home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- LINUX DRIVER FOR BAYCOM MODEMS
-
- Thomas M. Sailer <hb9jnx@radio.amiv.ethz.ch>
-
- This document describes the Linux Kernel Driver for simple Baycom style
- amateur radio modems. The driver supports the following modems:
-
- ser12: This is a very simple 1200 baud AFSK modem. The modem consists only
- of a modulator/demodulator chip, usually a TI TCM3105. The computer
- is responsible for regenerating the receiver bit clock, as well as
- for handling the HDLC protocol. The modem connects to a serial port,
- hence the name. Since the serial port is not used as an async serial
- port, the kernel driver for serial ports cannot be used, and this
- driver only supports standard serial hardware (8250, 16450, 16550)
-
- par96: This is a modem for 9600 baud FSK compatible to the G3RUH standard.
- The modem does all the filtering and regenerates the receiver clock.
- Data is transferred from and to the PC via a shift register.
- The shift register is filled with 16 bits and an interrupt is signalled.
- The PC then empties the shift register in a burst. This modem connects
- to the parallel port, hence the name. The modem leaves the
- implementation of the HDLC protocol and the scrambler polynomial to
- the PC.
-
- par97: This is a redesign of the par96 modem by Henning Rech, DF9IC. The modem
- is protocol compatible to par96, but uses only three low power ICs
- and can therefore be fed from the parallel port and does not require
- an additional power supply.
-
- All of the above modems only support half duplex communications. However,
- the driver supports the KISS (see below) fullduplex command. It then simply
- starts to send as soon as there's a packet to transmit and does not care
- about DCD, i.e. it starts to send even if there's someone else on the channel.
- This command is required by some implementations of the DAMA channel
- access protocol.
-
-
- The Interface of the driver
-
- The driver interfaces to the AX25 stack via a KISS interface. The driver
- can be accessed as a character device with major 60. Major 60 is the first
- number of the local/experimental range. I did no steps to coordinate a
- major number for this driver, but I plan to do so in the near future.
- The driver supports multiple modems (currently four, as defined with
- NR_PORTS). It therefore responds to minor numbers 0 to 3. I recommend
- to access the driver via the special device files /dev/bc[0-3], which
- can be created with 'make bc'.
-
-
- Compiling and installing the driver
-
- First unpack the source files into a directory. Then enter the following: (you
- must be root to do it)
-
- make dep
- make
-
- This will create the files baycom.o and setbaycom. baycom.o is as well copied
- to /lib/modules/`uname -n`/misc. If you plan to use kerneld, do the following:
-
- depmod -a
-
- Do not forget to create the device special files if you install the driver the
- first time. This can be done with:
-
- make bc
-
- You are now ready to use the driver. You can now activate the driver manually
- by entering
-
- insmod baycom
-
- or leave this task to kerneld (if installed). Add the following line to
- /etc/conf.modules
-
- alias char-major-60 baycom
-
-
-
- Configuring the driver
-
- Every time the driver is inserted into the kernel, it has to know which
- modems it should access at which ports. This can be done with the setbaycom
- utility. If you are only using one modem, you can also configure the
- driver from the insmod command line (or by means of an option line in
- /etc/conf.modules).
-
- Examples:
- insmod baycom modem=1 iobase=0x3f8 irq=4 options=1
- setbaycom -i /dev/bc0 -p ser12 0x3f8 4 1
-
- Both lines configure the first port to drive a ser12 modem at the first
- serial port (COM1 under DOS). options=1 instructs the driver to use
- the software DCD algorithm (see below).
-
- insmod baycom modem=2 iobase=0x378 irq=7 options=1
- setbaycom -i /dev/bc0 -p par96 0x378 7 1
-
- Both lines configure the first port to drive a par96 or par97 modem at the
- first parallel port (LPT1 under DOS). options=1 instructs the driver to use
- the software DCD algorithm (see below).
-
- The channel access parameters must be set through KISS parameter frames. The
- AX25 stack may be used to generate such frames. KA9Q NET derivatives such
- as WAMPES or TNOS offer the 'param' command for this purpose.
-
-
-
- Hardware DCD versus Software DCD
-
- To avoid collisions on the air, the driver must know when the channel is
- busy. This is the task of the DCD circuitry/software. The driver may either
- utilise a software DCD algorithm (options=1) or use a DCD signal from
- the hardware (options=0).
-
- ser12: if software DCD is utilised, the radio's squelch should always be
- open. It is highly recommended to use the software DCD algorithm,
- as it is much faster than most hardware squelch circuitry. The
- disadvantage is a slightly higher load on the system.
-
- par96: the software DCD algorithm for this type of modem is rather poor.
- The modem simply does not provide enough information to implement
- a reasonable DCD algorithm in software. Therefore, if your radio
- feeds the DCD input of the PAR96 modem, the use of the hardware
- DCD circuitry is recommended.
-
- par97: as far as I know it is in this respect equivalent to par96.
-
-
-
- Compatibility with the rest of the Linux kernel
-
- The tty interface gave me some headaches. I did not find a reasonable
- documentation of its interfaces, so I'm not particularly sure if I implemented
- it the way I should. Perhaps someone with a more profound knowledge about
- tty drivers could check the interface routines.
- The driver produces a rather high interrupt load. par96/par97 generates 600
- interrupts per second, ser12 1200 while transmitting and 2400 if hardware
- DCD is used, 3600 otherwise. If other device drivers disable interrupts
- too long, the performance of the driver drops (the packet loss rate increases),
- especially with the ser12 modem.
- There were also reports that under rather high load situations the driver
- drops frames. This might be either an interrupt problem, or an AX25 stack
- running in user mode might not get enough CPU time to process the packets
- before the drivers internal buffers overflow. There is no way to throttle
- the other radio stations from this layer, throttling must be done in the
- AX25 layer.
-
- The serial driver, the line printer (lp) driver and the baycom driver compete
- for the same hardware resources. Of course only one driver can access a given
- interface at a time. The serial driver grabs all interfaces it can find at
- startup time. Therefore the baycom driver subsequently won't be able to
- access a serial port. You might therefore find it necessary to release
- a port owned by the serial driver with 'setserial /dev/ttyS# uart none', where
- # is the number of the interface. The baycom driver does not reserve any
- port at startup, unless one is specified on the 'insmod' command line. Another
- method to solve the problem is to compile all three drivers as modules and
- leave it to kerneld to load the correct driver depending on the application.
-
-
-
- vy 73s de
- Tom Sailer, hb9jnx@radio.amiv.ethz.ch
- hb9jnx @ hb9w.ampr.org
-