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- package threads::shared;
-
- use 5.008;
-
- use strict;
- use warnings;
-
- our $VERSION = '1.14';
- my $XS_VERSION = $VERSION;
- $VERSION = eval $VERSION;
-
- # Declare that we have been loaded
- $threads::shared::threads_shared = 1;
-
- # Load the XS code, if applicable
- if ($threads::threads) {
- require XSLoader;
- XSLoader::load('threads::shared', $XS_VERSION);
-
- *is_shared = \&_id;
-
- } else {
- # String eval is generally evil, but we don't want these subs to
- # exist at all if 'threads' is not loaded successfully.
- # Vivifying them conditionally this way saves on average about 4K
- # of memory per thread.
- eval <<'_MARKER_';
- sub share (\[$@%]) { return $_[0] }
- sub is_shared (\[$@%]) { undef }
- sub cond_wait (\[$@%];\[$@%]) { undef }
- sub cond_timedwait (\[$@%]$;\[$@%]) { undef }
- sub cond_signal (\[$@%]) { undef }
- sub cond_broadcast (\[$@%]) { undef }
- _MARKER_
- }
-
-
- ### Export ###
-
- sub import
- {
- # Exported subroutines
- my @EXPORT = qw(share is_shared cond_wait cond_timedwait
- cond_signal cond_broadcast);
- if ($threads::threads) {
- push(@EXPORT, 'bless');
- }
-
- # Export subroutine names
- my $caller = caller();
- foreach my $sym (@EXPORT) {
- no strict 'refs';
- *{$caller.'::'.$sym} = \&{$sym};
- }
- }
-
-
- ### Methods, etc. ###
-
- sub threads::shared::tie::SPLICE
- {
- require Carp;
- Carp::croak('Splice not implemented for shared arrays');
- }
-
- 1;
-
- __END__
-
- =head1 NAME
-
- threads::shared - Perl extension for sharing data structures between threads
-
- =head1 VERSION
-
- This document describes threads::shared version 1.14
-
- =head1 SYNOPSIS
-
- use threads;
- use threads::shared;
-
- my $var :shared;
- $var = $scalar_value;
- $var = $shared_ref_value;
- $var = share($simple_unshared_ref_value);
-
- my ($scalar, @array, %hash);
- share($scalar);
- share(@array);
- share(%hash);
- my $bar = &share([]);
- $hash{bar} = &share({});
-
- { lock(%hash); ... }
-
- cond_wait($scalar);
- cond_timedwait($scalar, time() + 30);
- cond_broadcast(@array);
- cond_signal(%hash);
-
- my $lockvar :shared;
- # condition var != lock var
- cond_wait($var, $lockvar);
- cond_timedwait($var, time()+30, $lockvar);
-
- =head1 DESCRIPTION
-
- By default, variables are private to each thread, and each newly created
- thread gets a private copy of each existing variable. This module allows you
- to share variables across different threads (and pseudo-forks on Win32). It is
- used together with the L<threads> module.
-
- =head1 EXPORT
-
- C<share>, C<cond_wait>, C<cond_timedwait>, C<cond_signal>, C<cond_broadcast>,
- C<is_shared>
-
- Note that if this module is imported when L<threads> has not yet been loaded,
- then these functions all become no-ops. This makes it possible to write
- modules that will work in both threaded and non-threaded environments.
-
- =head1 FUNCTIONS
-
- =over 4
-
- =item share VARIABLE
-
- C<share> takes a value and marks it as shared. You can share a scalar, array,
- hash, scalar ref, array ref, or hash ref. C<share> will return the shared
- rvalue, but always as a reference.
-
- A variable can also be marked as shared at compile time by using the
- C<:shared> attribute: C<my $var :shared;>.
-
- Due to problems with Perl's prototyping, if you want to share a newly created
- reference, you need to use the C<&share([])> and C<&share({})> syntax.
-
- The only values that can be assigned to a shared scalar are other scalar
- values, or shared refs:
-
- my $var :shared;
- $var = 1; # ok
- $var = []; # error
- $var = &share([]); # ok
-
- C<share> will traverse up references exactly I<one> level. C<share(\$a)> is
- equivalent to C<share($a)>, while C<share(\\$a)> is not. This means that you
- must create nested shared data structures by first creating individual shared
- leaf nodes, and then adding them to a shared hash or array.
-
- my %hash :shared;
- $hash{'meaning'} = &share([]);
- $hash{'meaning'}[0] = &share({});
- $hash{'meaning'}[0]{'life'} = 42;
-
- =item is_shared VARIABLE
-
- C<is_shared> checks if the specified variable is shared or not. If shared,
- returns the variable's internal ID (similar to
- L<refaddr()|Scalar::Util/"refaddr EXPR">). Otherwise, returns C<undef>.
-
- if (is_shared($var)) {
- print("\$var is shared\n");
- } else {
- print("\$var is not shared\n");
- }
-
- =item lock VARIABLE
-
- C<lock> places a lock on a variable until the lock goes out of scope. If the
- variable is locked by another thread, the C<lock> call will block until it's
- available. Multiple calls to C<lock> by the same thread from within
- dynamically nested scopes are safe -- the variable will remain locked until
- the outermost lock on the variable goes out of scope.
-
- Locking a container object, such as a hash or array, doesn't lock the elements
- of that container. For example, if a thread does a C<lock(@a)>, any other
- thread doing a C<lock($a[12])> won't block.
-
- C<lock()> follows references exactly I<one> level. C<lock(\$a)> is equivalent
- to C<lock($a)>, while C<lock(\\$a)> is not.
-
- Note that you cannot explicitly unlock a variable; you can only wait for the
- lock to go out of scope. This is most easily accomplished by locking the
- variable inside a block.
-
- my $var :shared;
- {
- lock($var);
- # $var is locked from here to the end of the block
- ...
- }
- # $var is now unlocked
-
- If you need more fine-grained control over shared variable access, see
- L<Thread::Semaphore>.
-
- =item cond_wait VARIABLE
-
- =item cond_wait CONDVAR, LOCKVAR
-
- The C<cond_wait> function takes a B<locked> variable as a parameter, unlocks
- the variable, and blocks until another thread does a C<cond_signal> or
- C<cond_broadcast> for that same locked variable. The variable that
- C<cond_wait> blocked on is relocked after the C<cond_wait> is satisfied. If
- there are multiple threads C<cond_wait>ing on the same variable, all but one
- will re-block waiting to reacquire the lock on the variable. (So if you're only
- using C<cond_wait> for synchronisation, give up the lock as soon as possible).
- The two actions of unlocking the variable and entering the blocked wait state
- are atomic, the two actions of exiting from the blocked wait state and
- re-locking the variable are not.
-
- In its second form, C<cond_wait> takes a shared, B<unlocked> variable followed
- by a shared, B<locked> variable. The second variable is unlocked and thread
- execution suspended until another thread signals the first variable.
-
- It is important to note that the variable can be notified even if no thread
- C<cond_signal> or C<cond_broadcast> on the variable. It is therefore
- important to check the value of the variable and go back to waiting if the
- requirement is not fulfilled. For example, to pause until a shared counter
- drops to zero:
-
- { lock($counter); cond_wait($count) until $counter == 0; }
-
- =item cond_timedwait VARIABLE, ABS_TIMEOUT
-
- =item cond_timedwait CONDVAR, ABS_TIMEOUT, LOCKVAR
-
- In its two-argument form, C<cond_timedwait> takes a B<locked> variable and an
- absolute timeout as parameters, unlocks the variable, and blocks until the
- timeout is reached or another thread signals the variable. A false value is
- returned if the timeout is reached, and a true value otherwise. In either
- case, the variable is re-locked upon return.
-
- Like C<cond_wait>, this function may take a shared, B<locked> variable as an
- additional parameter; in this case the first parameter is an B<unlocked>
- condition variable protected by a distinct lock variable.
-
- Again like C<cond_wait>, waking up and reacquiring the lock are not atomic,
- and you should always check your desired condition after this function
- returns. Since the timeout is an absolute value, however, it does not have to
- be recalculated with each pass:
-
- lock($var);
- my $abs = time() + 15;
- until ($ok = desired_condition($var)) {
- last if !cond_timedwait($var, $abs);
- }
- # we got it if $ok, otherwise we timed out!
-
- =item cond_signal VARIABLE
-
- The C<cond_signal> function takes a B<locked> variable as a parameter and
- unblocks one thread that's C<cond_wait>ing on that variable. If more than one
- thread is blocked in a C<cond_wait> on that variable, only one (and which one
- is indeterminate) will be unblocked.
-
- If there are no threads blocked in a C<cond_wait> on the variable, the signal
- is discarded. By always locking before signaling, you can (with care), avoid
- signaling before another thread has entered cond_wait().
-
- C<cond_signal> will normally generate a warning if you attempt to use it on an
- unlocked variable. On the rare occasions where doing this may be sensible, you
- can suppress the warning with:
-
- { no warnings 'threads'; cond_signal($foo); }
-
- =item cond_broadcast VARIABLE
-
- The C<cond_broadcast> function works similarly to C<cond_signal>.
- C<cond_broadcast>, though, will unblock B<all> the threads that are blocked in
- a C<cond_wait> on the locked variable, rather than only one.
-
- =back
-
- =head1 OBJECTS
-
- L<threads::shared> exports a version of L<bless()|perlfunc/"bless REF"> that
- works on shared objects such that I<blessings> propagate across threads.
-
- # Create a shared 'foo' object
- my $foo;
- share($foo);
- $foo = &share({});
- bless($foo, 'foo');
-
- # Create a shared 'bar' object
- my $bar;
- share($bar);
- $bar = &share({});
- bless($bar, 'bar');
-
- # Put 'bar' inside 'foo'
- $foo->{'bar'} = $bar;
-
- # Rebless the objects via a thread
- threads->create(sub {
- # Rebless the outer object
- bless($foo, 'yin');
-
- # Cannot directly rebless the inner object
- #bless($foo->{'bar'}, 'yang');
-
- # Retrieve and rebless the inner object
- my $obj = $foo->{'bar'};
- bless($obj, 'yang');
- $foo->{'bar'} = $obj;
-
- })->join();
-
- print(ref($foo), "\n"); # Prints 'yin'
- print(ref($foo->{'bar'}), "\n"); # Prints 'yang'
- print(ref($bar), "\n"); # Also prints 'yang'
-
- =head1 NOTES
-
- threads::shared is designed to disable itself silently if threads are not
- available. If you want access to threads, you must C<use threads> before you
- C<use threads::shared>. L<threads> will emit a warning if you use it after
- L<threads::shared>.
-
- =head1 BUGS AND LIMITATIONS
-
- When C<share> is used on arrays, hashes, array refs or hash refs, any data
- they contain will be lost.
-
- my @arr = qw(foo bar baz);
- share(@arr);
- # @arr is now empty (i.e., == ());
-
- # Create a 'foo' object
- my $foo = { 'data' => 99 };
- bless($foo, 'foo');
-
- # Share the object
- share($foo); # Contents are now wiped out
- print("ERROR: \$foo is empty\n")
- if (! exists($foo->{'data'}));
-
- Therefore, populate such variables B<after> declaring them as shared. (Scalar
- and scalar refs are not affected by this problem.)
-
- It is often not wise to share an object unless the class itself has been
- written to support sharing. For example, an object's destructor may get
- called multiple times, once for each thread's scope exit. Another danger is
- that the contents of hash-based objects will be lost due to the above
- mentioned limitation. See F<examples/class.pl> (in the CPAN distribution of
- this module) for how to create a class that supports object sharing.
-
- Does not support C<splice> on arrays!
-
- Taking references to the elements of shared arrays and hashes does not
- autovivify the elements, and neither does slicing a shared array/hash over
- non-existent indices/keys autovivify the elements.
-
- C<share()> allows you to C<< share($hashref->{key}) >> without giving any
- error message. But the C<< $hashref->{key} >> is B<not> shared, causing the
- error "locking can only be used on shared values" to occur when you attempt to
- C<< lock($hasref->{key}) >>.
-
- View existing bug reports at, and submit any new bugs, problems, patches, etc.
- to: L<http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=threads-shared>
-
- =head1 SEE ALSO
-
- L<threads::shared> Discussion Forum on CPAN:
- L<http://www.cpanforum.com/dist/threads-shared>
-
- Annotated POD for L<threads::shared>:
- L<http://annocpan.org/~JDHEDDEN/threads-shared-1.14/shared.pm>
-
- Source repository:
- L<http://code.google.com/p/threads-shared/>
-
- L<threads>, L<perlthrtut>
-
- L<http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2002/06/11/threads.html> and
- L<http://www.perl.com/pub/a/2002/09/04/threads.html>
-
- Perl threads mailing list:
- L<http://lists.cpan.org/showlist.cgi?name=iThreads>
-
- =head1 AUTHOR
-
- Artur Bergman E<lt>sky AT crucially DOT netE<gt>
-
- threads::shared is released under the same license as Perl.
-
- Documentation borrowed from the old Thread.pm.
-
- CPAN version produced by Jerry D. Hedden E<lt>jdhedden AT cpan DOT orgE<gt>.
-
- =cut
-