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Microsoft Windows Help File Content | 1999-01-26 | 18.3 KB | 600 lines

:Base bcb4lang.hlp>main :Title C++Builder Language Guide 1 C++Builder Language Guide 2 Lexical elements overview 3 Lexical Elements = LexicalElements 3 Whitespace Overview 4 Whitespace = Whitespace 4 Comments = Comments 3 Tokens Overview 4 Tokens = Tokens 4 Keywords overview 5 Keywords = Keywords 5 C++Builder specific keywords = Keywords_Cplusplus 5 C++Builder register pseudovariables = TableOfRegisterPseudovariables 5 C++Builder keyword extensions = Keywords_BorlandExtensions 4 Identifiers Overview 5 Identifiers = Identifiers 4 Constants overview 5 Constants = Constants 5 Integer constants = IntegerConstants 5 Extended integer types =ExtendedIntegerTypes 5 Borland C++ integer constants without L or U = BorlandCPPIntegerConstantsWithoutLOrU 5 Floating-point constants = Floating_PointConstants 5 Character constants overview 6 Character constants = CharacterConstants 6 The three char types = TheThreeCharTypes 6 Escape sequences = EscapeSequences 6 Wide-character and multi-character constants = Wide_CharacterConstants 5 String constants overview 6 String constants = StringConstants 5 Enumeration constants 6 Enumeration constants = EnumerationConstants 5 Constants and internal representation 6 Constants and internal representation = ConstantsAndInternalRepresentation 6 Data Types (32-bit) = DataTypesBorland_32 5 Internal representation of numerical types 6 Internal representation of numerical types = InternalRepresentationOfNumericalTypes 5 Constant expressions 6 Constant expressions = ConstantExpressions 4 Punctuators overview 5 Punctuators = punctuators 2 Language structure 3 Introduction to Language structure =LanguageStructure 3 Declarations 4 Introduction to Declarations =Declarations 4 Objects 5 Introduction to Objects =Objects 5 lvalues =lvalues 5 rvalues =rvalues 4 Storage classes and types 5 Storage classes and types =StorageClassesAndTypes 4 Scope 5 Introduction to Scope =Scope 5 Namespaces =NameSpaces 4 Visibility 5 Visibility =Visibility 4 Duration 5 Introduction to Duration =Duration 5 Static =Static 5 Local =Local 5 Dynamic =Dynamic 4 Translation units 5 Translation units =TranslationUnits 4 Linkage 5 Introduction to Linkage =Linkage 5 External and internal linkage rules =ExternalAndInternalLinkageRules 5 Name mangling =NameMangling 3 Declaration syntax 4 Introduction to Declaration syntax =DeclarationSyntax 4 Tentative definitions =TentativeDefinitions 4 Possible declarations =PossibleDeclarations 4 External declarations and definitions =ExternalDeclarationsAndDefinitions 4 Type specifiers =Keywords_TypeSpecifiers 4 Type categories 5 Introduction to type categories =TypeCategories 5 Type void = Void 4 The fundamental types 5 Introduction to the fundamental types =TheFundamentalTypes 5 Integral types =IntegralTypes 5 Floating-point types =Floating_PointTypes 5 Standard arithmetic conversions = StandardArithmeticConversions 5 Special char, int, and enum conversions =SpecialCharIntAndEnumConversions 4 Initialization 5 Introduction to Initialization =Initialization 5 Arrays, structures, and unions =ArraysStructuresAndUnions 4 Declarations and declarators 5 Declarations and declarators =DeclarationsAndDeclarators 4 Use of storage class specifiers 5 Use of storage class specifiers =Keywords_StorageClassSpecifiers 4 Variable Modifiers 5 Introduction to Variable Modifiers =VariableModifiers 5 const =const 5 volatile =volatile 4 Mixed-language calling conventions 5 Mixed-language calling conventions =Mixed_LanguageCallingConventions 5 __cdecl = cdecl 5 __pascal =pascal 5 __stdcall =_stdcall 5 __fastcall =_fastcall 4 Multithread variables 5 Multithread variables =__thread 4 Function modifiers 5 Function modifiers =FunctionModifiers 3 Pointers 4 Introduction to Pointers =Pointers 4 Pointers to objects =PointersToObjects 4 Pointers to functions =PointersToFunctions 4 Pointer declarations =PointerDeclarations 4 Pointer constants =PointerConstants 4 Pointer arithmetic =PointerArithmetic 4 Pointer conversions =PointerConversions 4 C++ reference declarations =CPPreferencedeclarations 3 Arrays 3 Introduction to Arrays in C =Arrays 3 Functions 4 Introduction to Functions =Functions 4 Declarations and definitions =DeclarationsAndDefinitions 4 Declarations and prototypes =DeclarationsAndPrototypes 4 Definitions =Definitions 4 Formal parameter declarations =FormalParameterDeclarations 4 Function calls and argument conversions =FunctionCallsAndArgumentConversions 3 Structures 4 Introduction to Structures =Structures 4 Untagged structures and typedefs =UntaggedStructuresAndTypedefs 4 Structure member declarations =StructureMemberDeclarations 4 Structures and functions =StructuresAndFunctions 4 Structure member access =StructureMemberAccess 4 Structure name spaces =StructureNameSpaces 4 Incomplete declarations =IncompleteDeclarations 4 Bit fields =BitFields 3 Unions 4 Introduction to Unions =Unions 4 Anonymous unions (C++ only) =AnonymousUnions 4 Union declarations =UnionDeclarations 3 Enumerations 4 Enumerations =Enumerations 4 Assignment to enum types =AssignmentToEnumTypes 3 Expressions 4 Introduction to Expressions =Expressions 4 Precedence of Operators = Ops_Precedence 4 Expressions and C++ =ExpressionsAndCPP 4 Evaluation order =EvaluationOrder 4 Errors and overflows =ErrorsAndOverflows 3 Operators Summary 4 Operators Summary = Op_Summary 3 Primary Expression Operators 4 Primary Expression Operators = PrimaryExpressionOperators 3 Postfix Expression Operators 4 Postfix Expression Operators = Postfix_ops 5 Array subscript operator = bracket_ops 5 Function call operator = parens_ops 5 Direct member selector = Op_Period 5 Indirect member selector = Op_RightArrow 5 Increment/Decrement operators = inc_decrement 3 Unary operators 4 Unary operators = unary_ops 4 Reference/Indirect operators = ref_deref_ops 4 Plus/Minus operators = plus_minus 4 Arithmetic Operators = Arithmetic_ops 4 The sizeof operator = sizeof 3 Binary operators 4 Introduction to Binary operators = binary_ops 4 Multiplicative Operators = multiplicative_ops 4 Bitwise operators =Bitwise_Ops 4 Relational operators =Relational_Ops 4 Equality operators =EqualityOperators 4 Logical operators =Logical_Ops 4 Conditional Operator = conditional_op 4 Assignment Operators = assignment_ops 4 Comma Punctuator and Operator = comma_op 4 C++ Specific Operators = CPlus_ops 3 Statements 4 Introduction to Statements =Statements 4 Blocks =Blocks 4 Labeled statements =LabeledStatements 4 Expression statements =ExpressionStatements 4 Selection statements =SelectionStatements 4 Iteration statements =IterationStatements 4 Jump statements =JumpStatements 2 C++ specifics 3 Introduction to C++ specifics =CPPSpecifics 3 C++ namespaces 4 Namespaces overview = CPPNamespaces 4 Defining a namespace = DefiningANamespace 4 Declaring a namespace = ANamespace 4 Namespace alias = NamespaceAlias 4 Extending a namespace = ExtendingANamespace 4 Anonymous namespaces = AnonymousNamespaces 4 Accessing elements of a namespace = AccessingElementsOfANamespace 4 Using directive = UsingDirective 4 Using declaration = UsingDeclaration 4 Explicit access qualification = ExplicitAccessQualification 3 New-style typecasting overview 4 New-style typecasting =NewStyleTypecasting 4 const_cast = const_cast 4 dynamic_cast = dynamic_cast 4 reinterpret_cast = reinterpret_cast 4 static_cast = static_cast 3 Run-time type identification (RTTI) 4 Run-time type identification (RTTI) overview = RunTimeTypeIdentificationRTTIOverview 4 The typeid operator = typeid 5 __rtti and the -RT option = __rtti 5 -RT option and destructors = RTOptionAndDestructors 3 Referencing 4 Introduction to Referencing =Referencing 4 Simple references =SimpleReferences 4 Reference arguments =ReferenceArguments 3 The scope resolution operator 4 Scope resolution operator =ScopeResolutionOperator 3 The new and delete operators 4 operator new =new 4 operator delete =delete 4 operator new placement syntax = OperatorNewPlacementSyntax 4 Handling errors for the new operator =HandlingErrorsForTheNewOperator 4 The Operator new with Arrays = TheOperatorNewWithArrays 4 The Operator delete with Arrays = TheOperatorDeleteWithArrays 4 ::operator new = TheOperatorNew 4 Overloading the operator new = OverloadingNew 4 Overloading the operator delete = OverloadingDelete 4 Example of overloading the new and delete operators = OverloadingNewAndDelete_Ex 3 Classes 4 Introduction to Classes =CPPClasses 4 VCL class declarations =VCLClassDeclarations 4 Class names =ClassNames 4 Class types =ClassTypes 4 Class name scope =ClassNameScope 4 Class objects =ClassObjects 4 Class member list =ClassMemberList 4 Member functions =MemberFunctions 4 The keyword this =TheKeywordThis 5 Static members =StaticMembers 4 Inline functions 5 Introduction to Inline functions =InlineFunctions 5 Inline functions and exceptions =InlineFunctionsAndExceptions 4 Member scope 5 Introduction to Member scope =MemberScope 5 Nested types =NestedTypes 5 Member access control =MemberAccessControl 5 Base and derived class access =BaseAndDerivedClassAccess 4 Virtual base classes 5 Virtual base classes =VirtualBaseClasses 4 Friends of classes 5 Friends of classes =FriendsOfClasses 3 Constructors and destructors 4 Introduction to Constructors and destructors =ConstructorsAndDestructors 4 Constructors 5 Introduction to Constructors =Constructors 5 Constructor defaults =ConstructorDefaults 5 The copy constructor =TheCopyConstructor 5 Overloading constructors =OverloadingConstructors 5 Order of calling constructors =OrderOfCallingConstructors 5 Class initialization =ClassInitialization 4 Destructors 5 Introduction to Destructors =Destructors 5 Invoking destructors =InvokingDestructors 5 atexit, #pragma exit, and destructors =atexitPoundSignpragmaexitAndDestructors 5 exit and destructors =exitAndDestructors 5 abort and destructors =abortAndDestructors 5 Virtual destructors =VirtualDestructors 3 Operator overloading overview 4 Overloading Operators = Ops_Overload 4 How to construct a class of complex vectors 5 Example for Overloading Operators =OverloadingOperatorsExample 3 Overloading Operator Functions Overview 5 Overloading Operator Functions = OpsOverload_OperatorFunctions 5 Overloaded Operators and Inheritance = OpsOverload_OperatorsAndInheritance 5 Overloading Unary Operators = OpsOverload_UnaryOperators 5 Overloading Binary Operators = OpsOverload_BinaryOperators 5 Overloading the Assignment Operator = OpsOverload_AssignmentOperator 5 Overloading the Function Call Operator ( ) = OpsOverload_FunctionCallOperator 5 Overloading the Subscript Operator [ ] = OpsOverload_SubscriptOperator 5 Overloading the Class Member Access Operator -> = OpsOverload_ClassMemberAccessOperator 3 Polymorphic classes 4 Introduction to Polymorphic classes =PolymorphicClasses 4 virtual functions 5 Introduction to virtual functions =VirtualFunctions 5 virtual function return types =VirtualFunctionReturnTypes 4 dynamic functions 4 Abstract classes 5 Abstract classes =AbstractClasses 3 C++ scope 4 Introduction to C++ scope =CPPScope 4 Class scope =ClassScope 4 Hiding =Hiding 4 C++ scoping rules summary =CPPScopingRulesSummary 3 Templates 5 Using Templates = Templates 5 Template Syntax = Template 5 Template Body Parsing =TemplateBodyParsing 4 Function templates overview 5 Function Templates = FunctionTemplates 5 Overriding a Template Function = OverridingATemplateFunction 5 Implicit and Explicit Template Functions = ImplicitAndExplicitTemplateFunctions 4 Class templates overview 5 Class Templates = ClassTemplates 5 Template Arguments = Arguments 5 Using Angle Brackets in Templates = AngleBrackets 5 Using Type-safe Generic Lists in Templates = TypesafeGenericLists 5 Eliminating Pointers in Templates = EliminatingPointers 4 Compiler template switches 5 Using Template Compiler Switches = TemplateCompilerSwitches 4 Changes to template generation semantics = templategeneration 4 Exporting and importing templates 5 Exporting and importing templates =ExportingAndImportingTemplates 2 The Preprocessor 3 Preprocessor Directives 4 # (null directive) = PndSnnull 4 Preprocessor Directives = PreprocessorDirectives 3 Defining and undefining macros 4 #define = PndSndefine 4 #undef = PndSnUndef 4 Using the-D and -U Command-line Options = DAndUOptions 4 Keywords and Protected Words as Macros = KeywordsandProtectedWords 3 Macros with Parameters overview 4 Macros with Parameters = MacrosWithParameters 4 Nesting Parentheses and Commas = define_NestingParensAndCommas 4 Token Pasting with ## = define_TokenPasting 4 Converting to Strings with # = define_ConvertingToStrings 4 Using the Backslash () for Line Continuation = define_UsingTheBackslash 4 Side Effects and Other Dangers = define_SideEffects 3 File inclusion with #include 4 #include = PndSnInclude 4 Header File Search with <header_name> = HeaderFileSearchWithBrackets 4 Header File Search with "header_name" = HeaderFileSearchWithQuotes 3 Conditional compilation overview 4 Conditional compilation =ConditionalCompilation 4 operator defined = defined 4 #if, #elif, #else, and #endif conditional directives = PndSnif 4 #ifdef and #ifndef conditional directives = PndSnifdef 3 The #line control directive 4 #line = PndSnLine 3 The #error directive 4 #error = PndSnerror 3 Pragma directives overview 4 Pragma summary = PndSnpragma 4 #pragma anon_struct =PragmaAnon_Struct 4 #pragma argsused = PndSnpragmaArgsused 4 #pragma codeseg = PndSnpragmaCodeseg 4 #pragma comment = PndSnpragmaComment 4 #pragma exit and #pragma startup = PndSnpragmaExitAndPndSnpragmaStartup 4 #pragma hdrfile = PndSnpragmaHdrfile 4 #pragma hdrstop = PndSnpragmaHdrstop 4 #pragma inline = PndSnpragmaInline 4 #pragma intrinsic = PndSnpragmaIntrinsic 4 #pragma inline = PndSnpragmaLink 4 #pragma message = PndSnpragmaMessage 4 #pragma pack = PndSnpragmaPack 4 #pragma package = PndSnpragmaPackage 4 #pragma obsolete = PndSnpragmaObsolete 4 #pragma option = PndSnpragmaOption 4 #pragma resource =PndSnpragmaResource 4 #pragma warn = PndSnpragmaWarn 3 Predefined macros overview 4 Predefined macros = Macros_Predefined 2 Keywords, by category 3 C++-Specific Keywords 4 -RT option=__rtti 4 __asm=asm 4 _asm=asm 4 asm=asm 4 bool=bool 4 catch=catch 4 class=class 4 const_cast (typecast operator)=const_cast 4 delete=delete 4 dynamic_cast (typecast operator)=dynamic_cast 4 explicit=explicit 4 false=bool 4 friend=friend 4 inline=inline 4 mutable=mutable 4 namespace=namespace 4 new=new 4 operator=operator 4 private=private 4 protected=protected 4 public=public 4 reinterpret_cast (typecast operator)=reinterpret_cast 4 __rtti=__rtti 4 static_cast (typecast operator)=static_cast 4 template=template 4 this=this 4 throw=throw 4 true=bool 4 try=try 4 typeid=typeid 4 typename=typename 4 using (declaration)=using 4 virtual=virtual 4 wchar_t=wchar_tkeyword 3 C++Builder Keyword Extensions 4 -RT option=__rtti 4 __rtti=__rtti 3 C++Builder keyword extensions 4 __asm=asm 4 _asm=asm 4 asm=asm 4 __automated=__automated 4 __cdecl=cdecl 4 _cdecl=cdecl 4 cdecl=cdecl 4 __classid=__classid 4 __closure=__closure 4 __declspec=__declspec 4 __except=__except 4 __export=_export 4 _export=_export 4 extended integer types=ExtendedIntegerTypes 4 __fastcall=_fastcall 4 _fastcall=_fastcall 4 __finally=finally 4 __import=import 4 _import=import 4 __inline=__inline 4 __int16=ExtendedIntegerTypes 4 __int32=ExtendedIntegerTypes 4 __int64=ExtendedIntegerTypes 4 __int8=ExtendedIntegerTypes 4 multithread variables=__thread 4 __pascal=pascal 4 _pascal=pascal 4 pascal=pascal 4 __property=__property 4 __published=__published 4 __stdcall=_stdcall 4 _stdcall=_stdcall 4 __thread=__thread 4 __try=__try 4 unsigned __int64=ExtendedIntegerTypes 3 Modifiers 4 -RT option=__rtti 4 __cdecl=cdecl 4 _cdecl=cdecl 4 cdecl=cdecl 4 const=const 4 __declspec=__declspec 4 __dispid=__dispid 4 __export=_export 4 _export=_export 4 __fastcall=_fastcall 4 _fastcall=_fastcall 4 __import=import 4 _import=import 4 __pascal=pascal 4 _pascal=pascal 4 pascal=pascal 4 __rtti=__rtti 4 __stdcall=_stdcall 4 _stdcall=_stdcall 4 volatile=volatile 3 Operators 4 __classid=__classid 4 delete=delete 4 else=if 4 if=if 4 new=new 4 operator=operator 4 sizeof=Sizeof 4 typeid=typeid 3 Special types 4 void=void 3 Statements 4 break=break 4 case=case 4 catch=catch 4 continue=continue 4 default=default 4 do=do 4 __except=__except 4 __finally=finally 4 for=forkeyword 4 goto=goto 4 return=return 4 switch=switch 4 throw=throw 4 __try=__try 4 try=try 4 while=while 3 Storage class specifiers 4 auto=auto 4 __declspec=__declspec 4 extern=extern 4 mutable=mutable 4 register=register 4 typedef=typedef 3 Type specifiers 4 char=char 4 class=class 4 double=double 4 enum=enum 4 float=float 4 int=int 4 long=long_keyword 4 short=short 4 signed=signed 4 struct=struct 4 union=union 4 unsigned=unsigned 4 wchar_t=wchar_tkeyword 2 Keywords, alphabetical listing 4 -RT option=__rtti 4 __asm=asm 4 _asm=asm 4 asm=asm 4 auto=auto 4 __automated=__automated 4 bool=bool 4 break=break 4 case=case 4 catch=catch 4 __cdecl=cdecl 4 _cdecl=cdecl 4 cdecl=cdecl 4 char=char 4 class=class 4 __classid=__classid 4 __closure=__closure 4 const=const 4 const_cast (typecast operator)=const_cast 4 continue=continue 4 __declspec=__declspec 4 default=default 4 delete=delete 4 __dispid=__dispid 4 do=do 4 double=double 4 dynamic_cast (typecast operator)=dynamic_cast 4 else=if 4 enum=enum 4 __except=__except 4 explicit=explicit 4 __export=_export 4 _export=_export 4 export=export 4 extended integer types=ExtendedIntegerTypes 4 extern=extern 4 false=bool 4 __fastcall=_fastcall 4 _fastcall=_fastcall 4 __finally=finally 4 float=float 4 for=forkeyword 4 friend=friend 4 goto=goto 4 if=if 4 __import=import 4 _import=import 4 __inline=__inline 4 inline=inline 4 int=int 4 __int16=ExtendedIntegerTypes 4 __int32=ExtendedIntegerTypes 4 __int64=ExtendedIntegerTypes 4 __int8=ExtendedIntegerTypes 4 long=long_keyword 4 multithread variables=__thread 4 mutable=mutable 4 namespace=namespace 4 new=new 4 operator=operator 4 __pascal=pascal 4 _pascal=pascal 4 pascal=pascal 4 private=private 4 __property=__property 4 protected=protected 4 public=public 4 __published=__published 4 register=register 4 reinterpret_cast (typecast operator)=reinterpret_cast 4 return=return 4 __rtti=__rtti 4 short=short 4 signed=signed 4 sizeof=Sizeof 4 static_cast (typecast operator)=static_cast 4 __stdcall=_stdcall 4 _stdcall=_stdcall 4 struct=struct 4 switch=switch 4 template=template 4 this=this 4 __thread=__thread 4 throw=throw 4 true=bool 4 __try=__try 4 try=try 4 typedef=typedef 4 typeid=typeid 4 typename=typename 4 union=union 4 unsigned __int64=ExtendedIntegerTypes 4 unsigned=unsigned 4 using (declaration)=using 4 virtual=virtual 4 void=void 4 volatile=volatile 4 wchar_t=wchar_tkeyword 4 while=while