn $e if $Net::SSLeay::trace; } return $errs; } # Death is conditional to SSLeay errors existing, i.e. this function checks # for errors and only dies in affirmative. # usage: Net::SSLeay::write($ssl, "foo") or die_if_ssl_error("SSL write ($!)"); sub die_if_ssl_error { my ($msg) = @_; die "$$: $msg\n" if print_errs($msg); } # Unconditional death. Used to print SSLeay errors before dying. # usage: Net::SSLeay:connect($ssl) or die_now("Failed SSL connect ($!)"); sub die_now { my ($msg) = @_; print_errs($msg); die "$$: $msg\n"; } # Perl 5.6.* unicode support causes that length() no longer reliably # reflects the byte length of a string. This eval is to fix that. # Thanks to Sean Burke for the snippet. BEGIN{ eval 'use bytes; sub blength ($) { length $_[0] }'; $@ and eval ' sub blength ($) { length $_[0] }' ; } # Autoload methods go after =cut, and are processed by the autosplit program. 1; __END__ # Documentation. Use `perl-root/pod/pod2html SSLeay.pm` to output html =head1 NAME Net::SSLeay - Perl extension for using OpenSSL or SSLeay =head1 SYNOPSIS use Net::SSLeay, qw(get_https post_https sslcat make_headers make_form); ($page) = get_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/'); # 1 ($page, $response, %reply_headers) = get_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/', # 2 make_headers(User-Agent => 'Cryptozilla/5.0b1', Referer => 'https://www.bacus.pt' )); ($page, $result, %headers) = # 2b = get_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/protected.html', make_headers(Authorization => 'Basic ' . MIME::Base64::encode("$user:$pass",'')) ); ($page, $response, %reply_headers) = post_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/foo.cgi', '', # 3 make_form(OK => '1', name => 'Sampo' )); $reply = sslcat($host, $port, $request); # 4 ($reply, $err, $server_cert) = sslcat($host, $port, $request); # 5 $Net::SSLeay::trace = 2; # 0=no debugging, 1=ciphers, 2=trace, 3=dump data =head1 DESCRIPTION There is a related module called Net::SSLeay::Handle included in this distribution that you might want to use instead. It has its own pod documentation. This module offers some high level convinience functions for accessing web pages on SSL servers, a sslcat() function for writing your own clients, and finally access to the SSL api of SSLeay/OpenSSL package so you can write servers or clients for more complicated applications. For high level functions it is most convinient to import them to your main namespace as indicated in the synopsis. Case 1 demonstrates typical invocation of get_https() to fetch an HTML page from secure server. The first argument provides host name or ip in dotted decimal notation of the remote server to contact. Second argument is the TCP port at the remote end (your own port is picked arbitrarily from high numbered ports as usual for TCP). The third argument is the URL of the page without the host name part. If in doubt consult HTTP specifications at <http://www.w3c.org> Case 2 demonstrates full fledged use of get_https(). As can be seen, get_https() parses the response and response headers and returns them as a list, which can be captured in a hash for later reference. Also a fourth argument to get_https() is used to insert some additional headers in the request. make_headers() is a function that will convert a list or hash to such headers. By default get_https() supplies Host (make virtual hosting easy) and Accept (reportedly needed by IIS) headers. Case 2b demonstrates how to get password protected page. Refer to HTTP protocol specifications for further details (e.g. RFC2617). Case 3 invokes post_https() to submit a HTML/CGI form to secure server. First four arguments are equal to get_https() (note that empty string ('') is passed as header argument). The fifth argument is the contents of the form formatted according to CGI specification. In this case the helper function make_https() is used to do the formatting, but you could pass any string. The post_https() automatically adds Content-Type and Content-Length headers to the request. Case 4 shows the fundamental sslcat() function (inspired in spirit by netcat utility :-). Its your swiss army knife that allows you to easily contact servers, send some data, and then get the response. You are responsible for formatting the data and parsing the response - sslcat() is just a transport. Case 5 is a full invocation of sslcat() which allows return of errors as well as the server (peer) certificate. The $trace global variable can be used to control the verbosity of high level functions. Level 0 guarantees silence, level 1 (the default) only emits error messages. =head2 Alternate versions of the API The above mentioned functions actually return the response headers as a list, which only gets converted to hash upon assignment (this assignment looses information if the same header occurs twice, as may be the case with cookies). There are also other variants of the functions that return unprocessed headers and that return a reference to a hash. ($page, $response, @headers) = get_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/'); for ($i = 0; $i < $#headers; $i+=2) { print "$headers[$i] = " . $headers[$i+1] . "\n"; } ($page, $response, $headers, $server_cert) = get_https3('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/'); print "$headers\n"; ($page, $response, %headers_ref, $server_cert) = get_https4('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/'); for $k (sort keys %{headers_ref}) { for $v (@{$headers_ref{$k}}) { print "$k = $v\n"; } } All of the above code fragments accomplish the same thing: display all values of all headers. The API functions ending in "3" return the headers simply as a scalar string and it is up to the application to split them up. The functions ending in "4" return a reference to hash of arrays (see perlref and perllol manual pages if you are not familiar with complex perl data structures). To access single value of such header hash you would do something like print $headers_ref{COOKIE}[0]; The variants 3 and 4 also allow you to discover the server certificate in case you would like to store or display it, e.g. ($p, $resp, $hdrs, $server_cert) = get_https3('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/'); if (!defined($server_cert) || ($server_cert == 0)) { warn "Subject Name: undefined, Issuer Name: undefined"; } else { warn 'Subject Name: ' . Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_oneline( Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subject_name($server_cert)) . 'Issuer Name: ' . Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_oneline( Net::SSLeay::X509_get_issuer_name($server_cert)); } Beware that this method only allows after the fact verification of the certificate: by the time get_https3() has returned the https request has already been sent to the server, whether you decide to tryst it or not. To do the verification correctly you must either employ the OpenSSL certificate verification framework or use the lower level API to first connect and verify the certificate and only then send the http data. See implementation of ds_https3() for guidance on how to do this. =head2 Using client certificates Secure web communications are encrypted using symmetric crypto keys exchanged using encryption based on the certificate of the server. Therefore in all SSL connections the server must have a certificate. This serves both to authenticate the server to the clients and to perform the key exchange. Sometimes it is necessary to authenticate the client as well. Two options are available: http basic authentication and client side certificate. The basic authentication over https is actually quite safe because https guarantees that the password will not travel in clear. Never-the-less, problems like easily guessable passwords remain. The client certificate method involves authentication of the client at SSL level using a certificate. For this to work, both the client and the server will have certificates (which typically are different) and private keys. The API functions outlined above accept additional arguments that allow one to supply the client side certificate and key files. The format of these files is the same as used for server certificates and the caveat about encrypting private key applies. ($page, $result, %headers) = # 2c = get_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/protected.html', make_headers(Authorization => 'Basic ' . MIME::Base64::encode("$user:$pass",'')), '', $mime_type6, $path_to_crt7, $path_to_key8); ($page, $response, %reply_headers) = post_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/foo.cgi', # 3b make_headers('Authorization' => 'Basic ' . MIME::Base64::encode("$user:$pass",'')), make_form(OK => '1', name => 'Sampo'), $mime_type6, $path_to_crt7, $path_to_key8); Case 2c demonstrates getting password protected page that also requires client certificate, i.e. it is possible to use both authentication methods simultaneously. Case 3b is full blown post to secure server that requires both password authentication and client certificate, just like in case 2c. Note: Client will not send a certificate unless the server requests one. This is typically achieved by setting verify mode to VERIFY_PEER on the server: Net::SSLeay::set_verify(ssl, Net::SSLeay::VERIFY_PEER, 0); See perldoc ~openssl/doc/ssl/SSL_CTX_set_verify.pod for full description. =head2 Working through Web proxy Net::SSLeay can use a web proxy to make its connections. You need to first set the proxy host and port using set_proxy() and then just use the normal API functions, e.g: Net::SSLeay::set_proxy('gateway.myorg.com', 8080); ($page) = get_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/'); If your proxy requires authentication, you can supply username and password as well Net::SSLeay::set_proxy('gateway.myorg.com', 8080, 'joe', 'salainen'); ($page, $result, %headers) = = get_https('www.bacus.pt', 443, '/protected.html', make_headers(Authorization => 'Basic ' . MIME::Base64::encode("susie:pass",'')) ); This example demonstrates case where we authenticate to the proxy as "joe" and to the final web server as "susie". Proxy authentication requires MIME::Base64 module to work. =head2 Certificate verification and Certificate Revoocation Lists (CRLs) OpenSSL supports the ability to verify peer certificates. It can also optionally check peer certificate against a Certificate Revocation List (CRL) from teh certificates issuer. A CRL is a file, created by the certificate issuer that lists all the certificates that ir previously signed, but which it now revokes. CRLs are in PEM format. You can enable Net::SSLeay CRL checking like this: &Net::SSLeay::X509_STORE_CTX_set_flags (&Net::SSLeay::CTX_get_cert_store($ssl), &Net::SSLeay::X509_V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK); After setting this flag, if OpenSSL checks a peer's certificate, then it will attempt to find a CRL for the issuer. It does this by looking for a specially named file in the sercah directory specified by CTX_load_verify_locations. CRL files are named with the hash of the issuers subject name, followed by .r0, .r1 etc. For example ab1331b2.r0, ab1331b2.r1. It will read all the .r files for the issuer, and then check for a revocation of the peer cerificate in all of them. (You can also force it to look in a specific named CRL file., see below). You can find out the hash of the issuer subject name in a CRL with openssl crl -in crl.pem -hash -noout If the peer certificate does not pass the revocation list, or if no CRL is found, then the handshaking fails with an error. You can also force OpenSSL to look for CRLs in one or more arbitrarily named files. my $bio = &Net::SSLeay::BIO_new_file($crlfilename, 'r'); my $crl = &Net::SSLeay::PEM_read_bio_X509_CRL($bio); if ($crl) { &Net::SSLeay::X509_STORE_add_crl(&Net::SSLeay::CTX_get_cert_store($ssl, $crl); } else { error reading CRL.... } =head2 Convenience routines To be used with Low level API Net::SSLeay::randomize($rn_seed_file,$additional_seed); Net::SSLeay::set_cert_and_key($ctx, $cert_path, $key_path); $cert = Net::SSLeay::dump_peer_certificate($ssl); Net::SSLeay::ssl_write_all($ssl, $message) or die "ssl write failure"; $got = Net::SSLeay::ssl_read_all($ssl) or die "ssl read failure"; $got = Net::SSLeay::ssl_read_CRLF($ssl [, $max_length]); $got = Net::SSLeay::ssl_read_until($ssl [, $delimit [, $max_length]]); Net::SSLeay::ssl_write_CRLF($ssl, $message); randomize() seeds the eay PRNG with /dev/urandom (see top of SSLeay.pm for how to change or configure this) and optionally with user provided data. It is very important to properly seed your random numbers, so do not forget to call this. The high level API functions automatically call randomize() so it is not needed with them. See also caveats. set_cert_and_key() takes two file names as arguments and sets the certificate and private key to those. This can be used to set either cerver certificates or client certificates. dump_peer_certificate() allows you to get plaintext description of the certificate the peer (usually server) presented to us. ssl_read_all() and ssl_write_all() provide true blocking semantics for these operations (see limitation, below, for explanation). These are much preferred to the low level API equivalents (which implement BSD blocking semantics). The message argument to ssl_write_all() can be reference. This is helpful to avoid unnecessary copy when writing something big, e.g: $data = 'A' x 1000000000; Net::SSLeay::ssl_write_all($ssl, \$data) or die "ssl write failed"; ssl_read_CRLF() uses ssl_read_all() to read in a line terminated with a carriage return followed by a linefeed (CRLF). The CRLF is included in the returned scalar. ssl_read_until() uses ssl_read_all() to read from the SSL input stream until it encounters a programmer specified delimiter. If the delimiter is undefined, $/ is used. If $/ is undefined, \n is used. One can optionally set a maximum length of bytes to read from the SSL input stream. ssl_write_CRLF() writes $message and appends CRLF to the SSL output stream. =head2 Low level API In addition to the high level functions outlined above, this module contains straight forward access to SSL part of OpenSSL C api. Only the SSL subpart of OpenSSL is implemented (if anyone wants to implement other parts, feel free to submit patches). See ssl.h header from OpenSSL C distribution for list of low lever SSLeay functions to call (to check if some function has been implemented see directly in SSLeay.xs). The module strips SSLeay names of the initial "SSL_", generally you should use Net::SSLeay:: in place. For example: In C: #include <ssl.h> err = SSL_set_verify (ssl, SSL_VERIFY_CLIENT_ONCE, &your_call_back_here); In perl: use Net::SSLeay; $err = Net::SSLeay::set_verify ($ssl, &Net::SSLeay::VERIFY_CLIENT_ONCE, \&your_call_back_here); If the function does not start by SSL_ you should use the full function name, e.g.: $err = &Net::SSLeay::ERR_get_error; Following new functions behave in perlish way: $got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl); # Performs SSL_read, but returns $got # resized according to data received. # Returns undef on failure. Net::SSLeay::write($ssl, $foo) || die; # Performs SSL_write, but automatically # figures out the size of $foo In order to use the low level API you should start your programs with the following encantation: use Net::SSLeay qw(die_now die_if_ssl_error); Net::SSLeay::load_error_strings(); Net::SSLeay::SSLeay_add_ssl_algorithms(); # Important! Net::SSLeay::randomize(); die_now() and die_if_ssl_error() are used to conveniently print SSLeay error stack when something goes wrong, thusly: Net::SSLeay:connect($ssl) or die_now("Failed SSL connect ($!)"); Net::SSLeay::write($ssl, "foo") or die_if_ssl_error("SSL write ($!)"); You can also use Net::SSLeay::print_errs() to dump the error stack without exiting the program. As can be seen, your code becomes much more readable if you import the error reporting functions to your main name space. I can not emphasize enough the need to check error returns. Use these functions even in most simple programs, they will reduce debugging time greatly. Do not ask questions in mailing list without having first sprinkled these in your code. =head2 Sockets Perl uses file handles for all I/O. While SSLeay has quite flexible BIO mechanism and perl has evolved PerlIO mechanism, this module still sticks to using file descriptors. Thus to attach SSLeay to socket you should use fileno() to extract the underlying file descriptor: Net::SSLeay::set_fd($ssl, fileno(S)); # Must use fileno You should also use "$|=1;" to eliminate STDIO buffering so you do not get confused if you use perl I/O functions to manipulate your socket handle. If you need to select(2) on the socket, go right ahead, but be warned that OpenSSL does some internal buffering so SSL_read does not always return data even if socket selected for reading (just keep on selecting and trying to read). Net::SSLeay.pm is no different from the C language OpenSSL in this respect. =head2 Callbacks WARNING: as of 1.04 the callbacks have changed and have not been tested. At this moment the implementation of verify_callback is crippeled in the sense that at any given time there can be only one call back which is shared by all SSL contexts, sessions and connections. This is due to having to keep the reference to the perl call back in a static variable so that the callback C glue can find it. To remove this restriction would require either a more complex data structure (like a hash?) in XSUB to map the call backs to their owners or, cleaner, adding a context pointer in the SSL structure. This context would then be passed to the C callback, which in our case would be the glue to look up the proper Perl function from the context and call it. ---- inaccurate ---- The verify call back looks like this in C: int (*callback)(int ok,X509 *subj_cert,X509 *issuer_cert, int depth,int errorcode,char *arg,STACK *cert_chain) The corresponding Perl function should be something like this: sub verify { my ($ok, $subj_cert, $issuer_cert, $depth, $errorcode, $arg, $chain) = @_; print "Verifying certificate...\n"; ... return $ok; } It is used like this: Net::SSLeay::set_verify ($ssl, Net::SSLeay::VERIFY_PEER, \&verify); Callbacks for decrypting private keys are implemented, but have the same limitation as the verify_callback implementation (one password callback shared between all contexts.) You might use it something like this: Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_default_passwd_cb($ctx, sub { "top-secret" }); Net::SSLeay::CTX_use_PrivateKey_file($ctx, "key.pem", Net::SSLeay::FILETYPE_PEM) or die "Error reading private key"; No other callbacks are implemented. You do not need to use any callback for simple (i.e. normal) cases where the SSLeay built-in verify mechanism satisfies your needs. ---- end inaccurate ---- If you want to use callback stuff, see examples/callback.pl! Its the only one I am able to make work reliably. =head2 X509 and RAND stuff This module largely lacks interface to the X509 and RAND routines, but as I was lazy and needed them, the following kludges are implemented: $x509_name = Net::SSLeay::X509_get_subject_name($x509_cert); $x509_name = Net::SSLeay::X509_get_issuer_name($x509_cert); print Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_oneline($x509_name); Net::SSLeay::RAND_seed($buf); # Perlishly figures out buf size Net::SSLeay::RAND_cleanup(); Net::SSLeay::RAND_load_file($file_name, $how_many_bytes); Net::SSLeay::RAND_write_file($file_name); Net::SSLeay::RAND_egd($path); $text = Net::SSLeay::X509_NAME_get_text_by_NID($name, $nid); Actually you should consider using the following helper functions: print Net::SSLeay::dump_peer_certificate($ssl); Net::SSLeay::randomize(); =head2 RSA interface Some RSA functions are available: $rsakey = Net::SSLeay::RSA_generate_key(); Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_tmp_rsa($ctx, $rsakey); Net::SSLeay::RSA_free($rsakey); =head2 BIO interface Some BIO functions are available: Net::SSLeay::BIO_s_mem(); $bio = Net::SSLeay::BIO_new(BIO_s_mem()) $bio = Net::SSLeay::BIO_new_file($filename, $mode); Net::SSLeay::BIO_free($bio) $count = Net::SSLeay::BIO_write($data); $data = Net::SSLeay::BIO_read($bio); $data = Net::SSLeay::BIO_read($bio, $maxbytes); $is_eof = Net::SSLeay::BIO_eof($bio); $count = Net::SSLeay::BIO_pending($bio); $count = Net::SSLeay::BIO_wpending ($bio); =head2 Low level API Some very low level API functions are available: $client_random = &Net::SSLeay::get_client_random($ssl); $server_random = &Net::SSLeay::get_server_random($ssl); $session = &Net::SSLeay::get_session($ssl); $master_key = &Net::SSLeay::SESSION_get_master_key($session); =head1 EXAMPLES One very good example is to look at the implementation of sslcat() in the SSLeay.pm file. Following is a simple SSLeay client (with too little error checking :-( #!/usr/local/bin/perl use Socket; use Net::SSLeay qw(die_now die_if_ssl_error) ; Net::SSLeay::load_error_strings(); Net::SSLeay::SSLeay_add_ssl_algorithms(); Net::SSLeay::randomize(); ($dest_serv, $port, $msg) = @ARGV; # Read command line $port = getservbyname ($port, 'tcp') unless $port =~ /^\d+$/; $dest_ip = gethostbyname ($dest_serv); $dest_serv_params = sockaddr_in($port, $dest_ip); socket (S, &AF_INET, &SOCK_STREAM, 0) or die "socket: $!"; connect (S, $dest_serv_params) or die "connect: $!"; select (S); $| = 1; select (STDOUT); # Eliminate STDIO buffering # The network connection is now open, lets fire up SSL $ctx = Net::SSLeay::CTX_new() or die_now("Failed to create SSL_CTX $!"); Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_options($ctx, &Net::SSLeay::OP_ALL) and die_if_ssl_error("ssl ctx set options"); $ssl = Net::SSLeay::new($ctx) or die_now("Failed to create SSL $!"); Net::SSLeay::set_fd($ssl, fileno(S)); # Must use fileno $res = Net::SSLeay::connect($ssl) and die_if_ssl_error("ssl connect"); print "Cipher `" . Net::SSLeay::get_cipher($ssl) . "'\n"; # Exchange data $res = Net::SSLeay::write($ssl, $msg); # Perl knows how long $msg is die_if_ssl_error("ssl write"); CORE::shutdown S, 1; # Half close --> No more output, sends EOF to server $got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl); # Perl returns undef on failure die_if_ssl_error("ssl read"); print $got; Net::SSLeay::free ($ssl); # Tear down connection Net::SSLeay::CTX_free ($ctx); close S; Following is a simple SSLeay echo server (non forking): #!/usr/local/bin/perl -w use Socket; use Net::SSLeay qw(die_now die_if_ssl_error); Net::SSLeay::load_error_strings(); Net::SSLeay::SSLeay_add_ssl_algorithms(); Net::SSLeay::randomize(); $our_ip = "\0\0\0\0"; # Bind to all interfaces $port = 1235; $sockaddr_template = 'S n a4 x8'; $our_serv_params = pack ($sockaddr_template, &AF_INET, $port, $our_ip); socket (S, &AF_INET, &SOCK_STREAM, 0) or die "socket: $!"; bind (S, $our_serv_params) or die "bind: $!"; listen (S, 5) or die "listen: $!"; $ctx = Net::SSLeay::CTX_new () or die_now("CTX_new ($ctx): $!"); Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_options($ctx, &Net::SSLeay::OP_ALL) and die_if_ssl_error("ssl ctx set options"); # Following will ask password unless private key is not encrypted Net::SSLeay::CTX_use_RSAPrivateKey_file ($ctx, 'plain-rsa.pem', &Net::SSLeay::FILETYPE_PEM); die_if_ssl_error("private key"); Net::SSLeay::CTX_use_certificate_file ($ctx, 'plain-cert.pem', &Net::SSLeay::FILETYPE_PEM); die_if_ssl_error("certificate"); while (1) { print "Accepting connections...\n"; ($addr = accept (NS, S)) or die "accept: $!"; select (NS); $| = 1; select (STDOUT); # Piping hot! ($af,$client_port,$client_ip) = unpack($sockaddr_template,$addr); @inetaddr = unpack('C4',$client_ip); print "$af connection from " . join ('.', @inetaddr) . ":$client_port\n"; # We now have a network connection, lets fire up SSLeay... $ssl = Net::SSLeay::new($ctx) or die_now("SSL_new ($ssl): $!"); Net::SSLeay::set_fd($ssl, fileno(NS)); $err = Net::SSLeay::accept($ssl) and die_if_ssl_error('ssl accept'); print "Cipher `" . Net::SSLeay::get_cipher($ssl) . "'\n"; # Connected. Exchange some data. $got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl); # Returns undef on fail die_if_ssl_error("ssl read"); print "Got `$got' (" . length ($got) . " chars)\n"; Net::SSLeay::write ($ssl, uc ($got)) or die "write: $!"; die_if_ssl_error("ssl write"); Net::SSLeay::free ($ssl); # Tear down connection close NS; } Yet another echo server. This one runs from /etc/inetd.conf so it avoids all the socket code overhead. Only caveat is opening rsa key file - it had better be without any encryption or else it will not know where to ask for the password. Note how STDIN and STDOUT are wired to SSL. #!/usr/local/bin/perl # /etc/inetd.conf # ssltst stream tcp nowait root /path/to/server.pl server.pl # /etc/services # ssltst 1234/tcp use Net::SSLeay qw(die_now die_if_ssl_error); Net::SSLeay::load_error_strings(); Net::SSLeay::SSLeay_add_ssl_algorithms(); Net::SSLeay::randomize(); chdir '/key/dir' or die "chdir: $!"; $| = 1; # Piping hot! open LOG, ">>/dev/console" or die "Can't open log file $!"; select LOG; print "server.pl started\n"; $ctx = Net::SSLeay::CTX_new() or die_now "CTX_new ($ctx) ($!)"; $ssl = Net::SSLeay::new($ctx) or die_now "new ($ssl) ($!)"; Net::SSLeay::set_options($ssl, &Net::SSLeay::OP_ALL) and die_if_ssl_error("ssl set options"); # We get already open network connection from inetd, now we just # need to attach SSLeay to STDIN and STDOUT Net::SSLeay::set_rfd($ssl, fileno(STDIN)); Net::SSLeay::set_wfd($ssl, fileno(STDOUT)); Net::SSLeay::use_RSAPrivateKey_file ($ssl, 'plain-rsa.pem', &Net::SSLeay::FILETYPE_PEM); die_if_ssl_error("private key"); Net::SSLeay::use_certificate_file ($ssl, 'plain-cert.pem', &Net::SSLeay::FILETYPE_PEM); die_if_ssl_error("certificate"); Net::SSLeay::accept($ssl) and die_if_ssl_err("ssl accept: $!"); print "Cipher `" . Net::SSLeay::get_cipher($ssl) . "'\n"; $got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl); die_if_ssl_error("ssl read"); print "Got `$got' (" . length ($got) . " chars)\n"; Net::SSLeay::write ($ssl, uc($got)) or die "write: $!"; die_if_ssl_error("ssl write"); Net::SSLeay::free ($ssl); # Tear down the connection Net::SSLeay::CTX_free ($ctx); close LOG; There are also a number of example/test programs in the examples directory: sslecho.pl - A simple server, not unlike the one above minicli.pl - Implements a client using low level SSLeay routines sslcat.pl - Demonstrates using high level sslcat utility function get_page.pl - Is a utility for getting html pages from secure servers callback.pl - Demonstrates certificate verification and callback usage stdio_bulk.pl - Does SSL over Unix pipes ssl-inetd-serv.pl - SSL server that can be invoked from inetd.conf httpd-proxy-snif.pl - Utility that allows you to see how a browser sends https request to given server and what reply it gets back (very educative :-) makecert.pl - Creates a self signed cert (does not use this module) =head1 LIMITATIONS Net::SSLeay::read uses internal buffer of 32KB, thus no single read will return more. In practice one read returns much less, usually as much as fits in one network packet. To work around this, you should use a loop like this: $reply = ''; while ($got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl)) { last if print_errs('SSL_read'); $reply .= $got; } Although there is no built-in limit in Net::SSLeay::write, the network packet size limitation applies here as well, thus use: $written = 0; while ($written < length($message)) { $written += Net::SSLeay::write($ssl, substr($message, $written)); last if print_errs('SSL_write'); } Or alternatively you can just use the following convinence functions: Net::SSLeay::ssl_write_all($ssl, $message) or die "ssl write failure"; $got = Net::SSLeay::ssl_read_all($ssl) or die "ssl read failure"; =head1 KNOWN BUGS AND CAVEATS Autoloader emits Argument "xxx" isn't numeric in entersub at blib/lib/Net/SSLeay.pm' warning if die_if_ssl_error is made autoloadable. If you figure out why, drop me a line. Callback set using SSL_set_verify() does not appear to work. This may well be eay problem (e.g. see ssl/ssl_lib.c line 1029). Try using SSL_CTX_set_verify() instead and do not be surprised if even this stops working in future versions. Callback and certificate verification stuff is generally too little tested. Random numbers are not initialized randomly enough, especially if you do not have /dev/random and/or /dev/urandom (such as in Solaris platforms - but I've been suggested that cryptorand daemon from SUNski package solves this). In this case you should investigate third party software that can emulate these devices, e.g. by way of a named pipe to some program. Another gotcha with random number initialization is randomness depletion. This phenomenon, which has been extensively discussed in OpenSSL, Apache-SSL, and Apache-mod_ssl forums, can cause your script to block if you use /dev/random or to operate insecurely if you use /dev/urandom. What happens is that when too much randomness is drawn from the operating system's randomness pool then randomness can temporarily be unavailable. /dev/random solves this problem by waiting until enough randomness can be gathered - and this can take a long time since blocking reduces activity in the machine and less activity provides less random events: a vicious circle. /dev/urandom solves this dilemma more pragmatically by simply returning predictable "random" numbers. Some /dev/urandom emulation software however actually seems to implement /dev/random semantics. Caveat emptor. I've been pointed to two such daemons by Mik Firestone <mik@@speed.stdio._com> who has used them on Solaris 8 1. Entropy Gathering Daemon (EGD) at http://www.lothar.com/tech/crypto/ 2. Pseudo-random number generating daemon (PRNGD) at http://www.aet.tu-cottbus.de/personen/jaenicke/postfix_tls/prngd.html If you are using the low level API functions to communicate with other SSL implementations, you would do well to call Net::SSLeay::CTX_set_options($ctx, &Net::SSLeay::OP_ALL) and die_if_ssl_error("ssl ctx set options"); to cope with some well know bugs in some other SSL implementations. The high level API functions always set all known compatibility options. Sometimes sslcat (and the high level https functions that build on it) is too fast in signaling the EOF to legacy https servers. This causes the server to return empty page. To work around this problem you can set global variable $Net::SSLeay::slowly = 1; # Add sleep so broken servers can keep up http/1.1 is not supported. Specifically this module does not know to issue or serve multiple http requests per connection. This is a serious short coming, but using SSL session cache on your server helps to alleviate the CPU load somewhat. As of version 1.09 many newer OpenSSL auxiliary functions were added (from REM_AUTOMATICALLY_GENERATED_1_09 onwards in SSLeay.xs). Unfortunately I have not had any opportunity to test these. Some of them are trivial enough that I believe they "just work", but others have rather complex interfaces with function pointers and all. In these cases you should proceed wit great caution. This module defaults to using OpenSSL automatic protocol negotiation code for automatically detecting the version of the SSL protocol that the other end talks. With most web servers this works just fine, but once in a while I get complaints from people that the module does not work with some web servers. Usually this can be solved by explicitly setting the protocol version, e.g. $Net::SSLeay::ssl_version = 2; # Insist on SSLv2 $Net::SSLeay::ssl_version = 3; # Insist on SSLv3 $Net::SSLeay::ssl_version = 10; # Insist on TLSv1 Although the autonegotiation is nice to have, the SSL standards do not formally specify any such mechanism. Most of the world has accepted the SSLeay/OpenSSL way of doing it as the de facto standard. But for the few that think differently, you have to explicitly speak the correct version. This is not really a bug, but rather a deficiency in the standards. If a site refuses to respond or sends back some nonsensical error codes (at SSL handshake level), try this option before mailing me. The high level API returns the certificate of the peer, thus allowing one to check what certificate was supplied. However, you will only be able to check the certificate after the fact, i.e. you already sent your form data by the time you find out that you did not trust them, oops. So, while being able to know the certificate after the fact is surely useful, the security minded would still choose to do the connection and certificate verification first and only after that exchange data with the site. Currently none of the high level API functions do this, thus you would have to program it using the low level API. A good place to start is to see how Net::SSLeay::http_cat() function is implemented. =head1 DIAGNOSTICS "Random number generator not seeded!!!" This warning indicates that randomize() was not able to read /dev/random or /dev/urandom, possibly because your system does not have them or they are differently named. You can still use SSL, but the encryption will not be as strong. "open_tcp_connection: destination host not found:`server' (port 123) ($!)" Name lookup for host named `server' failed. "open_tcp_connection: failed `server', 123 ($!)" The name was resolved, but establising the TCP connection failed. "msg 123: 1 - error:140770F8:SSL routines:SSL23_GET_SERVER_HELLO:unknown proto" SSLeay error string. First (123) number is PID, second number (1) indicates the position of the error message in SSLeay error stack. You often see a pile of these messages as errors cascade. "msg 123: 1 - error:02001002::lib(2) :func(1) :reason(2)" The same as above, but you didn't call load_error_strings() so SSLeay couldn't verbosely explain the error. You can still find out what it means with this command: /usr/local/ssl/bin/ssleay errstr 02001002 Password is being asked for private key This is normal behaviour if your private key is encrypted. Either you have to supply the password or you have to use unencrypted private key. Scan OpenSSL.org for the FAQ that explains how to do this (or just study examples/makecert.pl which is used during `make test' to do just that). =head1 REPORTING BUGS AND SUPPORT Please see README for full bug reporting instructions. In general I do not answer for free stupid questions or questions where you did not do your home work. Commercial support for Net::SSLeay may be obtained from Symlabs (netssleay@symlabs.com) Tel: +351-214.222.630 Fax: +351-214.222.637 =head1 VERSION This man page documents version 1.14, released on 25.3.2002. There are currently two perl modules for using OpenSSL C library: Net::SSLeay (maintaned by me) and SSLeay (maintained by OpenSSL team). This module is the Net::SSLeay variant. At the time of making this release, Eric's module was still quite sketchy and could not be used for real work, thus I felt motivated to make this maintenance release. This module is not planned to evolve to contain any further functionality, i.e. I will concentrate on just making a simple SSL connection over TCP socket. Presumably Eric's own module will offer full SSLeay API one day. This module uses OpenSSL-0.9.6c. It does not work with any earlier version and there is no guarantee that it will work with later versions either, though as long as C API does not change, it should. This module requires perl5.005, or 5.6.0 (or better?) though I believe it would build with any perl5.002 or newer. =head1 AUTHOR Sampo KellomΣki <sampo@symlabs.com> Please send bug reports to the above address. General questions should be sent either to me or to the mailing list (subscribe by sending mail to openssl-users-request@openssl.org or using web interface at http://www.openssl.org/support/). =head1 COPYRIGHT Copyright (c) 1996-2002 Sampo KellomΣki <sampo@symlabs.com> All Rights Reserved. Distribution and use of this module is under the same terms as the OpenSSL package itself (i.e. free, but mandatory attribution; NO WARRANTY). Please consult LICENSE file in the root of the OpenSSL distribution. While the source distribution of this perl module does not contain Eric's or OpenSSL's code, if you use this module you will use OpenSSL library. Please give Eric and OpenSSL team credit (as required by their licenses). And remember, you, and nobody else but you, are responsible for auditing this module and OpenSSL library for security problems, backdoors, and general suitability for your application. =head1 SEE ALSO Net::SSLeay::Handle - File handle interface ./Net_SSLeay/examples - Example servers and a clients <http://symlabs.com/Net_SSLeay/index.html> - Net::SSLeay.pm home <http://symlabs.com/Net_SSLeay/smime.html> - Another module using OpenSSL <http://www.openssl.org/> - OpenSSL source, documentation, etc openssl-users-request@openssl.org - General OpenSSL mailing list <http://home.netscape.com/newsref/std/SSL.html> - SSL Draft specification <http://www.w3c.org> - HTTP specifications <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2617.txt> - How to send password <http://www.lothar.com/tech/crypto/> - Entropy Gathering Daemon (EGD) <http://www.aet.tu-cottbus.de/personen/jaenicke/postfix_tls/prngd.html> - pseudo-random number generating daemon (PRNGD) perl(1) perlref(1) perllol(1) perldoc ~openssl/doc/ssl/SSL_CTX_set_verify.pod =cut # '; ### Some methods that are macros in C sub want_nothing { want(shift) == 1 } sub want_read { want(shift) == 2 } sub want_write { want(shift) == 3 } sub want_X509_lookup { want(shift) == 4 } ### ### Open TCP stream to given host and port, looking up the details ### from system databases or DNS. ### sub open_tcp_connection { my ($dest_serv, $port) = @_; my ($errs); $port = getservbyname($port, 'tcp') unless $port =~ /^\d+$/; my $dest_serv_ip = gethostbyname($dest_serv); unless (defined($dest_serv_ip)) { $errs = "$0 $$: open_tcp_connection: destination host not found:" . " `$dest_serv' (port $port) ($!)\n"; warn $errs if $trace; return wantarray ? (0, $errs) : 0; } my $sin = sockaddr_in($port, $dest_serv_ip); warn "Opening connection to $dest_serv:$port (" . inet_ntoa($dest_serv_ip) . ")" if $trace>2; my $proto = getprotobyname('tcp'); if (socket (SSLCAT_S, &PF_INET(), &SOCK_STREAM(), $proto)) { warn "next connect" if $trace>3; if (CORE::connect (SSLCAT_S, $sin)) { my $old_out = select (SSLCAT_S); $| = 1; select ($old_out); warn "connected to $dest_serv, $port" if $trace>3; return wantarray ? (1, undef) : 1; # Success } } $errs = "$0 $$: open_tcp_connection: failed `$dest_serv', $port ($!)\n"; warn $errs if $trace; close SSLCAT_S; return wantarray ? (0, $errs) : 0; # Fail } ### Open connection via standard web proxy, if one was defined ### using set_proxy(). sub open_proxy_tcp_connection { my ($dest_serv, $port) = @_; return open_tcp_connection($dest_serv, $port) if !$proxyhost; warn "Connect via proxy: $proxyhost:$proxyport" if $trace>2; my @ret = open_tcp_connection($proxyhost, $proxyport); return wantarray ? @ret : 0 if !$ret[0]; # Connection fail warn "Asking proxy to connect to $dest_serv:$port" if $trace>2; print SSLCAT_S "CONNECT $dest_serv:$port HTTP/1.0$proxyauth$CRLF$CRLF"; my $line = <SSLCAT_S>; warn "Proxy response: $line" if $trace>2; return wantarray ? (1,undef) : 1; # Success } ### ### read and write helpers that block ### sub debug_read { my ($replyr, $gotr) = @_; my $vm = $trace>2 && $linux_debug ? (split ' ', `cat /proc/$$/stat`)[22] : 'vm_unknown'; warn " got " . blength($$gotr) . ':' . blength($$replyr) . " bytes (VM=$vm).\n" if $trace == 3; warn " got `$$gotr' (" . blength($$gotr) . ':' . blength($$replyr) . " bytes, VM=$vm)\n" if $trace>3; } sub ssl_read_all { my ($ssl,$how_much) = @_; $how_much = 2000000000 unless $how_much; my ($got, $errs); my $reply = ''; while ($how_much > 0) { $got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl,$how_much); last if $errs = print_errs('SSL_read'); $how_much -= blength($got); debug_read(\$reply, \$got) if $trace>1; last if $got eq ''; # EOF $reply .= $got; } return wantarray ? ($reply, $errs) : $reply; } sub ssl_write_all { my $ssl = $_[0]; my ($data_ref, $errs); if (ref $_[1]) { $data_ref = $_[1]; } else { $data_ref = \$_[1]; } my ($wrote, $written, $to_write) = (0,0, blength($$data_ref)); my $vm = $trace>2 && $linux_debug ? (split ' ', `cat /proc/$$/stat`)[22] : 'vm_unknown'; warn " write_all VM at entry=$vm\n" if $trace>2; while ($to_write) { #sleep 1; # *** DEBUG warn "partial `$$data_ref'\n" if $trace>3; $wrote = write_partial($ssl, $written, $to_write, $$data_ref); $written += $wrote if defined $wrote; $to_write -= $wrote if defined $wrote; $vm = $trace>2 && $linux_debug ? (split ' ', `cat /proc/$$/stat`)[22] : 'vm_unknown'; warn " written so far $wrote:$written bytes (VM=$vm)\n" if $trace>2; $errs .= print_errs('SSL_write'); return (wantarray ? (undef, $errs) : undef) if $errs; } return wantarray ? ($written, $errs) : $written; } ### from patch by Clinton Wong <clintdw@netcom.com> # ssl_read_until($ssl [, $delimit [, $max_length]]) # if $delimit missing, use $/ if it exists, otherwise use \n # read until delimiter reached, up to $max_length chars if defined sub ssl_read_until ($;$$) { my ($ssl,$delim, $max_length) = @_; local $[; # guess the delim string if missing if ( ! defined $delim ) { if ( defined $/ && length $/ ) { $delim = $/ } else { $delim = "\n" } # Note: \n,$/ value depends on the platform } my $len_delim = length $delim; my ($got); my $reply = ''; # If we have OpenSSL 0.9.6a or later, we can use SSL_peek to # speed things up. # N.B. 0.9.6a has security problems, so the support for # anything earlier than 0.9.6e will be dropped soon. if (&Net::SSLeay::OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x0090601f) { $max_length = 2000000000 unless (defined $max_length); my ($pending, $peek_length, $found, $done); while (blength($reply) < $max_length and !$done) { #Block if necessary until we get some data $got = Net::SSLeay::peek($ssl,1); last if print_errs('SSL_peek'); $pending = Net::SSLeay::pending($ssl) + blength($reply); $peek_length = ($pending > $max_length) ? $max_length : $pending; $peek_length -= blength($reply); $got = Net::SSLeay::peek($ssl, $peek_length); last if print_errs('SSL_peek'); $peek_length = blength($got); #$found = index($got, $delim); # Old and broken # the delimeter may be split across two gets, so we prepend # a little from the last get onto this one before we check # for a match my $match; if(blength($reply) >= blength($delim) - 1) { #if what we've read so far is greater or equal #in length of what we need to prepatch $match = substr $reply, blength($reply) - blength($delim) + 1; } else { $match = $reply; } $match .= $got; $found = index($match, $delim); if ($found > -1) { #$got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl, $found+$len_delim); #read up to the end of the delimeter $got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl, $found + $len_delim - ((blength $match) - (blength $got))); $done = 1; } else { $got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl, $peek_length); $done = 1 if ($peek_length == $max_length - blength($reply)); } last if print_errs('SSL_read'); debug_read(\$reply, \$got) if $trace>1; last if $got eq ''; $reply .= $got; } } else { while (!defined $max_length || length $reply < $max_length) { $got = Net::SSLeay::read($ssl,1); # one by one last if print_errs('SSL_read'); debug_read(\$reply, \$got) if $trace>1; last if $got eq ''; $reply .= $got; last if $len_delim && substr($reply, blength($reply)-$len_delim) eq $delim; } } return $reply; } # ssl_read_CRLF($ssl [, $max_length]) sub ssl_read_CRLF ($;$) { ssl_read_until($_[0], $CRLF, $_[1]) } # ssl_write_CRLF($ssl, $message) writes $message and appends CRLF sub ssl_write_CRLF ($$) { # the next line uses less memory but might use more network packets return ssl_write_all($_[0], $_[1]) + ssl_write_all($_[0], $CRLF); # the next few lines do the same thing at the expense of memory, with # the chance that it will use less packets, since CRLF is in the original # message and won't be sent separately. #my $data_ref; #if (ref $_[1]) { $data_ref = $_[1] } # else { $data_ref = \$_[1] } #my $message = $$data_ref . $CRLF; #return ssl_write_all($_[0], \$message); } ### Quickly print out with whom we're talking sub dump_peer_certificate ($) { my ($ssl) = @_; my $cert = get_peer_certificate($ssl); return if print_errs('get_peer_certificate'); print "no cert defined\n" if !defined($cert); # Cipher=NONE with empty cert fix if (!defined($cert) || ($cert == 0)) { warn "cert = `$cert'\n" if $trace; return "Subject Name: undefined\nIssuer Name: undefined\n"; } else { my $x = 'Subject Name: ' . X509_NAME_oneline(X509_get_subject_name($cert)) . "\n" . 'Issuer Name: ' . X509_NAME_oneline(X509_get_issuer_name($cert)) . "\n"; Net::SSLeay::X509_free($cert); return $x; } } ### Arrange some randomness for eay PRNG sub randomize (;$$) { my ($rn_seed_file, $seed, $egd_path) = @_; my $rnsf = defined($rn_seed_file) && -r $rn_seed_file; $egd_path = $ENV{'EGD_PATH'} if $ENV{'EGD_PATH'}; $egd_path = '/tmp/entropy' unless $egd_path; RAND_seed(rand() + $$); # Stir it with time and pid unless ($rnsf || -r $Net::SSLeay::random_device || $seed || -S $egd_path) { warn "Random number generator not seeded!!!" if $trace; } RAND_load_file($rn_seed_file, -s _) if $rnsf; RAND_seed($seed) if $seed; RAND_egd($egd_path) if -S $egd_path; RAND_load_file($Net::SSLeay::random_device, $Net::SSLeay::how_random/8) if -r $Net::SSLeay::random_device; } sub new_x_ctx { if ($ssl_version == 2) { $ctx = CTX_v2_new(); } elsif ($ssl_version == 3) { $ctx = CTX_v3_new(); } elsif ($ssl_version == 10) { $ctx = CTX_tlsv1_new(); } else { $ctx = CTX_new(); } return $ctx; } ### ### Basic request - response primitive (don't use for https) ### sub sslcat { # address, port, message, $crt, $key --> reply / (reply,errs,cert) my ($dest_serv, $port, $out_message, $crt_path, $key_path) = @_; my ($ctx, $ssl, $got, $errs, $written); ($got, $errs) = open_proxy_tcp_connection($dest_serv, $port); return (wantarray ? (undef, $errs) : undef) unless $got; ### Do SSL negotiation stuff warn "Creating SSL $ssl_version context...\n" if $trace>2; load_error_strings(); # Some bloat, but I'm after ease of use SSLeay_add_ssl_algorithms(); # and debuggability. randomize(); $ctx = new_x_ctx(); goto cleanup2 if $errs = print_errs('CTX_new') or !$ctx; CTX_set_options($ctx, &OP_ALL); goto cleanup2 if $errs = print_errs('CTX_set_options'); warn "Cert `$crt_path' given without key" if $crt_path && !$key_path; set_cert_and_key($ctx, $crt_path, $key_path) if $crt_path; warn "Creating SSL connection (context was '$ctx')...\n" if $trace>2; $ssl = new($ctx); goto cleanup if $errs = print_errs('SSL_new') or !$ssl; warn "Setting fd (ctx $ctx, con $ssl)...\n" if $trace>2; set_fd($ssl, fileno(SSLCAT_S)); goto cleanup if $errs = print_errs('set_fd'); warn "Entering SSL negotiation phase...\n" if $trace>2; if ($trace>2) { my $i = 0; my $p = ''; my $cipher_list = 'Cipher list: '; $p=Net::SSLeay::get_cipher_list($ssl,$i); $cipher_list .= $p if $p; do { $i++; $cipher_list .= ', ' . $p if $p; $p=Net::SSLeay::get_cipher_list($ssl,$i); } while $p; $cipher_list .= '\n'; warn $cipher_list; } $got = Net::SSLeay::connect($ssl); warn "SSLeay connect returned $got\n" if $trace>2; goto cleanup if $errs = print_errs('SSL_connect'); my $server_cert = get_peer_certificate($ssl); print_errs('get_peer_certificate'); if ($trace>1) { warn "Cipher `" . get_cipher($ssl) . "'\n"; print_errs('get_ciper'); warn dump_peer_certificate($ssl); } ### Connected. Exchange some data (doing repeated tries if necessary). warn "sslcat $$: sending " . blength($out_message) . " bytes...\n" if $trace==3; warn "sslcat $$: sending `$out_message' (" . blength($out_message) . " bytes)...\n" if $trace>3; ($written, $errs) = ssl_write_all($ssl, $out_message); goto cleanup unless $written; sleep $slowly if $slowly; # Closing too soon can abort broken servers CORE::shutdown SSLCAT_S, 1; # Half close --> No more output, send EOF to server warn "waiting for reply...\n" if $trace>2; ($got, $errs) = ssl_read_all($ssl); warn "Got " . blength($got) . " bytes.\n" if $trace==3; warn "Got `$got' (" . blength($got) . " bytes)\n" if $trace>3; cleanup: free ($ssl); $errs .= print_errs('SSL_free'); cleanup2: CTX_free ($ctx); $errs .= print_errs('CTX_free'); close SSLCAT_S; return wantarray ? ($got, $errs, $server_cert) : $got; } ### ### Basic request - response primitive, this is different from sslcat ### because this does not shutdown the connection. ### sub https_cat { # address, port, message --> returns reply / (reply,errs,cert) my ($dest_serv, $port, $out_message, $crt_path, $key_path) = @_; my ($ctx, $ssl, $got, $errs, $written); ($got, $errs) = open_proxy_tcp_connection($dest_serv, $port); return (wantarray ? (undef, $errs) : undef) unless $got; ### Do SSL negotiation stuff warn "Creating SSL $ssl_version context...\n" if $trace>2; load_error_strings(); # Some bloat, but I'm after ease of use SSLeay_add_ssl_algorithms(); # and debuggability. randomize(); $ctx = new_x_ctx(); goto cleanup2 if $errs = print_errs('CTX_new') or !$ctx; CTX_set_options($ctx, &OP_ALL); goto cleanup2 if $errs = print_errs('CTX_set_options'); warn "Cert `$crt_path' given without key" if $crt_path && !$key_path; set_cert_and_key($ctx, $crt_path, $key_path) if $crt_path; warn "Creating SSL connection (context was '$ctx')...\n" if $trace>2; $ssl = new($ctx); goto cleanup if $errs = print_errs('SSL_new') or !$ssl; warn "Setting fd (ctx $ctx, con $ssl)...\n" if $trace>2; set_fd($ssl, fileno(SSLCAT_S)); goto cleanup if $errs = print_errs('set_fd'); warn "Entering SSL negotiation phase...\n" if $trace>2; if ($trace>2) { my $i = 0; my $p = ''; my $cipher_list = 'Cipher list: '; $p=Net::SSLeay::get_cipher_list($ssl,$i); $cipher_list .= $p if $p; do { $i++; $cipher_list .= ', ' . $p if $p; $p=Net::SSLeay::get_cipher_list($ssl,$i); } while $p; $cipher_list .= '\n'; warn $cipher_list; } $got = Net::SSLeay::connect($ssl); warn "SSLeay connect failed" if $trace>2 && $got==0; goto cleanup if $errs = print_errs('SSL_connect'); my $server_cert = get_peer_certificate($ssl); print_errs('get_peer_certificate'); if ($trace>1) { warn "Cipher `" . get_cipher($ssl) . "'\n"; print_errs('get_ciper'); warn dump_peer_certificate($ssl); } ### Connected. Exchange some data (doing repeated tries if necessary). warn "sslcat $$: sending " . blength($out_message) . " bytes...\n" if $trace==3; warn "sslcat $$: sending `$out_message' (" . blength($out_message) . " bytes)...\n" if $trace>3; ($written, $errs) = ssl_write_all($ssl, $out_message); goto cleanup unless $written; warn "waiting for reply...\n" if $trace>2; ($got, $errs) = ssl_read_all($ssl); warn "Got " . blength($got) . " bytes.\n" if $trace==3; warn "Got `$got' (" . blength($got) . " bytes)\n" if $trace>3; cleanup: free ($ssl); $errs .= print_errs('SSL_free'); cleanup2: CTX_free ($ctx); $errs .= print_errs('CTX_free'); close SSLCAT_S; return wantarray ? ($got, $errs, $server_cert) : $got; } ### ### Easy set up of private key and certificate ### sub set_cert_and_key ($$$) { my ($ctx, $cert_path, $key_path) = @_; my $errs = ''; # Following will ask password unless private key is not encrypted CTX_use_RSAPrivateKey_file ($ctx, $key_path, &FILETYPE_PEM); $errs .= print_errs("private key `$key_path' ($!)"); CTX_use_certificate_file ($ctx, $cert_path, &FILETYPE_PEM); $errs .= print_errs("certificate `$cert_path' ($!)"); return wantarray ? (undef, $errs) : ($errs eq ''); } ### Old deprecated API sub set_server_cert_and_key ($$$) { &set_cert_and_key } ### Set up to use web proxy sub set_proxy ($$;**) { ($proxyhost, $proxyport, $proxyuser, $proxypass) = @_; require MIME::Base64 if $proxyuser; $proxyauth = 'Proxy-authorization: basic ' . MIME::Base64::encode("$proxyuser:$proxypass", '') if $proxyuser; } ### ### Easy https manipulation routines ### sub make_form { my (@fields) = @_; my $form; while (@fields) { my ($name, $data) = (shift(@fields), shift(@fields)); $data =~ s/([^\w\-.\@\$ ])/sprintf("%%%2.2x",ord($1))/gse; $data =~ tr[ ][+]; $form .= "$name=$data&"; } chop $form; return $form; } sub make_headers { my (@headers) = @_; my $headers; while (@headers) { my $header = shift(@headers); my $value = shift(@headers); $header =~ s/:$//; $value =~ s/\x0d?\x0a$//; # because we add it soon, see below $headers .= "$header: $value$CRLF"; } return $headers; } sub do_https3 { my ($method, $site, $port, $path, $headers, $content, $mime_type, $crt_path, $key_path) = @_; my ($response, $page, $h,$v); if ($content) { $mime_type = "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" unless $mime_type; my $len = blength($content); $content = "Content-Type: $mime_type$CRLF" . "Content-Length: $len$CRLF$CRLF$content"; } else { $content = "$CRLF$CRLF"; } my $req = "$method $path HTTP/1.0$CRLF"."Host: $site:$port$CRLF" . (defined $headers ? $headers : '') . "Accept: */*$CRLF$content"; my ($http, $errs, $server_cert) = https_cat($site, $port, $req, $crt_path, $key_path); return (undef, "HTTP/1.0 900 NET OR SSL ERROR$CRLF$CRLF$errs") if $errs; $http = '' if !defined $http; ($headers, $page) = split /\s?\n\s?\n/, $http, 2; ($response, $headers) = split /\s?\n/, $headers, 2; return ($page, $response, $headers, $server_cert); } ### do_https2() is a legacy version in the sense that it is unable ### to return all instances of duplicate headers. sub do_https2 { my ($page, $response, $headers) = &do_https3; return ($page, $response, map( { ($h,$v)=/^(\S+)\:\s*(.*)$/; (uc($h),$v); } split(/\s?\n/, $headers) ) ); } ### Returns headers as a hash where multiple instances of same header ### are handled correctly. sub do_https4 { my ($page, $response, $headers) = &do_https3; my %hr = (); for my $hh (split /\s?\n/, $headers) { my ($h,$v)=/^(\S+)\:\s*(.*)$/; push @{$hr{uc($h)}}, $v; } return ($page, $response, \%hr); } sub get_https ($$$;***) { do_https2(GET => @_) } sub post_https ($$$;***) { do_https2(POST => @_) } sub put_https ($$$;***) { do_https2(PUT => @_) } sub head_https ($$$;***) { do_https2(HEAD => @_) } sub get_https3 ($$$;***) { do_https3(GET => @_) } sub post_https3 ($$$;***) { do_https3(POST => @_) } sub put_https3 ($$$;***) { do_https3(PUT => @_) } sub head_https3 ($$$;***) { do_https3(HEAD => @_) } sub get_https4 ($$$;***) { do_https4(GET => @_) } sub post_https4 ($$$;***) { do_https4(POST => @_) } sub put_https4 ($$$;***) { do_https4(PUT => @_) } sub head_https4 ($$$;***) { do_https4(HEAD => @_) } ### Legacy # ($page, $respone_or_err, %headers) = do_https(...); sub do_https { my ($site, $port, $path, $method, $headers, $content, $mime_type, $crt_path, $key_path) = @_; do_https2($method, $site, $port, $path, $headers, $content, $mime_type, $crt_path, $key_path); } 1; __END__