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  The Linux Danish HOWTO
  Thomas Petersen, [e-mail]
  v1.1, 2 June 1996

  This document describes how to configure Linux and various Linux
  applications for Danish locale standards such as keyboard, font,
  paper-size etc. It is hoped that Linux users from other places in
  Western Europe will find this document of use too.

  1.  Introduction

  All European users of almost any operating system have two  problems:
  The first is to tell the computer that you have a  non-American
  keyboard, and the second is to get the computer to display the special
  letters. To make matters worse the applications themselves will also
  consider you an exception if you are not an American and require
  special options or the setting of environment variables.

  Under Linux you change the way your computer interprets the keyboard
  with the commands xmodmap and loadkeys. loadkeys will modify the
  keyboard for plain Linux while xmodmap makes the modifications
  necessary when the handshaking between X11 and Linux is imperfect.

  To display the characters you need to tell your applications that you
  use the ISO-8859-Latin-1 international set of glyphs. Mostly this is
  not necessary, but a number of key applications need special
  attention.

  This HOWTO is intended to tell Danish users how to do this. If you
  continue to have troubles after reading this you should try the German
  HOWTO,  the Keystroke HOWTO for Linux or the ISO 8859-1 FAQ. Many of
  the hints contained herein  are cribbed from there. You should also
  send me a mail describing your troubles. The HOWTOs are available from
  all respectable mirrors of sunsite.unc.edu while the ISO 8859-1 FAQ is
  available from ftp.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at in  /pub/8bit/FAQ-ISO-8859-1.

  A final problem is that error-messages, menus and documentation of
  applications always are in English. There's a GNU project underway to
  address this problem. You can see what it's all about by downloading
  the file gettext-0.9.tar.gz or a later version from your favourite
  mirror of prep.ai.mit.edu. This project needs volunteers for the
  translations. Send a mail to [e-mail] with the body
  "subscribe" if you want to contribute to the Danish part of the
  project.

  2.  Keyboard setup

  2.1.  Loading a Danish key-table

  You have two tools for configuring your keyboard. Under plain Linux
  you need loadkeys and under X11 you need xmodmap

  To try out loadkeys try typing one of these two commands:

  loadkeys /usr/lib/kbd/keytables/dk.map
  loadkeys /usr/lib/kbd/keytables/dk-latin1.map

  The difference between the two lines is that dk-latin1.map uses `dead'
  keys while dk.map doesn't.  Dead keys are explained in the ``section
  on dead keys''.  The program loadkeys and the keytables are part of
  the package kbd-0.90.tar.gz which (with differing version numbers) is
  available with all Linux distributions.

  Usually loadkeys is run at boot-time from one of the scripts in the
  directory /etc/rc.d/. Details vary widely between distributions but
  it's a good idea to look for a file called rc.keymap.

  (Note for non-Danish users: Support for other languages is enabled
  similarly. Use es.map for Spanish keyboards etc.)

  X11 will to the largest possible extent follow the keymap used by
  plain Linux, but you can modify keyboard behavior under X11 with
  xmodmap. Usually the X11 initialization process will run this command
  atuomatically if you have a file called .Xmodmap in your home
  directory.

  2.2.  Getting the AltGr key to work under X

  Edit the file /etc/Xconfig (under XFree86 2.0) or /etc/X11/XF86Config
  or /etc/XF86Config (under XFree86 3.x) and make sure the line

       RightAlt    ModeShift

  appears in the Keyboard section. Usually you can do this by uncomment¡
  ing the appropriate line.

  2.3.  Dead keys and accented characters

  Dead keys are those who don't type anything until you hit another key.
  Tildes and umlauts are like this by default under plain Linux if you
  use the dk-latin1.map key map. This is the default behaviour under
  Microsoft Windows as well.

  2.3.1.  Removing dead key functionality

  Under plain Linux log on as root and type

       loadkeys dk.map

  2.3.2.  Invoking dead key functionality

  ╖  Invoking dead key functionality under plain Linux

     Under plain Linux log on as root and type

       loadkeys dk-latin1.map

  ╖  Invoking dead key functionality under X11R5 sessions

     Insert the following lines in a file ~/.Xmodmap or /etc/X11/Xmodmap

       keycode 21 = acute      Dgrave_accent           bar
       keycode 35 = Ddiaeresis Dcircumflex_accent      Dtilde

  You can now make  the dead keys work by typing (e.g.)  xmodmap
  ~/.Xmodmap. Mostly this command will be issued automatically when you
  start up X. Do not follow this procedure if you use X11R6.

  (Note for non-Danish readers: You can find the relevant key-codes for
  your own keyboard by using xev - it displays a little window and
  prints out all events it sees including key-codes for use with
  xmodmap.)

  ╖  Invoking dead key functionality under X11R6 sessions

     First you must make sure you are running XFree86 v3.1.2 or higher.
     Download and install everything related to this release if you have
     a lower version number.  Dead keys won't work in  X11R6
     applications unless these were compiled with support for this input
     method. A useful example of such an application is emacs version
     19.30 (or higher) or the version of xterm available at
     ftp://ftp.x.org/contrib/applications/ as xterm-R6-sb_right-
     ansi-3d.tar.gz.

     Next you'll have to map some key to Compose or (equivalently)
     Multi_Key.  The Scroll Lock key is most likely already mapped thus
     (you can verify this with xev,) and you can easily map the right
     Control key by uncommenting the appropriate line in the XFree86
     configuration file (often /etc/XF86Config). If you wish to use some
     other key you should put something like

       keycode 96 = Multi_key

  in your ~/.Xmodmap file.
  Finally make sure your shell and/or application is set up for iso-
  latin-1 compatibility as described in ``section on specific
  applications'' and you should be all set. You can e.g. get π by typing
  Compose - a - ~. And if dead keys work under plain Linux they ought
  also to work under X11 now. The available keystroke combinations are
  listed in /etc/X11/locale/iso8859-1/Compose.

  Many X applications do not support this general input method.
  Eventually this situation might improve, but until then you can either
  hack your applications or submit polite bug reports to their authors.
  The latter method is often the most efficient.

  2.4.  Making ° (oslash) ╪ (Oslash) and $ (the dollar sign) work

  2.4.1.  The dollar sign

  In older versions of loadkeys there's a bug  causing the dollar sign
  to be accessed with Shift-4 instead of AltGr-4 by default. You can fix
  this by changing the line

       keycode   5 = four             dollar           dollar

  in the keymap file to e.g.

       keycode   5 = four             asciicircum      dollar

  It doesn't matter if you use something else instead of asciicircum if
  it is a valid symbol name. See section on ``characters you can display
  under Linux'' for a list of valid symbols.

  A similar bug appears in some versions of XFree86 and can be fixed by
  adding

       keycode  13 = 4 dollar dollar

  to your ~/.Xmodmap  or /etc/X11/Xmodmap file.

  2.4.2.  ° (oslash) and ╪ (Oslash)

  On some older distributions ° and ╪ appear as a cent and a Yen sign.
  If you have this problem determine what keymap you load at boot-up.
  You should be able to find out by looking around in the directory
  /etc/rc.d/ or simply by paying attention to what happens at boot-up.
  On my computer the keymap is called /usr/lib/kbd/keytables/dk-
  latin1.map. Find the line for keycode 40 in this file and change it
  from

       keycode  40 = cent              yen

  to

       keycode  40 = oslash            Ooblique

  and load the keytable as described in section on ``loading keyta¡
  bles''.

  Note: This bug appears to have been fixed in version 0.88 of the
  international keytable package.

  3.  Display and application setup

  In general applications need to be compiled as "8-bit-clean" to work
  well with European charaters. Actually they often need a few extra
  hints to get it right. You are advised to define the environment
  variable LC_CTYPE to iso_8859_1 right away. You should put this
  definition both in /etc/profile (for bash users) and also in
  /etc/csh.cshrc (for tcsh users.) Similarly you should (for the sake of
  principle) put something like this in your .Xdefaults or .Xresources
  file:

       *basicLocale:   C
       *timeFormat:    C
       *numeric:       C
       *displayLang:   iso_8859_1
       *inputLang:     iso_8859_1

  3.1.  International character sets in specific applications

  A number of applications demand special attention. This section
  describes how to set up configuration files for them.

     bash v.1.13+ :
        Put the following in your /etc/inputrc or your ~/.inputrc  file

          set meta-flag on
          set convert-meta off
          set output-meta on

     tcsh :
        Put the following in your /etc/csh.cshrc or .tcshrc file

          setenv LC_CTYPE iso_8859_1
          stty pass8

     Note: If this doesn't work your copy of tcsh was probably not com¡
     piled with NLS support or possibly it's version 6.03 or lower.

     ls :
        Issue the command as

          ls -N

     or possibly

          ls --8bit

     less :
        Set the following environment variable

          LESSCHARSET=latin1

     elm :
        Set the following environment variables

          LANG=C
          LC_CTYPE=iso_8859_1

     Some versions of elm require that your put the following defini¡
     tions in your ~/.elm/elmrc/ file:

          charset = iso-8859-1
          displaycharset = iso-8859-1
          textencoding = 8bit

     telnet :
        Put the following line in your ~/.telnetrc file

          set binary true

     kermit :
        This is as close as I can get, but not completely satisfying
        yet: Put the following in your ~/.emacs file

          set terminal bytesize 8
          set command bytesize 8
          set file bytesize 8
          set language danish
          set file character-set latin1-iso
          set transfer character-set latin1-iso
          set terminal character-set latin1-iso

     I think there are more variables to set, but they are hiding. You
     would have to modify these settings if the remote system is DOS or
     OS/2 based.

     emacs :
        In version 19.26 or later of GNU emacs you can simply  set the
        environment variable LC_CTYPE to iso_8859_1 like you do for tcsh
        and elm. If you use an older version put the following in your
        /usr/lib/emacs/site-lisp/default.el file:

          (standard-display-european t)

          (set-input-mode (car (current-input-mode))
                  (nth 1 (current-input-mode))
                  0)

     Dead key functionality should work under GNU emacs provided you use
     GNU emacs v19.30 or higher and XFree86 v3.1.2 or higher, so don't
     start researching available elisp packages implementing "electric
     keys" or anything like that. If you want to implement European
     keyboard conventions in emacs without upgrading the best choice is
     probably the remap package available from the AUC FTP server (see
     section ``References and FTP sites''.)

     ispell - Spell checking in Danish :
        First make sure you install version 3.1 instead of version 4.0
        of ispell.  The latter is obsolete and multiply brain-damaged.
        You can download the sources for ispell at the GNU archive at
        prep.ai.mit.edu, and you can get a Danish dictionary via FTP
        from ftp.iesd.auc.dk in /pub/packages/dkispell/. Follow the
        compilation instructions and you should have no trouble (One
        caveat: When defining the variables necessary for compilation
        you should slightly confusingly tell ispell that Linux is a Sys
        V type OS by defining the variable USG.)

        (Note for non-Danish readers: You can find dictionaries for most
        Western languages by reading the file Where included with the
        sources for ispell.)

     TeX/LaTeX :
        There are several problems with TeX/LaTeX: You want LaTeX to
        understand the special characters, and you also want the output
        to follow Danish conventions and so forth.

        Under  LaTeX2e the header should look something like this:

          \documentclass{article}

          \usepackage{a4}
          \usepackage{isolatin1}
          \usepackage[danish]{babel}

     The first usepackage statement obviously sets the paper size to A4.
     The second makes sure LaTeX will interpret European characters
     correctly, so that you don't have to use pesky escape codes for
     European characters. These two packages are likely to be included
     in your TeX distribution. The last usepackage statement implements
     a range of standards for use in a Danish text.  This last bit is
     tricky because it will most likely not have been built into  your
     version of LaTeX and you'll need to do this yourself.

     You will need some   Danish hyphenation patterns (Dansk: orddeling)
     These are available at ftp://ftp.iesd.auc.dk/pub/packages/.  The
     files you need are dkhyphen.tex, dkcommon.tex and dkspecial.tex. If
     you use the teTeX distribution (distributed with e.g. RedHat) you
     already have the relevant files.  Essentially you need to put these
     into the  directory containing international hyphenation patterns,
     edit the appropriate language dependency file (usually called
     language.dat) and finally rebuild LaTeX with initex. Before you do
     anything rash please make sure you know what files you are changing
     and back them up in advance.

     Below is a procedure for enabling danish hyphenation. If it looks
     vague it's because TeX/LaTeX installations differ very much in
     their choice of path-names.

        1. Find out where you have the hyphenation patterns. Under N-TeX
           this is /usr/lib/texmf/tex/hyphenation/, under teTeX it's
           /usr/lib/texmf/texmf/tex/generic/hyphen/. Try issuing a
           command find /usr/lib/ -iname '*hyph*' if you can't find the
           directory.

        2. Check if the hyphenation patterns are already there. If not
           put the hyphenation patterns mentioned above in this
           directory.

        3. Edit the file (probably) called language.dat.  In the teTeX
           distribution you can just uncomment the appropriate line.  If
           you downloaded the hyphenation pattern insert a line reading

        danish dkhyphen.tex

        If you have difficulty finding language.dat try issuing the com¡
        mand find /usr/lib/ -name language.dat

        4. Back up the file latex.fmt. It could be in a variety of
           places. Use find /usr/lib/ -name latex.fmt to find it.

        5. Change to the directory where you found latex.fmt. Issue the
           command initex latex.ltx. Pray. If everything went well you
           now have a new version of latex.fmt.

        6. You can now use

             \usepackage[danish]{babel}

        in your LaTeX headers.  Hyphenation should now be reasonably
        correct, quotation marks follow Danish conventions and chapters
        are now called "Kapitel" instead of "Chapter"  etc.

     If you use N-TeX you will have a configuration script called ntm-
     ltx.cfg located in /usr/lib/texmf/tools/.  In that case simply put
     the hyphenation patterns in the the relevant directory (most likely
     called /usr/lib/texmf/tex/hyphenation/) and run the script. It will
     the prompt you to do the various steps described above.

     (Note for non-Danish readers: The process is similar for other
     Western European languages, and the necessary files are mostly
     included by default. Simply executing the command
     /usr/lib/texmf/tools/ntm-ltx.cfg and following the instructions
     will be enough for almost all major Western languages.)

     In LaTeX 2.09, use

          \documentstyle[a4,isolatin]{article}

     to include support for ISO latin1 characters and European paper-
     sizes.

     isolatin.sty is available from all DANTE (see  servers and from URL
     ftp://ftp.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/pub/8bit. It should also be included
     in the standard Linux distributions.

     Note: Some people prefer using emacs in a special mode which
     translates "special" letters into TeX escape codes, but this method
     should be obsolete by now.

  3.2.  What characters you can display under Linux

  Type dumpkeys -l | less at the prompt to find out what is readily
  available. You can map them to your keyboard via the keymap files
  mentioned in section ``loading a keytable''.
  0 X11R5 Note: The dead keys don't get the correct names under X11R5
  with this scheme. Generally

       dead_* (under plain Linux) => D* or D*_accent (under X11R5)

  (i.e. the tilde may be dead_tilde in dk-latin1.map but X11R5 expects
  the dead tilde to be called Dtilde.) This does not apply to X11R6.

  3.3.  Loading the Latin-1 character set on the console

  Execute the following commands under the bash shell:

       setfont /usr/lib/kbd/consolefonts/lat1-16.psf
       mapscrn /usr/lib/kbd/consoletrans/trivial
       echo -ne '\033(K'

  Note: This only has effect under plain Linux on the console.

  4.  Miscellaneous problems

  4.1.  Time zone.

  Denmark is placed in the Central European Time zone (CET or MET),
  which is equivalent to Greenwich Middle Time plus 1 (GMT+1). You set
  the time zone on a Linux system by making a symbolic link between
  /usr/lib/zoneinfo/localtime and the file in /usr/lib/zoneinfo/ with a
  name corresponding to your zone. Danes will want to execute the
  command

       ln -sf /usr/lib/zoneinfo/MET /usr/lib/zoneinfo/localtime

  You synchronize the system time with the CMOS clock by issuing the
  command clock. If your CMOS clock is set to Greenwich time (the stan¡
  dard on proper Unix systems) use

       clock -u -s

  or if your CMOS clock is set to local time use

       clock -s

  4.2.  A4 papersize

  ╖  - in ghostscript: Add the command line option -sPAPERSIZE=a4.

  ╖  - in ghostview: Define the following Xresource:

       Ghostview.pageMedia:  A4

  ╖  - in dvips: Edit the file /usr/lib/texmf/dvips/config.ps or .dvips.

  ╖  - in xdvi: Define the Xresource

       XDvi.paper:     a4

  ╖  - in TeX/LaTeX: See the entry for TeX/LaTeX in section on
     ``specific applications''.

  4.3.  Text file formats and other platforms.

  You can translate files between an ISO-8859-1 formatted text file and
  e.g. a DOS  text file using codepage 850 with the recode package.  A
  DOS file called foo.txt would be translated into a proper Unix file
  with the command

       recode  cp850:latin1 foo.txt

  recode is available as recode-3.4.tar.gz from all mirrors of
  prep.ai.mit.edu.

  5.  References and FTP sites

  5.1.  Other documents of relevance

  The HOWTOs ought to be available from all mirrors of sunsite.unc.edu
  and tsx-11.mit.edu. A good close and fast mirror is the ftp site
  src.doc.uc.ac.uk.

  The German HOWTO (in German) by Thomas Ploss.

  The Portugese HOWTO (in Portugese) by Joao Carlos Rodrigues Pereira.

  The Keystroke HOWTO by Zenon Fortuna.

  The ISO-8859-1 FAQ by Michael Gschwind available from His FTP site
  <ftp://ftp.vlsivie.tuwien.ac.at/pub/8bit/>.

  5.2.  FTP and Web sites

  FTP site at Aalborg University Centre
  <ftp://ftp.iesd.auc.dk/pub/packages/> (AUC) Danish hyphenation tables,
  dictionary for ispell, the remap package for emacs etc.

  FTP site at Imperial College <ftp://src.doc.ic.ac.uk/computing/>
  mirrors all the sites below and gives much better access for
  Europeans.

  Sunsite <ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/linux/> and mirrors. doc/howto has
  the above mentioned HOWTOs. utils/nls and subdirectories contains
  files related to National Language Support. Developers should take a
  look at locale-tutorial-0.8.txt.gz, locale-pack-0.8.tar.gz, cat-
  pack.tar.gz and cat-pack.tar.gz.

  The GNU archives <ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/>  has the recode
  package for character table conversion, the gettext package for locale
  support of some GNU applications and (of course) the latest versions
  of GNU emacs.

  The DANTE FTP site <ftp://ftp.dante.de/> Everything needed for TeX and
  LaTeX support.

  6.  Post-amble: Acknowledgments and Copyright

  Thanks to Peter Dalgaard, Anders Majland, Jon Haugsand, the authors of
  the German HOWTO and Michael Gschwind for suggestions and help with
  several questions. And a big thanks to the people at Aalborg
  University Center for writing and making available several of the
  packages described in this file.

  This HOWTO is copyrighted by Thomas Petersen and distributed as other
  Linux HOWTOs under the terms described below.

  Linux HOWTO documents may be reproduced and distributed in whole or in
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