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Display File Systems; version 2.41 12-10-97 (c) 1994-1997; Jan van Wijk ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ CONTENTS -------- Introduction, purpose of the program 1 Status of the program and change history 2 Terminology used 3 Summary of commands 5 Command reference, general DFS commands 6 Command reference, HPFS specific commands 20 Diagram of an example HPFS structure 25 Examples of DFS usage 26 Known limitations 28 Considered improvements 28 Introduction, purpose of the program ------------------------------------ The DFS program is a disk and filesystem browser with an emphasis on the HPFS filesystem and disk partitioning. It will support different file-systems besides HPFS sometime in the future. The program has been built while studying the HPFS filesystem. It's main purpose is getting to understand the file-system as it resides on the disk itself, in the data-structures laid down in disk-sectors. Over time, additional logic was implemented to allow analysis of all sorts of disk problems on HPFS volumes. The tool has been used a few times over the past years to analyse some real-life disk problems in a large systems-integration project. Also it has proven very usefull in teaching others the internals of HPFS Most of my knowledge of the file-system is based on the excellent lectures "HPFS Internals" at the 1994, 95 and 96 ColoradOS/2 conferences by Doug Azzarito and on peeking arround on a lot of HPFS volumes using DFS. Further improvements will probably be in more advanced recovery commands and other filesystems like FAT and NTFS. Also a port to NT itself is finished and under test right now. Availability ------------ 1) IBM internal: REQUEST DFS FROM NLX0093 at EAMSVM1 2) Compuserve: GO OS2BVEN, open Filemanagers library section; DFS.ZIP 3) HOBBES (WWW): ftp://hobbes.nmsu.edu/pub/os2/util/diskutil/DFSxxxS.ZIP or shadow: ftp://ftp.cdrom.com/pub/os2/util/diskutil/DFSxxxS.ZIP You can also download this and some other software and information from my homepage at Compuserve: http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/jvwijk On special (e-mail) request a 16-bit OS/2, tracing/debug versions and the (beta) Win NT version are also available. Status of the program --------------------- This version of the program is free for anyone to use, it was written in my own time using my own equipment. However, I would very much appreciate any feedback by e-mail or a simple postcard to: ┌───────────────────┐ │ Jan van Wijk │ │ Blekerstraat 83 │ │ 1315 AC Almere │ │ Netherlands │ └───────────────────┘ If you supply an e-mail address you will be put on the DFS mailing-list. Further development depends on my own needs and feedback I receive from other users, al work has to be done on spare time... Improved versions of the program might be in the form of SHAREWARE. Suggestions and other comments regarding DFS and filesystems are welcome. You can reach me at my userid at CompuServe: 100603,2437 or jvwijk or through the Internet: jan.van.wijk@cmg.nl or: jvwijk@compuserve.com or: janvw@ibm.net Change History -------------- 1.00 27-11-94 DHPFS initial version, hex dump super+spare blocks 1.39 20-07-95 32-bit port; Sector Lookup table; bug-fixes 1.52 13-09-95 new '/' cmd shortcut; First released version! <== BBS 1.56 26-09-95 RUN cmd runs REXX dhpfs macro's 1.62 13-10-95 Added Free-space and inconsistency reporting 1.64 16-10-95 Cleanup for delivery on ColoradOS/2 CDROM 1.70 20-12-96 Update ColoradOS/2, DASD limits; REQUESTABLE (OS2FISYS forum) 1.84 14-01-97 DFS first distributed version to include partitioning info 1.87 19-01-97 Fixed MBR/EBR walk; multiple cmds using #, BM-labels in part 1.91 21-01-97 New fixroot, fixcp and saveto commands for recovery actions 1.96 27-01-97 Dynamic loading of REXX support 2.00 03-02-97 Removable media (NEWDASD); (part) D: cmd; invisible primary 2.01 06-02-97 CopyOutput command for REXX 2.06 16-03-97 Updated ACL support on HPFS386; Scan badsectors 2.08 25-03-97 Added cluster/bytes-per-sector knowledge for partitions 2.12 06-04-97 Added logical volume support using "DASD" type access 2.20 19-05-97 Win NT beta version; Search speedup; prio command; cleanup 2.22 28-05-97 Final preparation for other file-system support; cleanup 2.24 10-06-97 Added Img and Sim commands; date/time on dirblocks; 2.25 15-06-97 Added Wrim command; Improved lock implementation (nested) 2.27 19-06-97 Base cmd; Fixed bug in HPFS "saveto" cmd 2.28 21-06-97 Added autobase command for HPFS (find HPFS partition start) 2.29 29-06-97 Fixed Bootmgr clustersize; added Deleted Fnode/Alloc support 2.30 06-07-97 Improved 'find' syntax and functionality; Undelete support 2.31 13-07-97 Fixed case-insensitive find, '+' option; fix dirmap % error 2.32 20-07-97 Reporting & ALBLK fixes to saveto; new "ca" cmd CheckAlloc 2.33 27-07-97 Fnode & Alloc display update; minor fixes 2.35 18-08-97 Path info in Fnode display and "list" output; MEM cmd 2.37 24-08-97 Path display on find Fnode; Wildcard select on list +f 2.40 06-09-97 import/export of LSN lists; getbs/fixbs badsector mgmt 2.41 12-10-97 Multiple file UNDELETE with delfind/delshow/delsave cmds Terminology used ---------------- Sector 512 bytes of data (although other sizes exist!) This is the smallest amount of data manipulated by the disk subsystems and is also the basic allocation-unit for the HPFS file-system CHS Cylinder Head Sector (addressing) This is the classical way of addressing physical sectors on a disk. It is used in the PC's BIOS, in partition tables and in low-level disk-IO API's (IOCTL, INT-13). In most implementations the addressing ranges are limitted causing all sorts of problems with large disks/partitions. Example: maximum cylinder=1024 limit for BIOS/INT-13 PSN Physical Sector Number This is the zero-based, unsigned-LONG, number for a sector on a physical disk. Addressing on a disk using PSN's id often refered to as Relative Block Addressing (RBA) or Logical Block Addressing (LBA) LSN Logical Sector Number This is the zero-based, unsigned-LONG, number for a sector on a logical partition. The partition can be seen as a linear sequence of sectors. LSN-list An internal list of LSN's maintained by DFS for search-results, Directory-contents, Bad-sectors and generic LSN 'memory'. SLT Sector/Cluster Lookup Table An array of information about sectors or groups of sectors, containing the type of the sector(s) and the LSN of a directly related sector (usualy an Fnode). It is currently implemented for HPFS only. Cluster A (small) group of adjecent sectors that are handled by the operating system as one allocation-unit. It is used on FAT filesystems to allow large partitions at the cost of more wasted "slack" space, and on NTFS to balance performance, slack-space etc. HPFS does not use sector-clustering (or a cluster-size of 1!) DFS will try to account for clustering where needed, for example in size calculations and where sector/cluster pointers are used in the file-system internal structures. Partition An area on a physical disk that holds a single logical file-system like FAT, HPFS, Boot-manager, NTFS etc. There is an index to find partitions in the form of a set of partition-tables in the MBR/EBR chain. MBR Master Boot Record The first sector on the physical disk, located at PSN 0 = Cylinder 0, Head 0, Sector 1 It contains the initial boot code called from the BIOS and the main partition table that holds the primary partitions and the start of the chain of extended boot records (EBR). EBR Extended Boot Record It contains no boot code but only a partition table that holds the location of a single logical partitions. It usualy is located on the cylinder just before the actual logical partition itself, at Head 0, Sector 1. Each EBR will also point to the next EBR if more logical partitions exist on the same disk. Volume A logical volume as seen by the active operating system, with a logical drive-letter associated to it. It can be either a hard-disk partition with a filesystem recognized and mounted by the operating system, or some other storage-medium like floppy disk or CD-Rom. Note: Network drives or other "virtual" file-systems can also be refered to as volumes. However, DFS will not be able to access them because such devices usualy cannot be accessed using "open volume" (DASD) methods. Shortname The leading part of a filename, as contained in an HPFS fnode and usefull for undelete. The maximum length is 15 characters Summary of commands ------------------- DFS takes commands from the keyboard and displays the results to the screen, scrolling text upward. It can also be copied to a file for later analysis. The commands are single words or (hexadecimal) numbers. Most commands have one or more parameters of wich some are optional. DFS keeps track of the current- and some other usefull SN's so they can be referenced faster, without having to type them in. They are: Name Cmd Description ---- --- ----------- up 'u' up in hierarchy down Enter down in hierarchy this 't' this (current) xtra 'x' Extra, alternative You can display and analyse either a physical disk, a partition or a volume. A physical disk can be opened using the 'disk' command. A logical-partition or volume needs to be opened first with the 'part' or 'vol' commands respectively. The following prompt will show some status info. After opening an HPFS partition, using 'Enter' a few times will take you to the superblock, root-directory, possible sub-directories upto some file. Multiple commands can be chained if separated with the '#' character. An overview of the available commands is given below, it can also be referenced from within the program using the '?' command. im img = Open a file with a FS-image (.img) for display & analysis sim img [f [s]] = Save to FS-image, starting from LSN [f], size [s] sectors wrim img [f [s]] = Write FS-image to disk-sectors start at LSN [f], size [s] export [id][fn] = Export LSN's in sector list [id], to file [fn] import [id][fn] = Import LSN's to sector list [id], from file [fn] ?? = Show active filesystem name, commands and help info ??? = Show all recognized sector-types for current filesystem part [dr/nr][No] = Show partitions, or select one using nr or drive-letter vol [drive][No] = Show all volumes, or select one using drive-letter xx = Analyse & display sector, SN xx; xx = 1 to 8 hexadecimals H,h xx [size] = Hex-dump sector or half-sector, SN xx, s sectors or bytes t a|h [size] = This SN, display in Ascii/Hexadecimal, s sectors or bytes .NNN [id] = Display numbered FS-entity marked .NNN from a sector list list [id+op] [w] = Display LSN's in sector list [id], using options/wildcard mem [c|lsn] [#] = Store LSN in MEMory list at loc #, or limit mem list-size SLT [type i ln] = Display SLT for sectors of 'type' at index i, ln lines id [xx] = Identify current or specified sector, using the SLT f[op] [t] [str]] = Find [options] sectors of [t]ypes containing [str] options are : * = repeat; - = backward; $ = Ign-case; @[pos] = position Enter, u, x = Show next with <Enter>, up with 'u' or extra LSN with 'x' walk [disknr] = Select a physical disk and walk the MBR/EBR chain scan [wr [NoId]] = Scan bad-sectors; use read/Write verify; No automatic id log [file] = Log (append) to 'file' (.log); (No file => stop logging) run macro = Run a DFS macro in a REXX .cmd file q = Quit FS display; 2.41 12-10-97 (c) 1994-1997; Jan van Wijk EXTERNALS Any command not recognized as a valid DFS internal command will be passed to the default command-processor (COMSPEC). Usefull commands: CHKDSK, CD, DIR, ... Note: FDISK, SETBOOT etc will not work if a physical disk is currently opened by DFS itself. Command reference, general DFS commands --------------------------------------- disk [nr] = Select specified physical disk for physical addressing Purpose: Select a physical disk Parameters: nr optional Physical disk number, default is 1 Output: Disk Geometry and default display of sector 0 (usualy MBR) The returncode (rc) will be zero for a valid disk number or equal to the number of disks otherwise. This can be usefull from REXX scripts. walk [nr] = Walk the MBR/EBR chain of partition-tables for specified disk Purpose: Show all partitioning information for the specified disk Parameters: nr optional Physical disk number, default is 1 Output: Disk Geometry, MBR and all linked EBR's in partition format lock = Lock physical disk, to allow writing to it (fixroot) Purpose: Lock a physical disk Parameters: none Output: none unlock = Unlock physical disk, after writing to it (fixroot) Purpose: Unlock a physical disk Parameters: none Output: none part [i][ns] = Select specified partition, or show the list of partitions Purpose: Select a disk partition for analysis Parameters: i optional Number specifying the partition as shown by the 'disks' or 'part' commands or d: Drive-letter for a partition (part C:) or + To get a verbose list or ! To force a new scan of physical disks If no parameter is specified the list of partitions will be displayed. ns optional Do not start SLT thread automaticaly (HPFS) When specified, the SLT will be build later when the 'SLT' cmd is issued to display it. Output: Either the list of partitions or the default display for the first sector of the partition (usualy a boot-sector). Remarks: The command "d:" where d is any existing drive-letter will be interpreted as a "part d:" command. This means that the C: partition can be opened just by typing "C:" The returncode (rc) will be zero for a valid partition id or the number of partitions otherwise (usefull in REXX scripts). An example of the list ouput in table form (default) is: Opened phys. disk : 1 Cyl: 327 H: 64 S:32 Size: 327.0 Mb Number of physical disks found: 1 ┌──┬──┬──┬─────────────────┬────────┬────────┬───────────┬────────┬─────────┐ │id│PD│Dr│Type, description│Format │Creator │Label Info │BM-Name │ Size Mb │ ├──┼──┼──┼─────────────────┼────────┼────────┼───────────┼────────┼─────────┤ │01│ 1│--│Prim 0a Boot Mgr │FAT │ │«OS/2 » │ │ 1.0 │ │02│ 1│C:│Prim 07 Inst. FS │HPFS │OS2 20.0│OS2 │OS/2 │ 170.0 │ │03│ 1│D:│Log 07 Inst. FS │HPFS │OS2 20.0│OS2 │STARTUP │ 5.0 │ │04│ 1│E:│Log 07 Inst. FS │HPFS │OS2 20.0│OS2 │ │ 145.0 │ │05│ 1│--│Hide fe PS/2 syst│FAT16 │IBM 5.y│6M OPEN 525│ │ 6.0 │ └──┴──┴──┴─────────────────┴────────┴────────┴───────────┴────────┴─────────┘ Number of physical disks = The number of disks reported by the system Opened phys disk ... = opened disk with Cylinder, Head, Sector and Size Part nn WARNING: ... = Any informal, strange or alarming conditions Where: id = The selection-id used by DFS for this partition PD = Physical drive number; 1..max Dr = Drive letter, a capital plus a semicolon (C:), or a lowercase drive-letter for hidden partitions Type, description = Type-info and hex value of the type, type-info: Prim = Primary (active, accessible) Hide = Hidden (primary or special) Log = Logical volume in an extended partition Format = The filesystem format string found in the bootrecord for this partition or --none-- Creator = The OEM identification string from the bootrec of "fdisk" if no valid bootrecord is found Label Info = The volumelabel as found in the bootrecord, or the «BM-label» of the current Bootmgr selection Note: The FAT volume-label will not be shown here BM-Name = The name for this partition as registered in the OS/2 boot-manager information area's Size Mb = The gross size of the partition in megabytes An example of a list fragment for verbose form is: DFS partition Id : 1 Physical disk nr : 1 (Fixed), Partition-table 0 (MBR), entry: 0 System Indicator : 0a Type description : Boot Mgr FileSyst. format : BMGR Partition type : Primary Part. visibility : Visible Creator OEM-name : fdisk Boot Mgr default : «Merlin » Boot capability : Bootable directly by BIOS and MBR-code Partition start : Cyl: 0 Hd: 1 Sec: 1 Partition end : Cyl: 0 Hd: 254 Sec: 63 Bootsect. offset : 0000003F = 63 Dec Partition size : 00003E82 = 8001 Kb Cluster size : 00000001 = 512 Bytes, in 1 sector(s) of 512 bytes Bootsector PSN : 0000003F Free space drive : -- Drive not ready, or unknown file-system: - . . . DFS partition Id : 7 Physical disk nr : 1 (Fixed), Partition-table 4 (EBR), entry: 0 System Indicator : 07 Type description : Inst. FS FileSyst. format : HPFS Partition type : Logical Part. visibility : Visible Creator OEM-name : OS2 20.0 Partition Label : OS2_BOOT_3 Boot capability : Bootable by OS/2 boot-manager as: Merlin Partition start : Cyl: 83 Hd: 1 Sec: 1 Partition end : Cyl: 131 Hd: 254 Sec: 63 Bootsect. offset : 0000003F = 63 Dec Partition size : 000C02B2 = 384 Mb Cluster size : 00000001 = 512 Bytes, in 1 sector(s) of 512 bytes Bootsector PSN : 001458D2 Free space drive : G: 92.3 Mb of 384.3 Mb on file-system: HPFS DFS partition Id : 8 Physical disk nr : 1 (Fixed), Partition-table 5 (EBR), entry: 0 System Indicator : 07 Type description : Inst. FS FileSyst. format : HPFS Partition type : Logical Part. visibility : Visible Creator OEM-name : OS2 20.0 Partition Label : OS2_DATA_1 Boot capability : Not bootable by BIOS and MBR-code or OS/2 boot-manager Partition start : Cyl: 132 Hd: 1 Sec: 1 Partition end : Cyl: 262 Hd: 254 Sec: 63 Bootsect. offset : 0000003F = 63 Dec Partition size : 00201C84 = 1028 Mb Cluster size : 00000001 = 512 Bytes, in 1 sector(s) of 512 bytes Bootsector PSN : 00205BC3 Free space drive : H: 193.3 Mb of 1027.6 Mb on file-system: HPFS vol [letter] = Select specified logical volume, or show the list of volumes Purpose: Work with logical volumes including floppies and CD-rom Parameters: Drive-letter for the volume Output: Either the list of volumes or the default display for the first sector of the volume (usualy a boot-sector). Remarks: Network or other "virtual" file-systems are not supported. im img = Open a file with a FS-image (.img) for analysis Purpose: Work with a saved binary image Parameters: img Filename for the image, default extention is '.img' Output: The default display for the first sector of the image Remarks: File-system type is derived from first (boot) sector sim img [f [s]] = Save FS-image (.img) start from LSN [f], size [s] sectors Purpose: Save specified sectors as a binary image for use with 'IM' Parameters: img Filename for the image, default extention is '.img' f Start LSN for save, default is 0 s Size of the saved image in sectors, default is 256 '$' can be used to save all sectors of the disk/volume Output: none Remarks: When '.' is specified for s, sector 'f' upto 'this' is saved When '.' is specified for f, the start-sector is 'this' When '.' is specified for both, only the 'this' sector is saved wrim img [f [s]] = Write FS-image to disk-sectors start at LSN [f], size [s] Purpose: Write sectors back from an image to opened partition or volume Parameters: img Filename for the image, default extention is '.img' f Start LSN for write, default is 0 s Size of the written sector area, default size of image Output: none Remarks: '.' can be specified for the f and s parameters, see 'sim' cmd fs fs-name [No] = Force analysis using specified file-system knowledge Purpose: Use specific FS knowledge if the default is not correct Parameters: fs-name File-system name, like FAT or HPFS No Do not try to build SLT automatically Output: none Remarks: Only HPFS is realy supported at the moment, and depending on disk or image contents DFS might behave strangely or even trap export [id][fn] = Export LSN's in sector list [id], to file [fn] Purpose: Save an LSN-list in a file for modification or later use Parameters: id optional Id for the list, f, b, d or m see "list" cmd; default is last list used fn Destination filename, default is dfslistX.lsn Output: none Remarks: The file has one LSN per line, editable with a text-editor. import [id][fn] = Import LSN's to sector list [id], from file [fn] Purpose: Read an LSN-list from a file, exported and/or modified Parameters: id optional Id for the list, f, b, d or m see "list" cmd; default is the "find-result" list fn Source filename, default is dfslistX.lsn Output: none Remarks: The file needs one LSN per line, editable with a text-editor. It can be the result of an export, derived from a log-file or created completely by hand. The verbose format resulting from a "list f+" or "list f+f" and the "delshow" is also valid. (use "log" cmd to capture) This is often more convenient than bare LSN lists because the verbose format contains info like path/filename. base [sn [sl]] = Set base limits start and end values, defining partition Purpose: Force a different partition start sector-nr Parameters: sn Sector-number to use as start for partition ==> LSN 0 sl Sector-number to use as end for partition (optional) Output: none Remarks: Can be used if start of partition / partition-tables are bad Try to find the PSN for the first sector of the partition and use the "base" cmd followed by an "FS xxxx" command PSN xx = Analyse & display sector using PSN xx Purpose: Display sector using Physical Sector Number addressing Parameters: xx = 1 to 8 hexadecimals Output: Sector display, format selected based on sector-contents Remarks: The SN is specified in hexadecimal format, however the first digit needs to be decimal to avoid misinterpretation. Prefixing the SN with '0' will avoid any conflicts. Output that scrolls of the screen can be repeated using the 't' command. (display 'this' sector) CHS c h s = Analyse & display sector using CHS specication Purpose: Display sector using Cylinder, Head and Sector addressing Parameters: c mandatory The zero-based decimal Cylinder number Range 1 to disk-specific maximum and usualy below 1024. h mandatory The zero-based decimal Head number Range 0 to disk-specific maximum but never more than 255 s mandatory The one-based decimal Sector number Range 1 to disk-specific maximum but never more than 63 Output: Sector display, format selected based on sector-contents Remarks: Output that scrolls of the screen can be repeated using the 't' command. (display 'this' sector) xx = Analyse & display sector, SN xx; xx = 1 to 8 hexadecimals Purpose: Display a sector in the most usefull format Parameters: none Output: Sector display, format selected based on sector-contents Remarks: The SN is specified in hexadecimal format, however the first digit needs to be decimal to avoid misinterpretation. Prefixing the SN with '0' will avoid any conflicts. Logical addressing (LSN) is actualy used, however when a physical disk is selected the offset for logical addressing is set to 0. The result is that LSN's equal PSN's. Output that scrolls of the screen can be repeated using the 't' command. (display 'this' sector) H,h [xx [s]] = Hex-dump sector or half-sector, LSN xx, s sectors/bytes Purpose: Display current or specified sector in hex-dump format Parameters: xx optional LSN of sector to dump s optional size to dump: 1..63 specifies sectors 64..xxx specifies bytes Default is 512 bytes for the 'H' command and 256 bytes for the 'h' command Output: Hex-dump of the sector On every line 16 bytes of data will be displayed, each line containing: - the relative offset in the record (4 hex digits) - 16 bytes in hexadecimal; separator after 8 bytes - the same 16 bytes represented as ASCII Remarks: The ASCII representation is filtered, non-printable characters are represented with a PERIOD character t a|h [s] = This LSN, display in Ascii or Hex; s sectors/bytes Purpose: Display current sector in ASCII, EA, HEX or default format Parameters: a|h optional Specifies display format as: a = ASCII h = HEX none = default (based on sector-contents) s optional size to dump: 1..63 specifies sectors 64..xxx specifies bytes Output: Sector display in requested format Remarks: f[op] [t] [str]] = Find [options] sectors of [t]ypes containing [str] Purpose: Perform a sector search starting from the current LSN until a sector of the specified type and optionaly containing a specified ASCII/HEX string is found. Parameters: op optional Search options, default is '+' * = automatic repeat (find all ...) + = verbose output even when repeating - = search towards lower sector numbers ! = force LSN/PSN display, no file-paths $ = Use case-insensitive string compare @[pos] = compare at one sector position [pos] (with type dependant defaults) Note: Use no spaces betwee 'f' and options! t optional Types of sector wanted, default is any KNOWN specify multiple types in a single string DFS generic sector types '*' = any sector 'r' = Master Boot Rec 'e' = Extended Boot Rec 'b' = Fsys boot sector 'R' = Fsys reserved sec '!' = any known type 'u' = Unidentified data '$' = Free space '.' = <Past-partition!> HPFS specific sector types 'I' = File data 'E' = EA data 'A' = ACL data 'B' = Boot area 's' = HPFS superblock 'p' = HPFS spareblock 'H' = Hotfix table 'h' = Hotfix data 'x' = Bad sector-list 'X' = Bad sector 'S' = Spare dirblocks 'D' = Directory Fnode 'y' = Deleted Dir Fnode 'f' = File Fnode 'z' = Deleted FileFnode 'a' = Allocation block 'Z' = Deleted All-block 'd' = Directory block 'P' = Dir-band (free) 'Q' = Dir-band bitmap 'c' = Codepage info 't' = Codepage data 'i' = HPFS386 User-id 'm' = Bitmap Tables 'M' = Bitmap data For an up-to-date list, use the '???" command str optional A string of bytes that have to be present in the wanted sector. When the '$' string option is not given, it can be specified as a mix of ASCII and HEX. The starting mode is ASCII, switching to HEX and back is done with the ' character. Leading whitespace is skipped, in HEX mode spaces can be used to improve readability. Example 1: last'0d0a'first This will search for the word "last" followed by a carriage-return line-feed combination and the word first Example 2: 'e9bd13 0d4023 49 42 4d 3a38 2e' This will search for a byte sequence, in this case the start of COMMAND.COM Output: Sector display, format selected based on sector-contents, or a single line with position and type info when repeating Remarks: This command is also very usefull to find a specific fragment of disassembled code anywhere on the disk, to resolve the name of an EXE, DLL or device driver causing traps or hangs. Backward search can be usefull on HPFS to find the preceding fnode when looking at some random file-data. Note: the 'id' command will do this more reliably but depends on the sector-lookup-table to be filled. list [id+op] [w] = Display LSN's in sector list [id], using options/wildcard Purpose: Display one of the sector-number lists maintained by DFS Parameters id optional Identifier for LSN list, valid values are: d = Dir, result or dir-block display b = Bad, result of 'scan' command f = Find, result of 'f' command m = Mem, result of 'mem' commands op optional + = Use verbose output, one line per LSN f = Incluse PATH info on Fnode LSN's on verbose output (requires + too) w optional Wildcard select-string, only valid with "+f" multiple wildcards '*' and '?' can be used. Very useful on a (large) list of deleted fnodes! Output: List of sector numbers in compact or verbose format Remarks: There should be NO space between [id] and the options! The default list-identifier will be set to a specific list each-time one of the lists is modified or listed. List also available for REXX in the dfs_sn. stem variable mem [c|lsn] [#] = Store LSN in MEMory list at loc #, or limit mem list-size Purpose: Add an LSN to the LSN memory list for later use with .NNN Parameters: c optional Clear command, limit list-size to # entries lsn optional LSN to add to the list, special values are: x, u, d, t for Xtra, Up, Down and This # optional memory location to store lsn, or limit Output: none Remarks: The LSN memory can be listed using "list m" [+f] .NNN [id] = Display numbered FS-entity marked .NNN from a sector list Purpose: Display one of the entries from the list last shown It can be applied on Directory- as well as Allocation-lists The number (NNN) to use is displayed to the left of the list Parameters: NNN The zero-based decimal entry number to show id optional Identifier for LSN list (see list command) Output: Sector display, format selected based on sector-contents Enter = down in hierachy (Enter = down) Purpose: Display the next, most likely wanted, sector Parameters: none Output: Sector display, format selected based on sector-contents Remarks: u = up in hierachy Purpose: Display the sector that is higher in the hierarchy (parent) Parameters: none Output: Sector display, format selected based on sector-contents x = Extra LSN Purpose: Display the sector marked as eXtra Parameters: none Output: Sector display, format selected based on sector-contents Remarks: SLT [t i s m] = Show SLT for 'type', at index i, size s, error-mask m Purpose: Display (selection of) the Sector Lookup Table Parameters: t optional Sector-types to include in the displayed list. Default is all types ('*') Types are same as specified for 'f' cmd i optional Start index in the SLT to display s optional Number of entries to display, default will result in one screen-full m optional Error filtering mask, * = all errors 4-digit Hexadecimal value, each set bit will include a specific error value. Output: One line for each entry in the SLT, containing: LSN Start LSN for a range of sectors size Number of sectors in the range ref Other sector refering to this range (fnode) type Type of the sectors in the range error 4-digit Hexadecimal error value: 0x0001 Linked to some structure, but not in bitmap 0x0002 Allocated in bitmap, but not linked 0x0008 Fnode is a directory but DirFlag is not set 0x0010 Fnode datalength greater than Dir-entry size 0x0020 Fnode datalength smaller than Dir-entry size 0x0040 Fnode datalength greater than allocated size 0x0080 Fnode datalength smaller than allocated size Remarks: Sector ranges might overlap, the smallest matching range will hold the best identification for a specific sector. The start-index will default to the position of the sector last searched using the 'i' cmd. If needed the SLT will be built in a background thread. id [xx] = Identify, using sector lookup table Purpose: Display the type for a specific sector and one major reference Parameters: xx optional LSN of sector to identify, default is the current sector Output: One line specifying corresponding SLT entry, followed by a line specifying the type of the sector itself and a sector display of the 'ref' sector, in a format based on sector-contents Remarks: Sector ranges might overlap, the smallest matching range will be considered best. This function is extremely usefull to relate file-data sectors from fragmented files to the Fnode for the file. It will tell you exactly to wich file a certain sector belongs. log [file] = Log (append) to 'file' (.log); (No file => stop logging) Purpose: Close current LOG, open new and capture DFS output in it Parameters: File specification If no parameter is specified, logging is stopped. Output: Concatenated output of DFS commands given after the 'log' command, upto next 'log' or 'q' command. ANSI control characters for colors and cursor-positioning are not written to the logfile. Remarks: There is no check on available space on the destination drive, file may end up empty if disk(ette) is full. The same logfile specification can be used more than once, output will be concatenated. On each 'log' command the current logfile will be closed. trace [lvl] = Set trace level for DFS internal functions Purpose: Investigate unexpected behaviour and debug DFS Parameters: lvl optional Trace level; 0 = no trace Output: The resulting trace-level, after this the output will be normal output mixed with extra trace information showing API return-codes and DFS internal variables Remarks: Only available in the special DFSTRACE.EXE version prio [lvl] = Set relative priority of the DFS main thread Purpose: Increase (search) speed with +, or decrease system impact Parameters: lvl optional Prority level; + and ++ = high(est), - and -- = low(est) Output: The resulting prio-level Remarks: When running on low(est) priority in the background, DFS will almost come to a halt. q = Quit FS display; 2.41 12-10-97 (c) 1994-1997; Jan van Wijk Purpose: Exit DFS program Remarks: Opened physical disk and logfile will be closed on exit Asynchronious running threads will be aborted. cd [path] = Change current Directory Purpose: Change both the current directory and the current drive Parameters: path optional Absolute or relative path specification Output: The resulting current drive and directory Remarks: '.' and '..' can be used in the relative path specification run mf [arg] = Run a REXX macro from DFS Purpose: Execute a REXX script using the 'DFS' environment Parameters: mf mandatory Macro file specification arg optional Arguments to the REXX macro Output: Any output from the REXX macro including (OS/2) commands executed from the macro. Remarks: DFS commands can be issued from within the macro, this is the default environment (Address DFS). Commands for CMD.EXE must be addressed using 'Address Cmd' The following REXX variables will be available after each executed DFS command from a macro: rc The returncode from the DFS command dfs_disknr Physical disk number currently open dfs_partid Partition-id for selection with "part" dfs_drive The opened drive letter, including a colon. dfs_afsys The attached filesystem, like "HPFS" or "FAT" dfs_sect The last retrieved sector(s), binary buffer dfs_type Type of last retrieved sector, this is a string starting with the type-character (see 'F' cmd) followed by a textual description. dfs_this SN of the last retrieved sector dfs_down SN of most likely sector to retrieve now dfs_up SN of sector up in hierarchy dfs_next SN of next in sequence dfs_prev SN of previous in sequence dfs_down SN of up in hierarchy dfs_sn.0 Number of sector-numbers in the SN stem variable dfs_sn.n nth sector-number in the SN stem variable, coming from DFS output for directories and allocation. They correspond to the '.NNN' command Note: SN's are in an 8-digit Hexadecimal format The number of disks and partitions can be resolved using the returncode (rc) from the commands "disk 0" and "part 0" or "part" respectively. REXX is dynamically loaded, when the run-command is exectuted It requires REXX.DLL and REXXAPI.DLL in the libpath. copyoutput [stem-name] Copy output from last-command to REXX stem-var Purpose: Allow output to be captured and processed from REXX Parameters: stem optional name of stem variable, ending in a '.' default: "dfs_output." Output: none Remarks: The <stem>.0 will hold the number of lines <stem>.1 through <stem>.n the actual cmd-output scan [wr [NoId]] = Scan bad-sectors; use read/Write verify; No automatic id Purpose: Identify bad sectors on a physical disk or logical volume Parameters: write optional 'w' to use full read/write/verify sequence NoId optional 'n' to disable automatic SLT lookup Output: Progress indication based on sector-numbers, and one line for each bad-sector found, plus an SLT display of a related sector like the fnode, if automatic SLT display is enabled. Remarks: For REXX, the dfs_sn.0 stem variable will hold the number of bad-sectors found and dfs_sn.1 through dfs_sn.n the actual bad sector numbers (can be shown with the 'list' command) Without the write option, only a single 'read' will be done for each sector, this can be executed on a running system with open files on the disk/volume to be checked. With the write option a "read/write-inverse/read/write-normal" sequence is done for each sector with contents checking. The contents of each sector will stay the same, so the function can be safely executed on formatted disks with live data. This sequence takes at least 4 times more time to complete and also, for safety, the disk will be locked. This means that the write option can only be used when the complete physical disk is not being used. Remarks: Also available for REXX in the dfs_sn. stem variable screen [arg] = Switch output to the screen on or off Purpose: Allow output to logfile only Parameters: arg optional 'on' or 'off' to switch mode Output: none Remarks: The returncode (rc from REXX) will indicate the setting for screen output: 0 indicates screen switched on 1 indicates screen switched off Command reference, HPFS specific commands ----------------------------------------- Active filesystem : HPFS, specific commands are: alloc [+] = Show data-band allocation bitmaps, compact or [+] verbose dirmap = Show directory band allocation and usage map bitmap [xx,s,D] = Show bitmap at LSN xx, size s, in alloc or [D]ir format find path-spec = Find and show file/directory specified by path-spec, relative to current dir, or root if starting with '\' \path-spec = find and show file/directory relative to root path [n] = Show all path-components for current fnode, upto root autobase [t][l] = find the start of an HPFS partition by searching sectors of types [t], default 'spad'; [l] is last valid sector findroot [n] = find the Root directory without using the superblock starting the search at LSN [n] fixroot = Update superblock with found LSN for root-directory fixcp = Update superblock with found LSN for codepage info fixbs [clear] = Update bad-sector table with LSN's from DFS badsec-list getbs = Read HPFS bad-sector table into DFS badsec-list ca [lsn][opt] = Check Allocation integrity for (current) fnode lsn saveto [dir][l] = Save filedata connected to (current) fnode to a file delfind [short] = Find deleted files, with name starting with [short] delshow [w;p] = Show delfind list, optional wildcard, minimum percentage delsave d [w;p] = Undelete files from the delfind list, to dir [d], and with optional wildcard [w] and minimum percentage [p] For an up-to-date list of commands, use the '??' command autobase [t][l] = find the start of an HPFS partition by searching sectors Purpose: Force a different partition start sector-nr for HPFS partition Parameters: t One or more sector-types to use in the search default is "spad", Super, Spare, Alloc and Dirblock f for fnode can also be used but is less reliable sl Sector-number to use as end for partition (optional) Output: Search progress and finel result when HPFS partition found Remarks: Can be used if start of partition / partition-tables are bad Use the "fs hpfs" command first! alloc [+] = Show data-band allocation bitmaps, compact or [+] verbose Purpose: Show usage and the distribution of data over the volume. Parameters: none Output: A single bitmap-graphic for the entire volume or for each allocation-band when verbose format is selected Remarks: System-reserved and Directory-band are indicated with 'S' and 'R' respectively. Other area's are filled in according to the degree of usage (allocation) dirmap = Show directory band allocation and usage map Purpose: Show usage of the pre-allocated directory-band Parameters: none Output: A single bitmap-graphic showing the allocation of the pre-allocated directory band. Remarks: If 100% is allocated more directory information will be allocated elsewhere on the volume. bitmap [xx s D] = Show bitmap at LSN xx, size s, in alloc or [D]ir format Purpose: Show a bitmape located at specified LSN, alloc or DIR format Parameters: xx mandatory LSN of a bitmap sector s optional size to dump: 1..63 specifies sectors 64..xxx specifies bytes Default is 4 sectors (default bitmap size) D optional Directory-format flag Output: One bitmap-graphic for the specified bitmap LSN. Remarks: Specifying an LSN that is not a bitmap-LSN will result in a garbage bitmap display. \path-spec = find and show file/directory specified by path-spec Purpose: Locate the fnode for a known file- or directory Parameters: path-spec full path specification with no intervening space after the '\' command character or absolute- or relative path specification with an intervening space. If the path does not start with a '\' it is relative to the current directory (see CD cmd). Output: Searchlist starting at the ROOT directory upto the requested file or directory. It is either followed by an error message if the path-spec was not found or by the display of the corresponding fnode information. Remarks: The search algorithm depends on the ROOT fnode being known. When the superblock is corrupt this fnode can be resolved using the 'findroot' command. path [n] = Show all path-components for current fnode, upto root Purpose: Show the directory-branch that contains current file/dir Parameters: n optional Start LSN for the search Output: One line for each found 'parent' directory, upto the root Remarks: ca [lsn][opt] = Check Allocation for (current) fnode lsn Purpose: Check allocation integrity for current fnode Parameters: lsn optional LSN of the fnode opt optional Options: v = Verbose, show progress Output: Σ Start of an allocation-sector (heavily fragmented) » Start of one file-extent (fragmented file) · One sector, green small dot is allocation OK ■ One sector, red big dot is allocation error Also a summary is given with the number of (failed) sectors Remarks: Fnode maybe for a regular file (sectors must be ALLOCATED) or for a deleted file (sectors must be FREE) findroot [n] = find the Root directory without using the superblock Purpose: Find the fnode for the ROOT directory, even if parts of the volume, including the superblock, are damaged. Parameters: n optional Start LSN for the search Output: Search-list starting at the first fnode encountered upto the fnode for the ROOT directory when found. Remarks: Specifying a startlsn might be needed if reading at the start of the volume results in device errors, or if some fnodes in the sequence are corrupted. fixroot = Write the root-LSN found with the 'findroot' command back Purpose: Fix bad Root-LSN pointer, after CHKDSK bugs or other corruption Parameters: none Output: none Remarks: It is better to lock the physical disk before writing to it fixcp = Write the CodePage-LSN found with the '0#f c' command back Purpose: Fix bad CodePage-LSN pointer Parameters: none Output: none Remarks: It is better to lock the physical disk before writing to it fixbs [clear] = Update bad-sector table with LSN's from DFS badsec-list Purpose: Replace the internal HPFS bad-sector list with the DFS bad-sector list, or clear the liste completely. Parameters: clear optional Make internal and DFS bad-sector list empty Output: none Remarks: The DFS bad-sector list is limited to maximum 1023 bad-sectors. The list can be the result of the "scan", "getbs" or "import b" commands, allowing modification off-line with an editor. It is better to lock the physical disk before writing to it See 'lock' and 'unlock' commands getbs = Read HPFS bad-sector table into DFS badsec-list Purpose: Replace the DFS bad-sector list with the internal HPFS one Parameters: none Output: none Remarks: The DFS bad-sector list is limited to maximum 1023 bad-sectors. saveto [dir][l] = Save filedata connected to (current) fnode to a file Purpose: Recover a file if the fnode can still be found, by making a low-level sector-by-sector copy of its data to a new file. (basic functionality to be used for undelete operations) Parameters: dir optional Path to save the file copy (existing!) l optional LSN of the fnode of the file to recover default is the current LSN (This) Output: Progress is reported with output like the "ca" command, error messages will be given as appropriate Remarks: Only the file contents is recovered, date&time, attributes and extended attributes are lost. If no directory is specified it will default to the last directory given, or "A:" when it is the first time delfind [short] = Find deleted files, with name starting with [short] Purpose: Find deleted files, with name starting at current LSN Parameters: short optional shortname, first part of filename Output: Find-result list (as "f* z") on screen and in memory Remarks: List can be manipulated as usual, best viewed with "delshow" delshow [w;p] = Show delfind list, optional wildcard, minimum percentage Purpose: Display a list of deleted Fnodes Parameters: w optional wildcard selection for display p optional Minimum allocation-OK percentage Output: LSN list in fnode format (as "list f+f *;1" command) Remarks: Default wildcard is '*', default percentage is 1 Wildcards are real (UNIX style) wildcards using '*' and '?' delsave d [w;p] = Undelete files from the delfind list, to dir [d], and with optional wildcard [w] and minimum percentage [p] Purpose: Undelete multiple files using (a selection from) a list Parameters: d optional Path to save the file copy w optional wildcard selection for display p optional Minimum allocation-OK percentage Output: Progress is reported with output like the "ca" command, error messages will be given as appropriate All files are recovered one by one using the "saveto" command automatically on each selected LSN from the list. Remarks: See "saveto" command LSN list is the find-result list as shown with "delshow", it can be edited using export or "log" + "delshow". Diagram of an example HPFS structure Basic HPFS data-structure for Root-directory with AUTOEXEC.BAT, README file, an OS2 subdirectory and lots of other files. The README file has it's data allocated in 2 alloc-chunks. ╔═════════╗ ╔══════════════════╗ ╔═══════╗ ║SUPER ║ ┌──>║ DIR block ║ ┌──>║ FNODE ║ ║ ║ │ ║ ║ │ ║ ║ ║ ║ ╔═══════╗ │ ║┌────────────────┐║ │ ║ ║ ╔══════════ ║Root LSN ────>║ FNODE ║ │ ║│*Special**Start*│║ │ ║ ALLOC ──>║ DIR block ╚═════════╝ ║ ║ │ ║│entry FNODE LSN│║ │ ╚═══════╝ ║ ║ ║ │ ║│BtreeDownPtr LSN│║ │ ║┌───────── ║ ALLOC ──┘ ║└────────────────┘║ │ ║│8514.RC ╚═══════╝ ║┌────────────────┐║ │ ║│entry FNO ║│OS2 (subdir) │║ │ ║│BtreeDown ║│entry FNODE LSN├────┘ ║└───────── ┌─────────────────────────────┤BtreeDownPtr LSN│║ ║┌───────── │ ║└────────────────┘║ ║│ANSI.EXE │ ║┌────────────────┐║ │ ║│Special-end │║ │ ╔══════════════════╗ ║│entry FNODE LSN│║ ╔══════════════════╗ └─>║ DIR block ║ ║│BtreeDownPtr LSN├───────>║ DIR block ║ ║┌────────────────┐║ ║└────────────────┘║ ║┌────────────────┐║ ║│*Special**Start*│║ ╚══════════════════╝ ║│*Special**Start*│║ ║│entry FNODE LSN│║ ║│entry FNODE LSN│║ ║│BtreeDownPtr LSN│║ ╔═══════╗ ║│BtreeDownPtr LSN│║ ║└────────────────┘║ ┌─>║ FNODE ║ ║└────────────────┘║ ║┌────────────────┐║ │ ║ ║ ║┌────────────────┐║ ║│AUTOEXEC.BAT │║ │ ║ ║ ╔═══════════ ║│PP... filename │║ ║│entry FNODE LSN├───┘ ║ ALLOC ──>║┌────────── ║│entry FNODE LSN│║ ║│BtreeDownPtr LSN│║ ╚═══════╝ ║│ 1st data- ║│BtreeDownPtr LSN│║ ║└────────────────┘║ ║└────────── ║└────────────────┘║ ║┌────────────────┐║ ║┌────────────────┐║ ║│OS1.. filename │║ ║│README filename │║ ║│entry FNODE LSN│║ ┌───────────────────────────┤entry FNODE LSN│║ ║│BtreeDownPtr LSN│║ │ ║│BtreeDownPtr LSN│║ ║└────────────────┘║ │ ║└────────────────┘║ ║┌────────────────┐║ │ ║┌────────────────┐║ ║│**Special**End**│║ │ ║│XXX... filename │║ ║│entry FNODE LSN│║ │ ║│entry FNODE LSN│║ ║│BtreeDownPtr LSN│║ │ ║│BtreeDownPtr LSN│║ ║└────────────────┘║ │ ║└────────────────┘║ ╚══════════════════╝ │ ║┌────────────────┐║ │ ║│**Special**End**│║ │ ║│entry FNODE LSN│║ │ ║│BtreeDownPtr LSN│║ │ ║└────────────────┘║ │ ╚══════════════════╝ │ │ ╔════════════════════════╗ │ ┌───>║┌──────────────────────┐║ │ │ ║│ 1st data-sector │║ │ │ ║└──────────────────────┘║ │ │ ║┌──────────────────────┐║ │ ╔═══════╗ │ ║│ 2nd data-sector │║ └─>║ FNODE ║ │ ║└──────────────────────┘║ ║ ║ │ ╚════════════════════════╝ ║ ─────┘ ║ ALLOC ║ ╔════════════════════════╗ ║ ─────────>║┌──────────────────────┐║ ╚═══════╝ ║│ 3rd data-sector │║ ║└──────────────────────┘║ (c) 1995 ║┌──────────────────────┐║ J. v. Wijk ║│ 4th data- Examples of DFS usage --------------------- 1) Resolve original name of FILExxxx.CHK files (created by CHKDSK) When CHKDSK recovers files it will place in a FOUND.xxx directory in the root-directory. This directory contains one or more recovered files with names like FILE0001.CHK The original name of the file is still in the Fnode, it can be shown using the following dhpfs commands (assuming drive c:) : Command Explanation DFS disks Start DFS and scan physical disks part id Select partition 'id' (must be HPFS) \found.000\file0001.chk Search and display Fnode for .CHK Now 15 characters of the original name are shown as "Fnode Name String" 2) Show freespace area's (HPFS) "slt $" 3) Undelete a file; Find the fnode using: "f z" find the next deleted fnode "f z shortname" next deleted named shortname (case-sensitive) "f$@ z shortname" next deleted named shortname (case-insensitive) Add a '*' to the find command to do a repeated search (see 'f' command) Then use the "saveto path" command to copy the data for the deleted file to a directory. Notes: - It's best to use a different drive to avoid overwriting 4) Save and restore (parts of) a disk The "sim" command can be used to save a complete disk, including partition information to one (very large!) file on a different (network) drive. The save the entire unit (opened disk/partition or volume) use: "sim img-name 0 $" It can be restored using the "wrim" command, if and only if the destination disk has exactly the same geometry as the source disk (heads, sectors cyl). This could be used to clone one workstation to multiple machines. 5) List all "undeletable" files Find the FNODES for possibly deleted files using "f* z" or for specific files: "f*$@ z shortname" Now list them, including PATH and recovery reliability using: "list f+f" Or list just a subset using any combination of wildcards: "list f+f *\testdir\data?.txt Use the .NNN command to select a file to undelete, and then use the "saveto [destination-path]" command to actualy undelete it. ==> new in 2.41: use the "delfind", "delshow" and "delsave" to do the same for multiple files, and with less typing! 6) Update the bad-sector list with the results of a DFS-scan Find all sectors that are unreadable: "scan" Optionaly: list, export/modify/import the resulting bad-sector list "list b+f" (list, including PATH if sector is Fnode) "export b badguys" (Place in an ASCII file badguys.lsn) Now edit it off-line, save as 'modified.lsn' (maximum of 1023 lines!) "import b modified" Now replace the internal bad-sector list with the new modified one: "fixbs" 7) Save a list of currently deleted files on an HPFS volume: Find deleted files (could take quite a while!): "f* z" Save the deleted-Fnode LSN's in a file: "export deleted" - Note that the list-id is not specified, only a filename is given. The id will default to "f" for find-result because that was the last LSN-list used. The explicit command would have been: "export f deleted.lsn" Optionaly, also save PATH info and recovery chances using a logfile: "log deleted" "list f+f" "log" - This will result in a (possibly large!) deleted.log with one line per deleted file with size, recovery percentage and PATH+filename Known limitations and bugs -------------------------- - There is no real support for FAT, NTFS yet besides basic recognition. - saveto only saves the basic file-data, no extended attributes yet - The various "fix" commands do not update the checksum fields in the super-block yet and they do not set an "last optimized" timestamp. - Writing to a volume opened with "vol" (and locked) does not seem to work - delfind with a [short] specified does not work ("f*@$ z short" is required) Considered improvements ----------------------- Automatic detection of inconsistencies (like CHKDSK, FST, HVA and CHKPART) This will show HPFS problems like CHKDSK does, but in more detail and maybe some more types of inconsistencies. Note: Basic HPFS functionality implemented in version 1.62 Some partitioning errors implemented in version 1.82 Real coverage of other file-systems besides HPFS like FAT, LINUX, NTFS ... The code has been prepared for other file-systems in version 2.21 Graphical User Interface This could make the program easier to use, however it also makes the program requirements less attractive becaus it uses PM/WPS or WINxx and makes porting more difficult. A command-line version will allways be available to allow operation from a minimal (diskette) system. Write capability, This will allow recovery operations without using other (third-party) utilities. This will require locking the entire disk so usage is often limited to diskette BOOT. Note: Some write enabled commands have been implemented starting with 1.90 Improved volume/disk locking implemented in version 2.25 Update of HPFS internal bad-sector list after a DFS 'scan' command Limited implementation is in 2.39 with getbs/fixbs Recovery for deleted files (undelete), basics implemented in 2.30, most search/list mechanisms implemented in 2.37 Multiple undelete implemented in 2.41 Recovery for a 'quick format' on HPFS (unformat) Recovery for repartitioning (un-fdisk)