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Äú½áó½Ñ¡¿Ñ éóÑñÑ¡¿Ñ......................................................... Äí φΓ«¼ απ¬«ó«ñßΓóÑ......................................... ùáßΓ∞ 1. æΓá¡ñáαΓ Æπαí« Åáß¬á½∩.................................. â½áóá 1. ïÑ¬ßÑ¼δ ¿ ¬«¡ßΓá¡Γδ..................................... æ»Ñµ¿á½∞¡δÑ ß¿¼ó«½δ ¿ ºáαÑºÑαó¿α«óá¡¡δÑ ß½«óá............... êñÑ¡Γ¿Σ¿¬áΓ«αδ.............................................. îÑΓ¬¿....................................................... ù¿ß½á....................................................... æΓα«¬¿ ß¿¼ó«½«ó............................................. Ä»¿ßá¡¿∩ ¬«¡ßΓá¡Γ........................................... è«¼¼Ñ¡Γáα¿¿................................................. æΓα«¬¿ »α«úαá¼¼δ............................................ â½áóá 2. ü½«¬¿, ½«¬á½∞¡«ßΓ∞ ¿ «í½áßΓ∞ ñÑ⌐ßΓó¿∩................... æ¿¡Γá¬ß¿ß................................................... Åαáó¿½á ñ½∩ «í½áßΓ¿ ñÑ⌐ßΓó¿∩................................ Äí½áßΓ∞ ñÑ⌐ßΓó¿∩ ¿¡ΓÑαΣÑ⌐ßá ¿ ßΓá¡ñáαΓ¡δσ ¿ñÑ¡Γ¿Σ¿¬áΓ«α«ó... â½áóá 3. Æ¿»δ.................................................... Åα«ßΓδÑ Γ¿»δ................................................ Å«α∩ñ¬«óδÑ Γ¿»δ............................................. ûÑ½«τ¿ß½Ñ¡¡δ⌐ Γ¿»........................................... üπ½Ñóß¬¿⌐ Γ¿»............................................... æ¿¼ó«½∞¡δ⌐ Γ¿».............................................. ÅÑαÑτ¿ß½¿¼δ⌐ Γ¿»............................................ ÄΓαÑº«¬ Γ¿»á................................................ éÑΘÑßΓóÑ¡¡δ⌐ Γ¿»............................................ Åα«úαá¼¼¡á∩ »«ññÑαª¬á τ¿ßÑ½ ß »½áóáεΘÑ⌐ Γ«τ¬«⌐......... Ç»»áαáΓ¡á∩ »«ññÑαª¬á τ¿ßÑ½ ß »½áóáεΘÑ⌐ Γ«τ¬«⌐.......... æΓα«¬«óδÑ Γ¿»δ.............................................. æΓαπ¬Γπα¡δÑ Γ¿»δ............................................ Æ¿»δ ¼áßß¿ó............................................ Æ¿»δ ºá»¿ß∞............................................ ÄíΩÑ¬Γ¡δÑ Γ¿»δ......................................... è«¼»«¡Ñ¡Γδ ¿ «í½áßΓ∞ ñÑ⌐ßΓó¿∩..................... îÑΓ«ñδ............................................ é¿αΓπá½∞¡δÑ ¼ÑΓ«ñδ........................... ä¿¡á¼¿τÑß¬¿Ñ ¼ÑΓ«ñδ.......................... æ«ºñá¡¿Ñ φ¬ºÑ¼»½∩α«ó «íΩÑ¬Γ«ó..................... î¡«ªÑßΓóÑ¡¡δÑ Γ¿»δ..................................... öá⌐½«óδÑ Γ¿»δ............................................... Æ¿»δ π¬áºáΓÑ½∞.............................................. Åα«µÑñπα¡δÑ Γ¿»δ............................................ Æ«ªñÑßΓóÑ¡¡δÑ ¿ ß«ó¼ÑßΓ¿¼δÑ Γ¿»δ............................ Æ«ªñÑßΓóÑ¡¡«ßΓ∞ Γ¿»«ó.................................. æ«ó¼ÑßΓ¿¼«ßΓ∞ Γ¿»«ó.................................... æ«ó¼ÑßΓ¿¼«ßΓ∞ ó «»Ñαáµ¿∩σ »α¿ßóá¿óá¡¿∩................. ÉáºñÑ½ «»¿ßá¡¿∩ Γ¿»«ó....................................... â½áóá 4. ÅÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δÑ.............................................. Ä»¿ßá¡¿∩ »ÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δσ......................................... æÑú¼Ñ¡Γ ñá¡¡δσ.............................................. æÑú¼Ñ¡Γ ßΓÑ¬á............................................... Çíß«½εΓ¡δÑ »ÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δÑ....................................... æßδ½¬¿ ¡á »ÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δÑ........................................ èóá½¿Σ¿¬áΓ«αδ............................................... îáßß¿óδ, ßΓα«¬¿ ¿ ¿¡ñÑ¬ßδ.............................. çá»¿ß¿ ¿ ñÑß¿ú¡áΓ«αδ »«½Ñ⌐............................. äÑß¿ú¡áΓ«αδ ¬«¼»«¡Ñ¡Γ«ó «íΩÑ¬Γá........................ ÅÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δÑ-π¬áºáΓÑ½¿ ¿ ñ¿¡á¼¿τÑß¬¿Ñ »ÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δÑ......... Åα¿óÑñÑ¡¿Ñ Γ¿»«ó »ÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δσ................................. â½áóá 5. Æ¿»¿º«óá¡¡δÑ ¬«¡ßΓá¡Γδ.................................. è«¡ßΓá¡Γδ »α«ßΓ«ú« Γ¿»á..................................... è«¡ßΓá¡Γδ ßΓα«¬«ó«ú« Γ¿»á................................... è«¡ßΓá¡Γδ ßΓαπ¬Γπα¡«ú« Γ¿»á................................. è«¡ßΓá¡Γδ Γ¿»á ¼áßß¿ó.................................. è«¡ßΓá¡Γδ Γ¿»á ºá»¿ß∞.................................. è«¡ßΓá¡Γδ «íΩÑ¬Γ¡«ú« Γ¿»á.............................. è«¡ßΓá¡Γδ ¼¡«ªÑßΓóÑ¡¡«ú« Γ¿»á.......................... è«¡ßΓá¡Γδ Γ¿»á π¬áºáΓÑ½∞.................................... è«¡ßΓá¡Γδ »α«µÑñπα¡«ú« Γ¿»á................................. â½áóá 6. éδαáªÑ¡¿∩............................................... æ¿¡Γá¬ß¿ß óδαáªÑ¡¿⌐......................................... Ä»Ñαáµ¿¿.................................................... Çα¿Σ¼ÑΓ¿τÑß¬¿Ñ «»Ñαáµ¿¿................................ ï«ú¿τÑß¬¿Ñ «»Ñαáµ¿¿.................................... üπ½Ñóß¬¿Ñ «»Ñαáµ¿¿..................................... Ä»Ñαáµ¿∩ ß« ßΓα«¬á¼¿................................... Ä»Ñαáµ¿¿ PChar......................................... Ä»Ñαáµ¿¿ ¡áñ ¼¡«ªÑßΓóá¼¿............................... Ä»Ñαáµ¿¿ «Γ¡«ΦÑ¡¿∩.......................................... æαáó¡Ñ¡¿Ñ »α«ßΓδσ Γ¿»«ó................................ æαáó¡Ñ¡¿Ñ ßΓα«¬........................................ æαáó¡Ñ¡¿Ñ π»á¬«óá¡¡δσ ßΓα«¬............................ æαáó¡Ñ¡¿Ñ π¬áºáΓÑ½Ñ⌐................................... æαáó¡Ñ¡¿Ñ ¼¡«ªÑßΓó..................................... Åα«óÑα¬á ¡á »α¿¡áñ½Ñª¡«ßΓ∞ ¬ ¼¡«ªÑßΓóπ................. Ä»Ñαáµ¿∩ @.................................................. êß»«½∞º«óá¡¿Ñ «»Ñαáµ¿¿ @ ñ½∩ »ÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡«⌐................ êß»«½∞º«óá¡¿Ñ «»Ñαáµ¿¿ @ ñ½∩ »áαá¼ÑΓαá-º¡áτÑ¡¿∩........ êß»«½∞º«óá¡¿Ñ «»Ñαáµ¿¿ @ ñ½∩ »áαá¼ÑΓαá-»ÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡«⌐...... êß»«½∞º«óá¡¿Ñ «»Ñαáµ¿¿ @ ñ½∩ »α«µÑñπαδ ¿½¿ Σπ¡¬µ¿¿..... êß»«½∞«óá¡¿Ñ «»Ñαáµ¿¿ @ ñ½∩ ¼ÑΓ«ñá..................... éδº«óδ Σπ¡¬µ¿¿.............................................. è«¡ßΓαπ¬Γ«αδ ¼¡«ªÑßΓóá...................................... Åα¿óÑñÑ¡¿Ñ Γ¿»á º¡áτÑ¡¿⌐.................................... Åα«µÑñπα¡δÑ Γ¿»δ ó óδαáªÑ¡¿∩σ............................... â½áóá 7. Ä»ÑαáΓ«αδ............................................... Åα«ßΓδÑ «»ÑαáΓ«αδ........................................... Ä»ÑαáΓ«α »α¿ßóá¿óá¡¿∩.................................. Åα¿ßóá¿óá¡¿∩ «íΩÑ¬Γ¡«ú« Γ¿»á...................... Ä»ÑαáΓ«αδ »α«µÑñπαδ.................................... éδº«óδ ¬«¡ßΓαπ¬Γ«αδ ¿ ñÑßΓαπ¬Γ«αá ¼ÑΓ«ñá.......... Ä»ÑαáΓ«αδ »ÑαÑσ«ñá..................................... æΓαπ¬Γπα¡δÑ «»ÑαáΓ«αδ....................................... æ«ßΓáó¡δÑ «»ÑαáΓ«αδ.................................... ôß½«ó¡δÑ «»ÑαáΓ«αδ..................................... Ä»ÑαáΓ«α if....................................... Ä»ÑαáΓ«α óáα¿á¡Γá (case).......................... Ä»ÑαáΓ«α µ¿¬½á......................................... Ä»ÑαáΓ«α µ¿¬½á ß »«ßΓπß½«ó¿Ñ¼ (repeat)......... Ä»ÑαáΓ«αδ µ¿¬½á ß »αÑñπß½«ó¿Ñ¼ (while)......... Ä»ÑαáΓ«αδ µ¿¬½á ß »áαá¼ÑΓα«¼ (for)............. Ä»ÑαáΓ«α with............................................... â½áóá 8. Åα«µÑñπαδ ¿ Σπ¡¬µ¿¿..................................... Ä»¿ßá¡¿∩ »α«µÑñπα........................................... Ä»¿ßá¡¿∩ near ¿ far.................................... Ä»¿ßá¡¿∩ export........................................ Ä»¿ßá¡¿∩ interrupt..................................... Ä»¿ßá¡¿Ñ forward....................................... Ä»¿ßá¡¿∩ external...................................... Ä»¿ßá¡¿∩ assembler..................................... Ä»¿ßá¡¿∩ inline........................................ Ä»¿ßá¡¿∩ Σπ¡¬µ¿⌐............................................ Ä»¿ßá¡¿∩ ¼ÑΓ«ñ«ó............................................ è«¡ßΓαπ¬Γ«αδ ¿ ñÑßΓαπ¬Γ«αδ............................. Åáαá¼ÑΓαδ................................................... Åáαá¼ÑΓαδ-º¡áτÑ¡¿∩..................................... Åáαá¼ÑΓαδ-»ÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δÑ................................... ÄíΩÑ¬Γδ........................................... ìÑΓ¿»¿º«óá¡¡δÑ »áαá¼ÑΓαδ-»ÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δÑ.................... Åα«µÑñπα¡δÑ Γ¿»δ............................................ Åα«µÑñπα¡δÑ »ÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δÑ................................. Åáαá¼ÑΓαδ »α«µÑñπα¡«ú« Γ¿»á............................ â½áóá 9. Åα«úαá¼¼δ ¿ ¼«ñπ½¿...................................... æ¿¡Γá¬ß¿ß »α«úαá¼¼.......................................... çáú«½«ó«¬ »α«úαá¼¼δ.................................... Ä»ÑαáΓ«α uses.......................................... æ¿¡Γá¬ß¿ß ¼«ñπ½Ñ⌐........................................... çáú«½«ó«¬ ¼«ñπ½∩....................................... ê¡ΓÑαΣÑ⌐ß¡á∩ ßÑ¬µ¿∩.................................... æÑ¬µ¿∩ αÑá½¿ºáµ¿¿...................................... æÑ¬µ¿∩ ¿¡¿µ¿á½¿ºáµ¿¿................................... è«ßóÑ¡¡«Ñ ¿ß»«½∞º«óá¡¿Ñ ¼«ñπ½Ñ⌐............................. ÅÑαÑ¬αÑßΓ¡δÑ ßßδ½¬¿ ¡á ¼«ñπ½¿............................... æ«ó¼ÑßΓ¡«Ñ ¿ß»«½∞º«óá¡¿Ñ «»¿ßá¡¿⌐....................... â½áóá 10. ä¿¡á¼¿τÑß¬¿ ¬«¼»α«¡πÑ¼δÑ í¿í½¿«ΓÑ¬¿ (DLL).............. ùΓ« Γá¬«Ñ DLL?.............................................. êß»«½∞º«óá¡¿Ñ í¿í½¿«ΓÑ¬ DLL................................. î«ñπ½∞ ¿¼»«αΓá......................................... æΓáΓ¿τÑß¬¿⌐ ¿ ñ¿¡á¼¿τÑß¬¿⌐ ¿¼»«αΓ...................... èa¬ »¿ßáΓ∞ í¿í½¿«ΓÑ¬¿ DLL................................... ä¿αÑ¬Γ¿óá φ¬ß»«αΓá »α«µÑñπαδ........................... è½ετÑó«Ñ ß½«ó« export............................. çá¼Ñτá¡¿∩ »« »α«úαá¼¼¿α«óá¡¿ε í¿í½¿«ΓÑ¬..................... â½«íá½∞¡δÑ »ÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δÑ ó DLL............................ â½«íá½∞¡á∩ »á¼∩Γ∞ ¿ Σá⌐½δ ó DLL........................ DLL ¿ ¼«ñπ½∞ System.................................... DLL ¿ «Φ¿í¬¿ φΓá»á óδ»«½¡Ñ¡¿∩.......................... DLL ¿ ßÑú¼Ñ¡Γδ ßΓÑ¬á................................... ùáßΓ∞ 2. æΓá¡ñáαΓ¡δÑ í¿í½¿«ΓÑ¬¿.................................. â½áóá 11. î«ñπ½∞ System.......................................... æΓá¡ñáαΓ¡δÑ »α«µÑñπαδ ¿ Σπ¡¬µ¿¿............................. Åα«µÑñπαδ π»αáó½Ñ¡¿∩ αáí«Γ«⌐ »α«úαá¼¼δ................. Åα«µÑñπαδ ñ¿¡á¼¿τÑß¬«ú« αáß»αÑñÑ½Ñ¡¿∩ »á¼∩Γ¿........... öπ¡¬µ¿¿ ñ¿¡á¼¿τÑß¬«ú« αáß»αÑñÑ½Ñ¡¿∩ »á¼∩Γ¿............. öπ¡¬µ¿¿ »ÑαÑñáτ¿....................................... Çα¿Σ¼ÑΓ¿τÑß¬¿Ñ Σπ¡¬µ¿¿................................. Åα«µÑñπαδ »«α∩ñ¬«ó«ú« Γ¿»á............................. öπ¡¬µ¿¿ »«α∩ñ¬«ó«ú« Γ¿»á............................... æΓα«¬«óδÑ »α«µÑñπαδ.................................... æΓα«¬«óδÑ Σπ¡¬µ¿¿...................................... öπ¡¬µ¿¿ ñ½∩ αáí«Γδ ß π¬áºáΓÑ½∩¼¿ ¿ áñαÑßá¼¿............ Åα«τ¿Ñ »α«µÑñπαδ....................................... Åα«τ¿Ñ Σπ¡¬µ¿¿......................................... öá⌐½«óδ⌐ óó«ñ ¿ óδó«ñ....................................... éóÑñÑ¡¿Ñ ó Σá⌐½«óδ⌐ óó«ñ-óδó«ñ......................... öπ¡¬µ¿¿ óó«ñá-óδó«ñá................................... Åα«µÑñπαδ óó«ñá-óδó«ñá................................. ÆÑ¬ßΓ«óδÑ Σá⌐½δ........................................ Åα«µÑñπαδ......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿¿........................................... ìÑΓ¿»¿º«óá¡¡δÑ Σá⌐½δ................................... Åα«µÑñπαδ......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿¿........................................... ÅÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡á∩ FileMode.................................... ôßΓα«⌐ßΓóá ó Æπαí« Åáß¬á½Ñ.................................. ôßΓα«⌐ßΓóá DOS......................................... ôßΓα«⌐ßΓóá, »αÑñ¡áº¡áτÑ¡¡δÑ ñ½∩ ΓÑ¬ßΓ«óδσ Σá⌐½«ó....... ÅαÑñ«»¿ßá¡¡δÑ »ÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δÑ.................................... ìÑ¿¡¿µ¿á½¿º¿α«óá¡¡δÑ »ÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δÑ........................ ê¡¿µ¿á½¿º¿α«óá¡¡δÑ »ÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δÑ.......................... â½áóá 12. î«ñπ½∞ WinD«s.......................................... è«¡ßΓá¡Γδ, Γ¿»δ ¿ »ÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δÑ................................ è«¡ßΓá¡Γδ.............................................. è«¡ßΓá¡Γδ Σ½áú«ó.................................. è«¡ßΓá¡Γδ αÑª¿¼á Σá⌐½á............................ ä½¿¡δ ßΓα«¬ ¬«¼»«¡Ñ¡Γ«ó ¿¼Ñ¡¿ Σá⌐½á............... é«ºóαáΘáÑ¼δÑ Σá⌐½δ ñ½∩ FileSplit.................. Æ¿»δ........................................................ Æ¿»δ ºá»¿ß¿ Σá⌐½á...................................... Æ¿» TRegisters......................................... Γ¿» TDateTime.......................................... Æ¿» TSearchRec......................................... ÅÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δÑ.................................................. ÅÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡á∩ DosError.................................... Åα«µÑñπαδ ¿ Σπ¡¬µ¿¿......................................... Åα«µÑñπαδ ñáΓδ ¿ óαÑ¼Ñ¡¿............................... Åα«µÑñπαδ «íß½πª¿óá¡¿∩ »αÑαδóá¡¿⌐...................... öπ¡¬µ¿¿, »α«óÑα∩εΘ¿Ñ ß«ßΓ«∩¡¿Ñ ñ¿ß¬á................... Åα«µÑñπαδ «íαáí«Γ¬¿ Σá⌐½«ó............................. öπ¡¬µ¿¿ «íαáí«Γ¬¿ Σá⌐½«ó............................... Åα«µÑñπαδ «íαáí«Γ¬¿ ¬áΓá½«ú«ó.......................... öπ¡¬µ¿¿ «íαáí«Γ¬¿ ¬áΓá½«ú«ó............................ Åα«µÑñπαδ π»αáó½Ñ¡¿∩ «»Ñαáµ¿«¡¡«⌐ ßαÑñ«⌐............... öπ¡¬µ¿¿ π»αáó½Ñ¡¿∩ «»Ñαáµ¿«¡¡«⌐ ßαÑñ«⌐................. Åα«τ¿Ñ »α«µÑñπαδ....................................... Åα«τ¿Ñ Σπ¡¬µ¿¿......................................... â½áóá 13. î«ñπ½∞ Strings......................................... ùΓ« Γá¬«Ñ ßΓα«¬á, ºáóÑαΦáεΘá∩ß∩ ¡π½Ñ¼?...................... êß»«½∞º«óá¡¿Ñ ßΓα«¬, ºáóÑαΦáεΘ¿σß∩ ¡π½Ñ¼.................... æ¿¼ó«½∞¡δÑ π¬áºáΓÑ½¿ ¿ ßΓα«¬«óδÑ ½¿ΓÑαá½δ.............. æ¿¼»«½∞¡δÑ π¬áºáΓÑ½¿ ¿ ßΓα«¬«óδÑ ¼áßß¿óδ............... ê¡ñÑ¬ß¿α«óá¡¿Ñ ß¿¼ó«½∞¡δσ π¬áºáΓÑ½Ñ⌐........................ Ä»Ñαáµ¿¿ ß ß¿¼ó«½∞¡δ¼¿ π¬áºáΓÑ½∩¼¿.......................... çáóÑαΦáεΘ¿Ñß∩ ¡π½Ñ¼ ßΓα«¬¿ ¿ ßΓá¡ñáαΓ¡δÑ »α«µÑñπαδ.......... êß»«½∞º«óá¡¿Ñ ¼«ñπ½∩ String................................. â½áóá 14. î«ñπ½∞ WinCrt.......................................... æ»Ñµ¿á½∞¡δÑ ß¿¼ó«½δ......................................... éó«ñ ßΓα«¬.................................................. ÅÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δÑ.................................................. WindowOrg.............................................. WindowSize............................................. ScreenSize............................................. Cursor................................................. Origin................................................. InteractiveTitle....................................... AutoTracking........................................... CheckEOF............................................... WindowTitle............................................ Åα«µÑñπαδ ¿ Σπ¡¬µ¿¿......................................... InitWindowCrt.......................................... DoneVinCrt............................................. WriteBuf............................................... WriteChar.............................................. KeyPressed............................................. ReadKey................................................ ReadBuf................................................ GotoXY................................................. WhereX................................................. WhereY................................................. ClrScr................................................. ClrEol................................................. CursorTo............................................... ScrollTo............................................... AssignCrt.............................................. â½áóá 15. êß»«½∞º«óá¡¿Ñ ß«»α«µÑßß«αá 8087........................ Æ¿»δ ñá¡¡δσ »α«µÑßß«αá 8087................................. Çα¿Σ¼ÑΓ¿τÑß¬¿Ñ «»Ñαáµ¿¿ ß »«óδΦÑ¡¡«⌐ Γ«τ¡«ßΓ∞ε.............. æαáó¡Ñ¡¿Ñ óÑΘÑßΓóÑ¡¡δσ τ¿ßÑ½................................ æΓÑ¬ óδτ¿ß½Ñ¡¿⌐ ß«»α«µÑßß«αá 8087........................... çá»¿ß∞ óÑΘÑßΓóÑ¡¡δσ τ¿ßÑ½ »α¿ ¿ß»«½∞º«óá¡¿¿ ß«»α«µÑßß«αá 8087 î«ñπ½¿, ó ¬«Γ«αδσ ¿ß»«½∞ºπÑΓß∩ ß«»α«µÑßß«α 8087............. Éáß»«º¡áóá¡¿Ñ ß«»α«µÑßß«αá 8087........................ êß»«½∞º«óá¡¿Ñ φ¼π½∩µ¿¿ ß«»α«µÑßß«αá 8087 ¡á ∩ºδ¬Ñ ÇßßÑ¼í½Ñαá ùáßΓ∞ 3. é¡πΓαÑ¡¡á∩ «αúá¡¿ºáµ¿∩ Æπαí« Åáß¬á½∩.................... â½áóá 16. êß»«½∞º«óá¡¿Ñ »á¼∩Γ¿................................... æÑú¼Ñ¡Γδ ¬«ñá............................................... ÇΓα¿íπΓδ ßÑú¼Ñ¡Γ«ó..................................... MOVEABLE ¿½¿ FIXED................................ PRELOAD ¿½¿ DEMANDLOAD............................ DISCARDABLE ¿½¿ PERMANENT......................... êº¼Ñ¡Ñ¡¿Ñ áΓα¿íπΓ«ó.................................... ï«¬á½∞¡δ⌐ ñ¿¡á¼¿τÑß¬¿⌐ ßÑú¼Ñ¡Γ ñá¡¡δσ....................... Å«ñß¿ßΓÑ¼á π»αáó½Ñ¡¿∩ ñ¿¡á¼¿τÑß¬¿ αáß»αÑñÑ½∩Ñ¼«⌐ «í½áßΓ∞ε »á¼∩Γ¿ ÅÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡á∩ HeapError................................... ö«α¼áΓδ ó¡πΓαÑ¡¡Ñú« »αÑñßΓáó½Ñ¡¿∩ ñá¡¡δσ.................... ûÑ½«τ¿ß½Ñ¡¡δÑ Γ¿»δ..................................... æ¿¼ó«½∞¡δ⌐ Γ¿»......................................... üπ½Ñóß¬¿⌐ Γ¿».......................................... ÅÑαÑτ¿ß½¿¼δ⌐ Γ¿»....................................... Æ¿»δ ß »½áóáεΘÑ⌐ Γ«τ¬«⌐................................ éÑΘÑßΓóÑ¡¡δ⌐ Γ¿».................................. Æ¿» τ¿ß½á ß «ñ¿¡áα¡«⌐ Γ«τ¡«ßΓ∞ε................... Æ¿» τ¿ß½á ß ñó«⌐¡«⌐ Γ«τ¡«ßΓ∞ε..................... Æ¿» τ¿ß½á ß »«óδΦÑ¡¡«⌐ Γ«τ¡«ßΓ∞ε.................. æ½«ª¡δ⌐ Γ¿»....................................... ç¡áτÑ¡¿∩ Γ¿»á π¬áºáΓÑ½∞................................ ç¡áτÑ¡¿∩ ßΓα«¬«ó«ú« Γ¿»á............................... ç¡áτÑ¡¿∩ ¼¡«ªÑßΓóÑ¡¡«ú« Γ¿»á........................... ç¡áτÑ¡¿∩ Γ¿»á ¼áßß¿ó................................... ç¡áτÑ¡¿∩ Γ¿»á ºá»¿ß∞................................... ç¡áτÑ¡¿∩ Σá⌐½«ó«ú« Γ¿»á................................ Åα«µÑñπα¡δÑ Γ¿»δ....................................... Åα∩¼«⌐ ñ«ßΓπ» ¬ »á¼∩Γ¿...................................... â½áóá 17. ÄíΩÑ¬Γδ................................................ é¡πΓαÑ¡¡¿Ñ Σ«α¼áΓδ ñá¡¡δσ «íΩÑ¬Γ«ó.......................... Æáí½¿µá ó¿αΓπá½∞¡δσ ¼ÑΓ«ñ«ó............................ æΓá¡ñáαΓ¡á∩ Σπ¡¬µ¿∩ SizeOf............................. æΓá¡ñáαΓ¡á∩ Σπ¡¬µ¿∩ TypeOf............................. éδº«óδ ó¿αΓπá½∞¡δσ ¼ÑΓ«ñ«ó............................. éδº«óδ ñ¿¡á¼¿τÑß¬¿σ ¼ÑΓ«ñ«ó............................ æ«ú½áΦÑ¡¿∩ « óδº«óáσ ¼ÑΓ«ñ«ó................................ è«¡ßΓαπ¬Γ«αδ ¿ ñÑßΓαπ¬Γ«αδ............................. îÑΓ«ñδ ¡á ∩ºδ¬Ñ ÇßßÑ¼í½Ñαá.................................. Äí¡áαπªÑ¡¿Ñ «Φ¿í«¬ ¬«¡ßΓαπ¬Γ«αá............................. â½áóá 18. é«»α«ßδ π»αáó½Ñ¡¿∩..................................... æ«ú½áΦÑ¡¿∩ »« óδº«óá¼....................................... Åáαá¼ÑΓαδ-»ÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δÑ................................... Åáαá¼ÑΓαδ-º¡áτÑ¡¿∩..................................... ÉÑºπ½∞ΓáΓδ Σπ¡¬µ¿⌐..................................... ü½¿ª¡¿Ñ ¿ ñá½∞¡¿Ñ Γ¿»δ óδº«ó«ó......................... é½«ªÑ¡¡δÑ »α«µÑñπαδ ¿ Σπ¡¬µ¿¿.......................... æΓá¡ñáαΓ¡δ⌐ ¬«ñ óσ«ñá ¿ óδσ«ñá......................... æ«ú½áΦÑ¡¿∩ »« ß«σαá¡Ñ¡¿ε αÑú¿ßΓα«ó..................... Åα«µÑñπαδ óδσ«ñá............................................ Äíαáí«Γ¬á »αÑαδóá¡¿⌐........................................ Éáºαáí«Γ¬á »α«µÑñπα «íαáí«Γ¬¿ »αÑαδóá¡¿⌐............... â½áóá 19. éó«ñ ¿ óδó«ñ........................................... äαá⌐óÑαδ πßΓα«⌐ßΓó ñ½∩ ΓÑ¬ßΓ«óδσ Σá⌐½«ó..................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ OpÑn........................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ InOut.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Flush.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Cl«sÑ.......................................... Åα∩¼«⌐ ñ«ßΓπ» ¬ »«αΓá¼...................................... â½áóá 20. ÇóΓ«¼áΓ¿τÑß¬á∩ «»Γ¿¼¿ºáµ¿∩............................. æóÑαΓδóá¡¿Ñ ¬«¡ßΓá¡Γ........................................ æ½¿∩¡¿Ñ ¬«¡ßΓá¡Γ............................................ éδτ¿ß½Ñ¡¿Ñ »« ¬«α«Γ¬«⌐ ßσÑ¼Ñ................................ Å«α∩ñ«¬ óδτ¿ß½Ñ¡¿∩.......................................... Åα«óÑα¬á ¡á ñ«»πßΓ¿¼«ßΓ∞ úαá¡¿µ............................. êß»«½∞º«óá¡¿Ñ ñó¿úá ó¼ÑßΓ« π¼¡«ªÑ¡¿∩........................ ÇóΓ«¼áΓ¿τÑß¬«Ñ óδαáó¡¿óá¡¿Ñ ¡á úαá¡¿µπ ß½«óá................ ôñá½Ñ¡¿Ñ ¡Ñ¿ß»«½∞ºπÑ¼«ú« ¬«ñá............................... ¥ΣΣÑ¬Γ¿ó¡á∩ ¬«¼»«¡«ó¬á...................................... â½áóá 21. ä¿αÑ¬Γ¿óδ ¬«¼»¿½∩Γ«αá.................................. ä¿αÑ¬Γ¿óδ-»ÑαÑ¬½ετáΓÑ½¿..................................... éδαáó¡¿óá¡¿Ñ ñá¡¡δσ.................................... üπ½Ñóß¬¿Ñ óδτ¿ß½Ñ¡¿∩................................... ê¡Σ«α¼áµ¿∩ ñ½∩ «Γ½áñ¬¿................................. ¥¼π½∩µ¿∩............................................... äá½∞¡¿⌐ Γ¿» óδº«óá..................................... âÑ¡Ñαáµ¿∩ ¬«ñá ñ½∩ »α«µÑßß«αá 80286.................... Åα«óÑα¬á «Φ¿í«¬ óó«ñá-óδó«ñá........................... ê¡Σ«α¼áµ¿∩ « ½«¬á½∞¡δσ ¿ñÑ¡Γ¿Σ¿¬áΓ«αáσ................. æ«»α«µÑßß«α ¼áΓÑ¼áΓ¿τÑß¬¿σ óδτ¿ß½Ñ¡¿⌐.................. âÑ¡Ñαáµ¿∩ «óÑα½Ñ⌐¡«ú« ¬«ñá............................. Åα«óÑα¬á úαá¡¿µ........................................ Åα«óÑα¬á »ÑαÑ»«½¡Ñ¡¿∩ ßΓÑ¬á............................ Åα«óÑα¬á »áαá¼ÑΓα«ó-»ÑαÑ¼Ñ¡¡δσ ßΓα«¬«ó«ú« Γ¿»á......... ÉáßΦ¿αÑ¡¡δ⌐ ß¿¡Γá¬ß¿ß.................................. ä¿αÑ¬Γ¿óδ ß »áαá¼ÑΓαá¼¿..................................... ÇΓα¿íπΓ ßÑú¼Ñ¡Γá ¬«ñá.................................. Ä»¿ßá¡¿Ñ............................................... é¬½ετÑ¡¿Ñ Σá⌐½á........................................ è«¼»«¡«ó¬á «íΩÑ¬Γ¡«ú« Σá⌐½á............................ Éáº¼Ñαδ óδñÑ½∩Ñ¼«⌐ »á¼∩Γ¿.............................. Çα¿Σ¼ÑΓ¿τÑß¬¿⌐ ß«»α«µÑßß«α............................. öá⌐½ αÑßπαßá........................................... ôß½«ó¡á∩ ¬«¼»¿½∩µ¿∩......................................... ôß½«ó¡δÑ ¿ñÑ¡Γ¿Σ¿¬áΓ«αδ..................................... ä¿αÑ¬Γ¿óá DEFINE............................................ ä¿αÑ¬Γ¿óá UNDEF............................................. ä¿αÑ¬Γ¿óá IFDEF............................................. ä¿αÑ¬Γ¿óá IFNDEF............................................ ä¿αÑ¬Γ¿óá IFOPT............................................. ä¿αÑ¬Γ¿óá ELSE.............................................. ä¿αÑ¬Γ¿óá ENDIF............................................. ùáßΓ∞ 4. êß»«½∞º«óá¡¿Ñ Æπαí« Åáß¬á½∩ ß ∩ºδ¬«¼ ÇßßÑ¼í½Ñαá......... â½áóá 22. éßΓα«Ñ¡¡δ⌐ ÇßßÑ¼í½Ñα................................... Ä»ÑαáΓ«α asm................................................ êß»«½∞º«óá¡¿Ñ αÑú¿ßΓα«ó..................................... æ¿¡Γá¬ß¿ß «»ÑαáΓ«αa ÇßßÑ¼í½Ñαá.............................. îÑΓ¬¿.................................................. ÅαÑΣ¿¬ßδ «»Ñαáµ¿⌐...................................... è«ñδ ¿¡ßΓαπ¬µ¿⌐........................................ Éáº¼Ñα ¿¡ßΓαπ¬µ¿¿ RET............................. ÇóΓ«¼áΓ¿τÑß¬«Ñ «»αÑñÑ½Ñ¡¿Ñ αáº¼Ñαá »ÑαÑσ«ñá....... ä¿αÑ¬Γ¿óδ ÇßßÑ¼í½Ñαá........................................ Ä»Ñαá¡ñδ.................................................... éδαáªÑ¡¿∩................................................... Éáº½¿τ¿∩ ¼Ñªñπ óδαáªÑ¡¿∩¼¿ Åáß¬á½∩ ¿ ÇßßÑ¼í½Ñαá........ ¥½Ñ¼Ñ¡Γδ óδαáªÑ¡¿⌐..................................... è«¡ßΓá¡Γδ......................................... ù¿ß½«óδÑ ¬«¡ßΓá¡Γδ........................... æΓα«¬«óδÑ ¬«¡ßΓá¡Γδ.......................... ÉÑú¿ßΓαδ.......................................... êñÑ¡Γ¿Σ¿¬áΓ«αδ.................................... è½áßßδ óδαáªÑ¡¿⌐....................................... Æ¿»δ óδαáªÑ¡¿⌐......................................... Ä»Ñαáµ¿¿ ó óδαáªÑ¡¿∩σ.................................. Åα«µÑñπαδ ¿ Σπ¡¬µ¿¿ ÇßßÑ¼í½Ñαá.............................. â½áóá 23. è«¼»«¡«ó¬á ß »α«úαá¼¼á¼¿ ¡á ∩ºδ¬Ñ ÇßßÑ¼í½Ñαá........... Æπαí« ÇßßÑ¼í½Ñα ¿ Æπαí« Åáß¬á½∞............................. Åα¿¼Ñαδ »α«úαá¼¼ ¡á ∩ºδ¬Ñ ÇßßÑ¼í½Ñαá........................ Åα¿¼Ñα ¡á Æπαí« ÇßßÑ¼í½ÑαÑ............................. é¡πΓαÑ¡¡¿⌐ ¼áΦ¿¡¡δ⌐ ¬«ñ..................................... Ä»ÑαáΓ«αδ Inline....................................... ä¿αÑ¬Γ¿óδ inline....................................... ùáßΓ∞ 5. æ»αáó«τ¡¿¬ »« í¿í½¿«ΓÑ¬Ñ................................ â½áóá 24. ü¿í½¿«ΓÑ¬á ¿ß»«½¡∩εΘÑ⌐ ß¿ßΓÑ¼δ......................... Åα¿¼Ñα »α«µÑñπαδ............................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Abs............................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Addr.............................................. Åα«µÑñπαá Append.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ ArcTan............................................ Åα«µÑñπαá Assign.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ AssignCrt......................................... Åα«µÑñπαá BlockRead....................................... Åα«µÑñπαá BlockWrite ..................................... Åα«µÑñπαá ChDir........................................... Åα«µÑñπαá Chr............................................. Åα«µÑñπαá Close........................................... Åα«µÑñπαá CrlEol.......................................... Åα«µÑñπαá ClrScr.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Concat............................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Copy.............................................. öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Cos............................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ CreateDir......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ CSeg.............................................. Åα«µÑñπαá CursorTo........................................ Åα«µÑñπαá Dec............................................. Åα«µÑñπαá Delete.......................................... Åα«µÑñπαá DiskFree........................................ Åα«µÑñπαá DiskSize........................................ Åα«µÑñπαá Dispose......................................... Åα«µÑñπαá DoneWinCrt...................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ DosVersion........................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Dseg.............................................. öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Eof (ΓÑ¬ßΓ«óδÑ Σá⌐½δ)............................. öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Eof (Γ¿»¿º«óá¡¡δÑ ¿ ¡ÑΓ¿»¿º«óá¡¡δÑ Σá⌐½δ)......... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Eoln.............................................. Åα«µÑñπαá Erase........................................... Åα«µÑñπαá Exit............................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Exp............................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ FileExpand........................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ FilePos........................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ FileSearch........................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ FileSize.......................................... Åα«µÑñπαá FillChar........................................ Åα«µÑñπαá FindFirst....................................... Åα«µÑñπαá FindNext........................................ Åα«µÑñπαá Flush........................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Frac.............................................. Åα«µÑñπαá FreeMem......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ GetArgCount....................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ GetArgStr......................................... Åα«µÑñπαá GetCBreak ...................................... Åα«µÑñπαá GetCurDir....................................... Åα«µÑñπαá GetDate......................................... Åα«µÑñπαá GetDir.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ GetEnvVar......................................... Åα«µÑñπαá GetFAttr........................................ Åα«µÑñπαá GetFTime........................................ Åα«µÑñπαá GetIntVec....................................... Åα«µÑñπαá GetMem.......................................... Åα«µÑñπαá GetTime......................................... Åα«µÑñπαá GetVerify....................................... Åα«µÑñπαá GotoXY.......................................... Åα«µÑñπαá Halt............................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Hi................................................ Åα«µÑñπαá Inc............................................. Åα«µÑñπαá InitWinCrt...................................... Åα«µÑñπαá Insert.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Int............................................... Åα«µÑñπαá Intr............................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ IOResult.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ KeyPressed........................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Length ........................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Ln................................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Lo .............................................. öπ¡¬µ¿∩ MaxAvail.......................................... Åα«µÑñπαá MkDir........................................... Åα«µÑñπαá Move............................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ MsDos............................................. Åα«µÑñπαá New............................................. öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Odd............................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Ofs............................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Ord............................................... Åα«µÑñπαá PackTime........................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ ParamCount........................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ ParamStr.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Pi................................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Pos............................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Pred.............................................. öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Ptr............................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Random............................................ Åα«µÑñπαá Randomize....................................... Åα«µÑñπαá Read............................................ α«µÑñπαá Read (ΓÑ¬ßΓ«óδÑ Σá⌐½δ)........................... Åα«µÑñπαá Read (Γ¿»¿º«óá¡¡δÑ Σá⌐½δ)....................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ ReadKey........................................... Åα«µÑñπαá ReadLn.......................................... Åα«µÑñπαá RemoveDir ...................................... Åα«µÑñπαá Rename.......................................... Åα«µÑñπαá Reset........................................... Åα«µÑñπαá Rewrite......................................... Åα«µÑñπαá RmDir........................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Round............................................. Åα«µÑñπαá RunError........................................ Åα«µÑñπαá Seek............................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ ScrollTo.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ SeekEof........................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ SeekEoln.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Seg............................................... Åα«µÑñπαá SetCBreak....................................... Åα«µÑñπαá SetCurDir....................................... Åα«µÑñπαá SetDate......................................... Åα«µÑñπαá SetFAttr........................................ Åα«µÑñπαá SetFTime........................................ Åα«µÑñπαá SetIntVec ...................................... Åα«µÑñπαá SetTextBuf...................................... Åα«µÑñπαá SetTime......................................... Åα«µÑñπαá SetVerify ...................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Sin............................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ SizeOf............................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ SPtr.............................................. öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Sqr............................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Sqrt.............................................. öπ¡¬µ¿∩ SSeg.............................................. Åα«µÑñπαá Str............................................. öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrCat............................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrComp........................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrCopy........................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrECopy.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrEnd............................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrIComp.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrLCat........................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrLComp.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrLCopy.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrLIComp......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrLower.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrMove........................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrNew............................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrPas............................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrPCopy.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrPos............................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrRScan.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrScan........................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ StrUpper.......................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Succ.............................................. öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Swap.............................................. öπ¡¬µ¿∩ TrackCursor....................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ Trunc............................................. Åα«µÑñπαá Truncate........................................ Åα«µÑñπαá UnpackTime...................................... öπ¡¬µ¿∩ UpCase............................................ Åα«µÑñπαá Val............................................. öπ¡¬µ¿∩ WhereX............................................ öπ¡¬µ¿∩ WhereY............................................ Åα«µÑñπαá Write (ΓÑ¬ßΓ«óδÑ Σá⌐½δ)......................... Åα«µÑñπαá Write (Γ¿»¿º«óá¡¡δÑ Σá⌐½δ ¿ ¡ÑΓ¿»¿º«óá¡¡δÑ Σá⌐½δ) Åα«µÑñπαá WriteBuf........................................ Åα«µÑñπαá WriteChar....................................... Åα«µÑñπαá Writeln......................................... Åα¿½«ªÑ¡¿Ñ A. æ««íΘÑ¡¿∩ «í «Φ¿í¬áσ............................... æ««íΘÑ¡¿∩ ¬«¼»¿½∩Γ«αá «í «Φ¿í¬áσ............................ ÄΦ¿í¬¿, ó«º¡¿¬áεΘ¿Ñ ó« óαÑ¼∩ óδ»«½¡Ñ¡¿∩ »α«úαá¼¼δ........... ÄΦ¿í¬¿ DOS............................................. ÄΦ¿í¬¿ óó«ñá-óδó«ñá.................................... öáΓá½∞¡δÑ «Φ¿í¬¿....................................... Åα¿½«ªÑ¡¿Ñ B. æ»αáó«τ¡δÑ ¼áΓÑα¿á½δ............................... è«ñδ ASCII.................................................. è«ñδ «»α«ßá ¬½áó¿áΓπαδ......................................