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  1.                  ============
  2.                    
  3.               The Perl 5 Reference Guide
  4.  
  5. The Perl Reference Guide is a typeset quick reference guide to Larry
  6. Wall's Perl program.
  7.  
  8. It contains a concise description of all Perl 5 statements, functions,
  9. variables and lots of other useful information. The Guide is based on
  10. Perl version 5, patchlevel 1.
  11.  
  12. The purpose of the Reference Guide is to aid in the use of Perl, to
  13. look up the syntax of specific functions, statements and the meaning
  14. of built-in variables. It is *NOT* a self-contained user guide - basic
  15. knowledge of the Perl language is required. It is *NOT* complete -
  16. some of the more obscure variants of perl constructs have been left
  17. out. But all functions and variables are mentioned in at least one way
  18. they can be used.
  19.  
  20. The Reference Guide is designed and created by Johan Vromans using the
  21. LaTex typesetting system. The kit contains a ready-to-use PostScript
  22. file, but the LaTeX sources are included as well. The PostScript file
  23. has been built using LaTeX2e and Tom Rockiki's dvips.
  24.  
  25. A special formatting tool, written in Perl, makes it possible to
  26. reformat this PostScript output for reproduction in a number of
  27. formats. 
  28.  
  29. The version number of the Reference Guide is coupled to the version of
  30. Perl, e.g. 5.012.2 means: the second release suitable for Perl 5
  31. patchlevel 12. (This is an example. There is no Perl 5 patchlevel 12 (yet?))
  32.  
  33. INSTALLATION
  34. ============
  35.  
  36.  1. Unload the distribution
  37.  
  38.     After unloading the distribution, you will have the following files:
  39.  
  40.     README        - this file
  41.     ChangeLog   - description of changes
  42.     Makefile    - makefile
  43.     parr.pl        - reformat and rearrange tool
  44.     Layout        - description of the format
  45.     MANIFEST    - a list of files
  46.     refbase.tex - LaTeX source for the Reference Guide
  47.     refbase.cls - LaTeX class for the Reference Guide
  48.     refbase.toc - The table of contents
  49.     refbase.ps  - pre-generated PostScript base
  50.     refcbase.ps - pre-generated PostScript for the cover page
  51.     PROBLEMS    - known problems on certain printers
  52.  
  53.  2. Create the PostScript base file
  54.  
  55.     Normally you can skip this step since a pre-generated PostScript
  56.     file is included in the kit.
  57.  
  58.     This step requires the LaTeX typesetting system, version 2e of
  59.     1994/12/01, and dvips version 5.47 or later. Earlier 2e versions
  60.     of LaTeX may work, but have not been verified.
  61.  
  62.     - Use "make refbase-ps" (a dash, not a dot) to create a new
  63.       PostScript file from the LaTeX source. This file can be printed
  64.       normally. 
  65.  
  66.     NOTE: dvips must be instructed to use a4 format paper ('-t a4')
  67.       even if you intend to print on a different format!
  68.  
  69.     You can not "make refcbase-ps" in this release. 90% of the size of
  70.     refcbase.ps is the bitmap op the Camel, and it would be pointless
  71.     to include this bitmap twice.
  72.  
  73.  3. Create the RefGuide from the PostScript base
  74.  
  75.     As distributed, the Makefile is configured to generate output for
  76.     A4 (21 x 29.7 cm) paper format. Use "make PAPER= ..." to select US
  77.     Letter (8.5 x 11") format.  Both formats should be printable on
  78.     industry-standard PostScript printers.
  79.  
  80.     You can use "make" to generate a new PostScript file for one of
  81.     the following formats:
  82.  
  83.      - Use "make refguide.ps" to create a guide formatted in pages
  84.        of 2-column text. It should be printed double-sided, stapled in
  85.        the middle, folded, and cut to size to have a 24-page 4.25 x 8"
  86.        booklet. See the "Layout" document.
  87.  
  88.      - Use "make 2pass" to create a set of odd and even pages for
  89.        double sided printing. First print "guide-odd.ps". Then put the
  90.        paper back in the tray, and print either "guide-even1.ps" or
  91.        "guide-even2.ps", depending on the way your printer arranges
  92.        the printed paper.
  93.        "guide-even1.ps" is for printers with correct output stacking like
  94.        Apple LaserWriter II. 
  95.        "guide-even2.ps" is for printers with reverse output stacking,
  96.        like old Apple LaserWriters. 
  97.        In other words, after printing "guide-odd.ps", if the
  98.        text of the front page is on top -- use "guide-even1.ps".
  99.        But if you're looking at the text of the middle pages -- use
  100.        "guide-even2.ps". 
  101.  
  102.      - Use "make refcover.ps" to format a nice cover page. 
  103.  
  104.     "make" without arguments will default to refguide.ps and
  105.     refcover.ps .
  106.  
  107.     If your printout is not correct, feel free to change the values
  108.     in subroutine 'twoup' of the 'parr.pl' program. The file Layout
  109.     describes in more detail how the Guide should look like.
  110.  
  111.     On printers that support it, duplex printing is attempted. See the
  112.     Makefile foe details.
  113.  
  114.     See also the file PROBLEMS.
  115.  
  116. Comments are welcome, send them to the author.
  117.  
  118. HISTORY
  119. =======
  120.  
  121. The first version of the Reference Guide --"reference card" it was
  122. called then-- appeared in 1989 with Perl version 2. It was created
  123. using an Apple Macintosh and the RagTime DeskTop publishing tool. It
  124. was 9 pages, if I remember well. The PostScript output was extracted
  125. from the Mac and hacked for 'normal' use with the macps program.
  126.  
  127. With Perl version 3 came the next version. A 15-page card format, and
  128. a 16-page reference guide. This time, the Guide was created using
  129. MicroSoft Word, again on Macintosh. Tools were supplied to manipulate
  130. the PostScript file to suit different printing formats. In a later
  131. version, the card format was abandoned.
  132.  
  133. Next came the Camel version, with Perl version 4. Much effort was
  134. spent to have the abundance of new functions fit on 16 pages.
  135.  
  136. After the book appeared, I decided to rework the Guide to use more
  137. pages, and different styles and fonts for clarity. I reworked the
  138. MS-Word version, to find out that the resultant PostScript file had
  139. increased from 90Kb to 180Kb! 
  140. So I decided to start again, from scratch (well, almost) using the
  141. LaTeX typesetting system. The resultant PostScript file is now 80Kb,
  142. while it prints out almost identical to the 180Kb MS-Word version.
  143.  
  144. When Perl 5 came out, the Guide was reworked to include the plethora
  145. of new features while still trying to be concise. 
  146. I also used a scan of the Camel to create a real cover page.
  147. Tim O'Reilly (O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.) wrote me:
  148.  
  149.     You can do this, as long as you say somewhere in your text,
  150.     "The camel as an image associated with perl is a trademark
  151.     of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. and is used with permission."
  152.  
  153.     Trademarks are funny. If you don't use due diligence to protect
  154.     them, you lose them. We've applied to treat all our cover animals
  155.     as trademarks, so they don't get abused by other publishers, and
  156.     we need to acknowledge them as such if they are used elsewhere.
  157.  
  158. Thanks Tim, for the permission.
  159.  
  160. CREDITS
  161. =======
  162.  
  163. The Perl Reference Guide is copyrighted by the author. It may be
  164. reproduced, printed and distributed freely for non-profit purposes, as
  165. long as the original author gets the credits, and the copyright notice
  166. is not removed from the text. It may not be turned into a commercial
  167. product except with written permission of the author.
  168.  
  169. ---------------------------- author info -----------------------------
  170. Johan Vromans                                     jvromans@squirrel.nl
  171. Squirrel Design & Consultancy                 Boskoop, the Netherlands
  172. http://www.xs4all.nl/~jvromans           http://www.xxlink.nl/squirrel
  173. ----------------------------------------------------------------------
  174.  
  175. I like to thank everyone who has helped me (and encouraged me) to get
  176. the job done, and to get the results to you. Especially Tom
  177. Christiansen and JGreely (for "parr") And Larry Wall, of course,
  178. without whom I would have spent lots of time annoying myself.
  179.  
  180. Roy Johnson <rjohnson@shell.com> sent me a scan of the Camel that I
  181. used to make the cover page. The cover design is based on the design
  182. that O'Reilly made for the Reference Guide that was published with the
  183. book "Programming Perl" and is used with permission of O'Reilly &
  184. Associates, Inc.
  185.  
  186. For a japanese version of the reference guide, please contact 
  187. Yoshiyuki KONDO <cond@lsi-j.co.jp>.
  188.  
  189. -- PostScript is a trademark of Adobe, I assume.
  190. $Id: README,v 5.4 1995/11/24 12:05:00 jv Exp $
  191.  
  192.  
  193. ChangeLog
  194.  
  195.     * parr.pl, Makefile, README: Update to 5.001.
  196.  
  197. Tue Nov 21 13:11:33 1995  Johan Vromans  <jvromans@squirrel.nl>
  198.  
  199.     * ch-arithmetic.tex, ch-arrays.tex, ch-command.tex, 
  200. ch-conversions.tex, ch-cover.tex, ch-debugger.tex, ch-environment.tex, 
  201. ch-filetests.tex, ch-formats.tex, ch-io.tex, ch-ipc.tex, ch-literals.tex, 
  202. ch-misc.tex, ch-modules.tex, ch-oo.tex, ch-operators.tex, ch-regexp.tex, 
  203. ch-search.tex, ch-specarrays.tex, ch-specvars.tex, ch-strings.tex, 
  204. ch-structs.tex, ch-sysinfo.tex, ch-system.tex, ch-variables.tex:
  205.     Bump to 5.001.
  206.     Apply changes from ITP copy editors.
  207.     Port to LaTeX2e.
  208.  
  209.     * refmaster.tex, refcbase.tex, Makefile: Bump to 5.001.
  210.     Port to LaTeX2e.
  211.  
  212.     * refbase.cls: new file, import from refbase.sty.
  213.  
  214. Fri Oct  6 19:47:44 1995  Johan Vromans  <jvromans@squirrel.nl>
  215.  
  216.     * parr.pl: Oops, correct bookorder mistake.
  217.  
  218. Tue Sep  5 07:45:06 1995  Johan Vromans  <jvromans@squirrel.nl>
  219.  
  220.     * parr.pl: Make bookorder a bit more flexible. Unsupported.
  221.  
  222. Tue May 23 19:51:10 1995  Johan Vromans  <jv@squirrel.NL.net>
  223.  
  224.     * ch-specvars.tex: "$^W The value if" should be "... of".
  225.  
  226. Thu Jan 19 14:27:23 1995  Johan Vromans  <jv@squirrel.NL.net>
  227.  
  228.     * parr.pl, Makefile, README: *** empty log message ***
  229.  
  230.     * ch-specvars.tex: Deprecate $# .
  231.  
  232.     * refcbase.tex: New file for Camel cover.
  233.  
  234. Tue Jan 17 16:53:02 1995  Johan Vromans  <jv@squirrel.NL.net>
  235.  
  236.     * ch-variables.tex, ch-search.tex, ch-regexp.tex, ch-modules.tex,
  237.     ch-conversions.tex, ch-io.tex:
  238.     Small changes as suggested by Ilya Zakharevich
  239.     <ilya@math.ohio-state.edu>
  240.  
  241.     * ch-literals.tex: Correct typo in hash ref.
  242.  
  243.     * ch-modules.tex: <list> is optional for import, no, tie and use.
  244.  
  245.     * ch-networking.tex: Add space between getsocketopt and <socket>.
  246.  
  247. Wed Jan 11 13:59:38 1995  Johan Vromans  <jv@squirrel.NL.net>
  248.  
  249.     * ==== alpha 2 ====
  250.  
  251.     * refbase.sty, ch-cover.tex: Start page numbering with 1.
  252.  
  253.     * ch-variables.tex: Add remark about ${...} etc.
  254.       (%var): Correct array<->hash typo.
  255.  
  256.     * ch-strings.tex (eval): Xref to eval(misc).
  257.  
  258.     * ch-specvars.tex: ($]) Is now always numeric(?).
  259.  
  260.     * ch-regexp.tex: (?...) Are always allowed, they do not need /x .
  261.  
  262.     * ch-oo.tex: Correct typo "menthod".
  263.  
  264.     * ch-operators.tex: Shuffle a bit to look like precedence order.
  265.     Shorten. Correct descriptions of "..", "<->/cmp".
  266.  
  267.     * ch-misc.tex (defined): Use "actual value" instead of "real value".
  268.  
  269.     * ch-literals.tex: (Filehandles) Shorten.
  270.  
  271.  
  272. Sat Jan  7 22:30:45 1995  Johan Vromans  <jv@squirrel.NL.net>
  273.  
  274.     * ==== alpha 1 ====
  275.  
  276.     * parr.pl: Adjust shift to approx. correct values.
  277.  
  278. Sat Jan  7 17:04:44 1995  Johan Vromans  <jv@squirrel.NL.net>
  279.  
  280.     * refmaster.tex: Add "Object oriented programming".
  281.  
  282.     * ch-specarrays.tex: Add @EXPORT and @EXPORT_OK.
  283.  
  284.     * ch-oo.tex: Initial revision
  285.  
  286.     * ch-specvars.tex: Save space.
  287.  
  288. Sat Jan  7 16:12:12 1995  Johan Vromans  <jv@squirrel.NL.net>
  289.  
  290.     * refmaster.tex, refbase.sty, ch-arrays.tex, ch-conversions.tex,
  291.     ch-debugger.tex, ch-files.tex, ch-filetests.tex, ch-formats.tex,
  292.     ch-io.tex, ch-literals.tex, ch-misc.tex, ch-modules.tex,
  293.     ch-operators.tex, ch-regexp.tex, ch-search.tex, ch-specvars.tex,
  294.     ch-statements.tex, ch-strings.tex, ch-system.tex,
  295.     ch-variables.tex:
  296.     Batch of corrections
  297.  
  298. Fri Jan  6 23:14:40 1995  Johan Vromans  <jv@squirrel.NL.net>
  299.  
  300.     * parr.pl: Rewrote.
  301.  
  302.     * parr.pl, makebase.pl, refbase.sty, refmaster.tex,
  303.     ch-arithmetic.tex, ch-arrays.tex, ch-back.tex, ch-cover.tex,
  304.     ch-formats.tex, ch-io.tex, ch-ipc.tex, ch-literals.tex,
  305.     ch-modules.tex, ch-operators.tex, ch-regexp.tex, ch-search.tex,
  306.     ch-system.tex, ch-variables.tex: 
  307.     Batch of corrections.
  308.  
  309. Thu Jan  5 21:08:00 1995  Johan Vromans  <jv@squirrel.NL.net>
  310.  
  311.     * refbase.sty: Add true, false.
  312.     Add pre-section whitespace to pr@section.
  313.  
  314. Tue Jan  3 18:31:19 1995  Johan Vromans  <jv@squirrel.NL.net>
  315.  
  316.     * ch-arithmetic.tex, ch-arrays.tex, ch-back.tex,
  317.     ch-conversions.tex, ch-debugger.tex, ch-directories.tex,
  318.     ch-environment.tex, ch-files.tex, ch-filetests.tex,
  319.     ch-literals.tex, ch-modules.tex, ch-networking.tex,
  320.     ch-operators.tex, ch-specarrays.tex, ch-strings.tex,
  321.     ch-structs.tex, ch-sysinfo.tex, ch-system.tex, ch-variables.tex,
  322.     ch-command.tex, ch-cover.tex, ch-formats.tex, ch-io.tex,
  323.     ch-ipc.tex, ch-misc.tex, ch-search.tex, ch-specvars.tex,
  324.     ch-statements.tex:
  325.     Batch of corrections.
  326.  
  327.     * ch-modules.tex: Initial revision
  328.  
  329. Mon Jan  2 21:10:38 1995  Johan Vromans  <jv@squirrel.NL.net>
  330.  
  331.     * ch-arithmetic.tex, ch-arrays.tex, ch-back.tex, ch-command.tex,
  332.     ch-conversions.tex, ch-environment.tex, ch-formats.tex, ch-io.tex,
  333.     ch-ipc.tex, ch-literals.tex, ch-misc.tex, ch-operators.tex,
  334.     ch-regexp.tex, ch-search.tex, ch-statements.tex, ch-strings.tex,
  335.     ch-system.tex, ch-variables.tex, refbase.sty: *** empty log
  336.     message ***
  337.  
  338. Mon Jan  2 12:27:25 1995  Johan Vromans  <jv@squirrel.NL.net>
  339.  
  340.     * ch23.tex: *** empty log message ***
  341.  
  342.     * Makefile, parr.pl, makebase.pl, README, ch00.tex: Import from v4
  343.  
  344.     * refbase.sty: *** empty log message ***
  345.  
  346.     * refbase.sty, refmaster.tex, ch01.tex, ch02.tex, ch03.tex,
  347.     ch04.tex, ch05.tex, ch06.tex, ch07.tex, ch08.tex, ch09.tex,
  348.     ch10.tex, ch11.tex, ch12.tex, ch13.tex, ch14.tex, ch15.tex,
  349.     ch16.tex, ch17.tex, ch18.tex, ch19.tex, ch20.tex, ch21.tex,
  350.     ch22.tex, ch23.tex, ch24.tex, ch25.tex, ch26.tex, ch27.tex,
  351.     ch99.tex: Import from v4
  352.  
  353.  
  354.  
  355.  
  356. ################ Configuration ################
  357. #
  358. SHELL    = /bin/sh
  359. PERL    = perl
  360. LATEX    = latex
  361. DVIPS    = dvips
  362. #
  363. # Delete the next line if you use US Letter paper format
  364. PAPER    = -a4
  365. # If you have trouble with printing on US Letter paper format, use
  366. #PAPER    = -letter
  367. # Undefine this if your printer supports duplex printing
  368. #DUPLEX    = -duplex
  369. #
  370. ################ End of Configuration ################
  371.  
  372. all:    refguide.ps refcover.ps
  373.  
  374. 2pass:    guide-odd.ps guide-even1.ps guide-even2.ps refcover.ps
  375.  
  376. # 2 pages per page, suitable for centrefold printing.
  377. refguide.ps:    refbase.ps parr.pl
  378.     $(PERL) ./parr.pl $(PAPER) $(DUPLEX) -bookorder -verbose \
  379.         refbase.ps > refguide.ps
  380.  
  381. refcover.ps:    refcbase.ps parr.pl
  382.     $(PERL) ./parr.pl $(PAPER) $(DUPLEX) -order 2,1 refcbase.ps > 
  383. refcover.ps
  384.  
  385. # Odd and even passes for centerfold printing. 
  386. # First print guide-odd.ps, then find out which of the others to use.
  387. # guide-even1.ps is for printers with correct output stacking like
  388. # Apple LaserWriter II. 
  389. # guide-even2.ps for printers with reverse output stacking, like old
  390. # Apple LaserWriters. 
  391.  
  392. guide-odd.ps:    refbase.ps parr.pl
  393.     $(PERL) ./parr.pl $(PAPER) -bookorder -odd \
  394.         refbase.ps > guide-odd.ps
  395.  
  396. guide-even1.ps:    refbase.ps parr.pl
  397.     $(PERL) ./parr.pl $(PAPER) -bookorder -even \
  398.         refbase.ps > guide-even1.ps
  399.  
  400. guide-even2.ps:    refbase.ps parr.pl
  401.     $(PERL) ./parr.pl $(PAPER) -bookorder -even -reverse \
  402.         refbase.ps > guide-even2.ps
  403.  
  404. guide-test.ps:    refbase.ps parr.pl
  405.     $(PERL) ./parr.pl $(PAPER) refbase.ps > guide-test.ps
  406.  
  407. clean:
  408.     rm -f refguide.ps guide-odd.ps guide-even1.ps guide-even2.ps \
  409.         refcover.ps refbase.dvi core *~
  410.  
  411.  
  412. # For maintenance use only ...
  413.  
  414. VER    = 5.001
  415.  
  416. CH    = ch-*.tex
  417. SRC    = refbase.tex refbase.cls refbase.toc
  418. AUX    = README ChangeLog Makefile parr.pl PROBLEMS Layout
  419.  
  420. # NOTE: DO NOT REMOVE OR CHANGE '-ta4' EVEN IF USING NON-A4 PAPER
  421. refbase-ps:    refbase.dvi
  422.     $(DVIPS) -r0 -ta4 refbase.dvi -o refbase.ps
  423.  
  424. refbase.dvi:    $(SRC)
  425.     $(LATEX) refbase.tex < /dev/null
  426.  
  427. MASTER  = ref
  428. refbase-tex:  $(MASTER)master.tex $(CH) makebase.pl
  429.     $(PERL) ./makebase.pl $(REV) refcmaster.tex > refcbase.tex
  430.     $(PERL) ./makebase.pl $(REV) $(MASTER)master.tex > refbase.tex
  431.  
  432. refcbase-ps:    refcbase.tex refbase.cls
  433.     $(LATEX) refcbase.tex < /dev/null
  434.     $(DVIPS) -r0 -ta4 refcbase.dvi -o refcbase.ps
  435.  
  436. kit:    
  437.     REV=`cat Revision.SEQ`; \
  438.     expr $$REV + 1 >Revision.SEQ; \
  439.     $(MAKE) -$(MAKEFLAGS) REV=$$REV \
  440.         refbase-tex refbase-ps refcbase-ps kitinternal
  441.  
  442. kitinternal:
  443.     rm -f perlref-*.shr.* perlref-$(VER).$(REV).tar.gz
  444.     gtar -zcvf perlref-$(VER).$(REV).tar.gz \
  445.         $(AUX) $(SRC) refbase.ps refcbase.ps
  446.  
  447. xkitinternal:
  448.     rm -f perlref-*.shr.* perlref-$(VER).$(REV).tar.gz
  449.     shar -c -n perlref-$(VER).$(REV) -a -s 'jvromans@squirrel.nl' \
  450.         -o perlref-$(VER).$(REV).shr -L50 -f \
  451.         $(AUX) $(SRC) refbase.ps refcbase.ps
  452.     gtar -zcvf perlref-$(VER).$(REV).tar.gz \
  453.         $(AUX) $(SRC) refbase.ps refcbase.ps
  454.     ls -l perlref-*.shr.* perlref-*.tar.gz
  455.  
  456.  
  457. $RCS_Id = '$Id: parr.pl,v 5.9 1995/11/24 12:06:28 jv Exp $ ';
  458.  
  459. # Author          : Johan Vromans
  460. # Created On      : Aug 15 1991
  461. # Based On        : parr.pl by jgreely@cis.ohio-state.edu, 89/10/23
  462. # Last Modified By: Johan Vromans
  463. # Last Modified On: Wed Nov 22 10:18:01 1995
  464. # Update Count    : 73
  465. # Status          : OK
  466.  
  467. ################ Common stuff ################
  468.  
  469. $my_package = "PerlRef";
  470. ($my_name, $my_version) = $RCS_Id =~ /: (.+).pl,v ([\d.]+)/;
  471. $my_version .= '*' if length('$Locker:  $ ') > 12;
  472.  
  473. ################ Program parameters ################
  474.  
  475. &options;
  476.  
  477. ################ Presets ################
  478.  
  479. $verbose = $opt_verbose;
  480. $debug = $opt_debug;
  481. $trace = $opt_test || $opt_trace | $opt_debug;
  482. $TMPDIR = $ENV{"TMPDIR"} || "/usr/tmp";
  483. $TMPDIR = "/tmp" unless -d $TMPDIR;
  484.  
  485. ################ The Process ################
  486.  
  487. # Read the input file, and split into parts.
  488. # We gather some info in the fly.
  489. $file = "$TMPDIR/p$$.header";
  490. @files = ($file);
  491. $sheet = 0;
  492.  
  493. open (FILE, ">$file") || die ("$file: $!\n");
  494.  
  495. while ( <> ) {
  496.     # Hack to use NeXT Preview: strip old '%%Pages:' lines.
  497.     if ( /^%%Pages:/ ) {
  498.     $npages = $1 if $' =~ /\s*(\d+)/;
  499.     print STDERR ("Number of pages = $npages.\n") if $verbose;
  500.     next;
  501.     }
  502.     if ( /^%%Page:/ ) {
  503.     $sheet++;
  504.     $pagemap{$sheet} = $1 if /%%Page:\s+(\S+)\s+\S+/;
  505.     close (FILE);
  506.     $file = "$TMPDIR/p$$.$sheet";
  507.     push (@files, $file);
  508.     open (FILE, ">$file") || die ("$file: $!\n");
  509.     }
  510.     if ( /^%%Trailer/ ) {
  511.     close (FILE);
  512.     $file = "$TMPDIR/p$$.trailer";
  513.     push (@files, $file);
  514.     open(FILE, ">$file") || die ("$file: $!\n");
  515.     }
  516.     if ( /^%%EndSetup/ ) {
  517.     # Insert twoup before switching to TeXDict.
  518.     &twoup;
  519.     $twoup++;
  520.     &double_sided if $opt_duplex;
  521.     print FILE ("%%EndSetup\n");
  522.     next;
  523.     }
  524.     if ( $opt_letter ) {
  525.     # Special treatment for US letter freaks.
  526.     if ( /^%%BoundingBox:0 0 596 842/ ) {
  527.         $_ = "%%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792\n";
  528.     }
  529.     if ( /^%%DocumentPaperSizes: A4/ ) {
  530.         next;
  531.     }
  532.     if ( /^%%BeginPaperSize: A4/ ) {
  533.         scalar (<>);
  534.         $_ = "%%BeginPaperSize: Letter\nletter";
  535.     }
  536.     }
  537.     print FILE ($_);
  538. }
  539. close (FILE);
  540. die ("twoup insertion error\n") unless $twoup == 1;
  541.  
  542. # Calculate order to output the pages.
  543. @order = ();
  544. if ( $opt_order ne '' ) {
  545.     # Explicit range given.
  546.     foreach $range ( split (/,/, $opt_order) ) {
  547.     ($start,$sep,$end) = split (/(-)/, $range);
  548.     $start = 1 unless $start;
  549.     $end = $sheet unless $end;
  550.     if ($sep) {
  551.         push (@order, $start..$end);
  552.     }
  553.     else{
  554.         push (@order, $start);
  555.     }
  556.     }
  557. }
  558. elsif ( $opt_bookorder ) {
  559.     # Normal book order: 8,1,2,7,6,3,4,5.
  560.     warn ("Warning: number of pages ($npages) is not a multiple of 4\n")
  561.     unless $npages % 4 == 0;
  562.     @order = &bookorder (4*int($npages/4), $npages%4);
  563.     if ( $opt_odd ) {
  564.     # Select odd pages: 8,1,6,3.
  565.     @tmp = @order;
  566.     @order = ();
  567.     while ( @tmp > 0 ) {
  568.         push (@order, shift (@tmp), shift (@tmp));
  569.         shift (@tmp); shift (@tmp);
  570.     }
  571.     }
  572.     elsif ( $opt_even ) {
  573.     @tmp = @order;
  574.     @order = ();
  575.     if ( $opt_reverse ) {
  576.         # Even pages: 2,7,4,5.
  577.         while ( @tmp > 0 ) {
  578.         shift (@tmp); shift (@tmp);
  579.         push (@order, shift (@tmp), shift (@tmp));
  580.         }
  581.     }
  582.     else {
  583.         # Even pages: 4,5,2,7.
  584.         while ( @tmp > 0 ) {
  585.         shift (@tmp); shift (@tmp);
  586.         unshift (@order, shift (@tmp), shift (@tmp));
  587.         }
  588.     }
  589.     }
  590. }
  591. else {
  592.     # Pages in order. Make sure it's even.
  593.     @order = (1..$sheet);
  594.     push (@order, $sheet+1) if $sheet % 2;
  595. }
  596.  
  597. # Mark pages out of order.
  598. grep ((($_ > $sheet) && ($_ = '*')) || 1, @order);
  599. print STDERR ("Page order = ", join(',',@order), "\n") if $verbose;
  600.  
  601. # Now glue the parts in the correct order together.
  602. # The preamble info.
  603. open (FILE, "$TMPDIR/p$$.header");
  604. $_ = <FILE>;
  605. print STDOUT ($_, "%%Pages: ", int((@order+1)/2), " 0\n");
  606. print STDOUT ($_) while <FILE>;
  607. close (FILE);
  608.  
  609. # The pages.
  610. $count = 0;
  611. foreach $page (@order) {
  612.     $count++;
  613.     $num = '*';
  614.     $num = $pagemap{$page} if defined $pagemap{$page};
  615.     if ( defined $order[$count] && defined $pagemap{$order[$count]} ) {
  616.     $num .= '/' . $pagemap{$order[$count]};
  617.     }
  618.     else {
  619.     $num .= '/*';
  620.     }
  621.     print STDOUT ("%%Page: $num ", ($count+1)/2, "\n") if $count & 1;
  622.     print STDOUT ("%%OldPage: $page\n");
  623.     if ($page eq "*") {
  624.     print STDOUT ("0 0 bop eop\n");
  625.     }
  626.     else {
  627.     open (FILE, "$TMPDIR/p$$.$page");
  628.     while ( <FILE> ) {
  629.         print STDOUT ($_) unless /^%%Page:/;
  630.     }
  631.     close (FILE);
  632.     }
  633. }
  634.  
  635. # The trailer info.
  636. open (FILE, "$TMPDIR/p$$.trailer");
  637. print STDOUT ($_) while <FILE>;
  638. close (FILE);
  639.  
  640. # Wrapup and exit.
  641. unlink @files unless $opt_debug || $opt_test;
  642. exit(0);
  643.  
  644. ################ Subroutines ################
  645.  
  646. sub bookorder {
  647.     local ($pages, $offset) = @_;
  648.     local (@order) = ();
  649.     for ($i=1; $i<$pages/2; $i+=2) {
  650.     push (@order, $pages-$i+1+$offset, $i+$offset, 
  651.           $i+1+$offset, $pages-$i+$offset);
  652.     }
  653.     @order;
  654. }
  655.  
  656. sub twoup {
  657.     $factor = 0.707106781187;    # ridiculous (0.7 would do as well)
  658.  
  659.     # Measurements are in 1/100 inch approx.
  660.     # topmargin value shifts UP.
  661.     # leftmargin value shifts RIGHT.
  662.     if ( $opt_a4) {
  663.     $topmargin = -5;        # ADJUST IF NEEDED
  664.     $leftmargin = 112;        # ADJUST IF NEEDED
  665.     $othermargin = -445;    # do not change -- relative to $leftmargin
  666.     $leftmargin -= $othermargin;
  667.     }
  668.     else {
  669.     $topmargin = 10;        # ADJUST IF NEEDED
  670.     $leftmargin = 77;        # ADJUST IF NEEDED
  671.     $othermargin = -445;    # do not change -- relative to $leftmargin
  672.     $leftmargin -= $othermargin;
  673.     }
  674.     print FILE <<EOD;
  675. /isls true def
  676. userdict begin 
  677. /isoddpage true def
  678. /orig-showpage /showpage load def
  679. /showpage {
  680.         isoddpage not { orig-showpage } if
  681.         /isoddpage isoddpage not store 
  682.     } def
  683.  
  684. /bop-hook {
  685.         isoddpage 
  686.     { $factor $factor scale $topmargin $leftmargin translate }
  687.         { 0 $othermargin translate}
  688.     ifelse
  689.     } def
  690.  
  691. /end-hook{ isoddpage not { orig-showpage } if } def
  692. end
  693. EOD
  694. }
  695.  
  696. sub double_sided {
  697.  
  698.     # From: Tim Huckvale <tjh@praxis.co.uk>
  699.     #
  700.     # You may be interested in the following problem, and fix, that we
  701.     # found when attempting to print the reference card on our Hewlett
  702.     # Packard Laser-Jet IIISi printer.
  703.     # 
  704.     # On this printer, refguide.ps prints double-sided with the
  705.     # reverse side of each sheet upside down.  We fixed it with the
  706.     # following patch, applied before printing.
  707.  
  708.     # From: Johan Vromans <jvromans@squirrel.nl>
  709.     #
  710.     # Okay -- consider this an unsupported feature.
  711.  
  712.     print FILE <<EOD;
  713. statusdict /setduplexmode known { statusdict begin true setduplexmode end 
  714. } if
  715. statusdict /settumble known { statusdict begin true settumble end } if
  716. EOD
  717. }
  718.  
  719. sub options {
  720.     local ($opt_help) = 0;    # handled locally
  721.     local ($opt_ident) = 0;    # handled locally
  722.  
  723.     # Preset defaults.
  724.     $opt_trace = $opt_debug = 0;
  725.     $opt_verbose = 0;
  726.     $opt_bookorder = $opt_even = $opt_odd = $opt_reverse = 0;
  727.     $opt_a4 = $opt_letter = 0;
  728.     $opt_order = '';
  729.  
  730.     # Process options.
  731.     if ( @ARGV > 0 && $ARGV[0] =~ /^[-+]/ ) {
  732.     require "newgetopt.pl";
  733.     &usage 
  734.         unless &NGetOpt ("ident", "verbose",
  735.                  "bookorder", "order=s", "a4", "letter",
  736.                  "odd", "even", "reverse", "duplex",
  737.                  "trace", "help", "debug")
  738.         && !$opt_help;
  739.     }
  740.     print STDERR "This is $my_package [$my_name $my_version]\n"
  741.     if $opt_ident;
  742. }
  743.  
  744. sub usage {
  745.     print STDERR <<EndOfUsage;
  746. This is $my_package [$my_name $my_version]
  747. Usage: $0 [options] [file ...]
  748.     -a4        map for A4 size paper
  749.     -letter    map for US Letter size paper
  750.     -bookorder    output pages in book order
  751.     -odd    odd pages only (use with -bookorder)
  752.     -even    even pages only (use with -bookorder)
  753.     -reverse    reversed order (use with -bookorder -even)
  754.     -duplex    try duplex printing
  755.     -order n,n,...    explicit page order
  756.     -help    this message
  757.     -ident    show identification
  758.     -verbose    verbose information
  759. EndOfUsage
  760.     exit 1;
  761. }
  762.  
  763.  
  764. ==============
  765.  
  766. Printers
  767. --------
  768.  
  769. * No difference between de ' and ` quotes.
  770.   This is a printer font problem. A close inspection shows that
  771.   the ' (right quote) is thicker at the top while ` (the left quote) is
  772.   thicker at the bottom.
  773.  
  774. * Printer: Panasonic KX-P5400. (janet@uniwa.uwa.edu.au)
  775.   The Guide and cover page print fine, except for one thing:  printing the
  776.   cover page leaves the printer in a state where the reference guide does
  777.   not print.  (The printer eats the file:  it appears to process the
  778.   Postscript, then wait for a while for more input, and eventually give up.)
  779.   Resetting the printer (to User Defaults, see page 39 of the the printer
  780.   manual for instructions) fixes it.  Printing a fairly ordinary one-page
  781.   postscript file (some troff output) also fixed it.  I don't know enough
  782.   about the printer or PostScript to be able to say why this problem 
  783. occurred,
  784.   but it may be worth mentioning it in the documentation.
  785.  
  786. * Some printers (or printing systems) seem to have problems with the
  787.  
  788.     %%Feature: *Resolution 300dpi
  789.  
  790.   line in the postscript file. This line can be safely deleted if needed.
  791.  
  792. * The PostScript file, as distributed, selects A4 paper format. This
  793.   is intentional, even for US Letter paper format.
  794.   If your printer chokes on this, you can change the line 
  795.  
  796.     a4
  797.  
  798.   info
  799.  
  800.     letter
  801.  
  802.   (And you'll probably have to adjust the document placement parameters in
  803.   parr.pl as well.)
  804.  
  805. LaTeX and DviPS
  806. ---------------
  807. * I used TeX 3.1415N with LaTeX2e <1994/12/01> patch level 3.
  808.   Older LaTeX2e versions may work, LaTeX 2.09 will not.
  809.  
  810. * Dvips is known to work as of version 5.47. I used 5.58a.
  811.  
  812.  
  813.  
  814.  
  815.  
  816.  
  817.             center of paper
  818.               |
  819.     +-----------------+-----------------+
  820.     |                           <----------- top margin
  821.     |     xxxxxxxxxx  :  xxxxxxxxxx     |
  822.     |     xxxxxxxxxx     xxxxxxxxxx     |
  823.     |     xxxxxxxxxx     xxxxxxxxxx     |
  824.     |     xxxxxxxxxx     xxxxxxxxxx     |
  825.     |     xxxxxxxxxx     xxxxxxxxxx  <------ right margin
  826.     |     xxxxxxxxxx     xxxxxxxxxx     |
  827.     |     xxxxxxxxxx     xxxxxxxxxx     |
  828.     | ^   xxxxxxxxxx     xxxxxxxxxx     |
  829.     | |   xxxxxxxxxx     xxxxxxxxxx     |
  830.     | |   xxxxxxxxxx  :  xxxxxxxxxx     |
  831.     | |                                 |
  832.     +-|---------------------------------+
  833.       |
  834.      left margin
  835.  
  836.  
  837. These are the values:
  838.             A4 (cm)        US Letter (inch)
  839.     text width         9.0        3.5        same for both
  840.     text height        19.2        7.5        same for both
  841.     top margin          1.0        0.5
  842.     left margin         4.9        1.6
  843.     right margin     4.9        1.6
  844.     space between     2.0        0.8        same for both
  845.  
  846. After printing double-sided, the pages can be stapled (the ":" in the
  847. picture), folded, and the excess margins cut off. Personally, I cut it
  848. to 11 cm (4 5/16 inch).
  849.  
  850.  
  851. \documentclass{refbase}
  852.  
  853. \begin{document}
  854.  
  855. \begin{titlepage}
  856. \hbox{ }
  857. \end{titlepage}
  858.  
  859. \begin{titlepage}
  860. \addtolength{\evensidemargin}{2cm}
  861. \addtolength{\textwidth}{-2.1cm}
  862. \hbox{~}
  863. \addvspace{22mm}
  864.  
  865. \unnumbered{Perl Reference Guide}
  866. {\bf for Perl version \perlrev}
  867.  
  868. \vfill
  869. Perl program designed and created by \\
  870. Larry Wall |<lwall@netlabs.com>|
  871.  
  872. \vfill
  873. Reference guide designed and created by \\
  874. Johan Vromans |<jvromans@squirrel.nl>|
  875.  
  876. \vfill%addvspace{13mm}
  877. \unnumbered{Contents}
  878.  
  879. \newcounter{xx}
  880. \begin{list}{\thexx.}
  881. {\setlength{\topsep}{0pt plus 1pt}
  882.  \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt plus 1pt}
  883.  \setlength{\parsep}{0pt plus 1pt}
  884.  \usecounter{xx}}
  885. \input refbase.toc
  886. \end{list}
  887. \vfill
  888. {\small {Rev. \refrev}}
  889. \end{titlepage}
  890. \clearpage
  891. \setcounter{page}{2}
  892.  
  893. \unnumbered{Conventions}
  894.  
  895. \begin{enum}{2cm}
  896. \Xi{|fixed|} denotes literal text.
  897.  
  898. \Xi{<this>} means variable text, i.e. things you must fill in.
  899.  
  900. \Xi{<this>\dag} means that <this> will default to |$_| if omitted.
  901.  
  902. \Xi{\kwd{word}} is a keyword, i.e. a word with a special meaning.
  903.  
  904. \Xi{\fbox{<ret>}} denotes pressing a keyboard key.
  905.  
  906. \Xi{[\ldots]} denotes an optional part.
  907.  
  908. \end{enum}
  909.  
  910.  
  911. \section{Command line options} 
  912.  
  913. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  914.  
  915. \Xi{|-a|} turns on autosplit mode when used with |-n| or
  916. |-p|. Splits to |@F|.
  917.  
  918. \Xi{|-c|} checks syntax but does not execute.
  919.  
  920. \Xi{|-d|} runs the script under the debugger. Use `|-de 0|' to
  921. start the debugger without a script.
  922.  
  923. \Xi{|-D| <number>} sets debugging flags. 
  924.  
  925. \Xi{|-e| <commandline>} to enter a single line of
  926. script. Multiple |-e| commands may be given to build up a
  927. multi-line script.
  928.  
  929. \Xi{|-F| <regexp>} specifies a regular expression to split on 
  930. if |-a| is in effect.
  931.  
  932. \Xi{|-i| <ext>} files processed by the |<|\,|>| construct are
  933. to be edited in-place.
  934.  
  935. \Xi{|-I| <dir>} with |-P|: tells the C preprocessor where
  936. to look for include files. The directory is prepended to |@INC|.
  937.  
  938. \Xi{|-l| [ <octnum> ] } enables automatic line ending processing, 
  939. e.g. |-l013|.
  940.  
  941. \Xi{|-n|} assumes an input loop around the script. Lines are not
  942. printed.
  943.  
  944. \Xi{|-p|} assumes an input loop around the script. Lines are
  945. printed.
  946.  
  947. \Xi{|-P|} runs the C preprocessor on the script before
  948. compilation by Perl.
  949.  
  950. \Xi{|-s|} interprets `|-xxx|' on the command line as
  951. switches and sets the corresponding variables \$|xxx| in the script.
  952.  
  953. \Xi{|-S|} uses the |PATH| environment variable to search for
  954. the script.
  955.  
  956. \Xi{|-T|} forces \textit{taint} checking.
  957.  
  958. \Xi{|-u|} dumps core after compiling the script. To be used with
  959. the {\it undump\/} program (where available).
  960.  
  961. \Xi{|-U|} allows Perl to perform unsafe operations.
  962.  
  963. \Xi{|-v|} prints the version and patchlevel of your Perl
  964. executable.
  965.  
  966. \Xi{|-w|} prints warnings about possible spelling errors and
  967. other error-prone constructs in the script.
  968.  
  969. \Xi{|-x| [ <dir> ]} extracts Perl program from the input stream.
  970. If <dir> is specified, switches to this directory before running 
  971. the program.
  972.  
  973. \Xi{|-0| <val>} (that's the number zero) designates an
  974. initial value for the record separator \$|/|.
  975. See also |-l|.
  976.  
  977. \end{enum}
  978.  
  979.  
  980. \section{Literals} 
  981.  
  982. Numeric: |123  1_234  123.4  5E-10  0xff| (hex)|  0377| (octal).
  983.  
  984. \hangindent=2cm\hangafter=1
  985. String: |'abc'| literal string, no variable interpolation nor
  986. escape characters, except |\'| and |\\|. Also: |q/abc/|.
  987. Almost any pair of delimiters can be used instead of |/|\ldots|/|.
  988.  
  989. \hangindent=2cm\hangafter=1
  990. \makebox[1cm]{}|"abc"|
  991. Variables are interpolated and escape sequences are processed. 
  992. \newline Also: |qq/abc/|.
  993. \newline Escape sequences: |\t| (Tab), |\n| (Newline), |\r| (Return),
  994. |\f| (Formfeed), |\b| (Backspace), |\a| (Alarm), |\e|
  995. (Escape), |\033|(octal), |\x1b|(hex), |\c[| (control).
  996. \newline |\l| and |\u| lowcase/upcase the following character; 
  997. \newline |\L| and |\U| lowcase/upcase until a |\E| is encountered.
  998. \newline |\Q| quote regexp characters until a |\E| is encountered.
  999.  
  1000. \hangindent=2cm\hangafter=1
  1001. \makebox[1cm]{}|`|<command>|`|
  1002. evaluates to the output of the <command>. 
  1003. \newline Also: |qx/|<command>|/|.
  1004.  
  1005. \hangindent=1cm\hangafter=1
  1006. Array: |(1,2,3)|. |()| is an empty array.  
  1007. \newline |(1..4)| is the same as |(1,2,3,4)|. Likewise |('abc'..'ade')|.
  1008. \newline |qw/foo bar| \ldots|/| is the same as |('foo','bar',|\ldots|)|.
  1009.  
  1010. \hangindent=1cm\hangafter=1
  1011. Array reference: |[1,2,3]|.
  1012.  
  1013. \hangindent=1cm\hangafter=1
  1014. Hash (associative array):
  1015. |(|<key1>|, |<val1>|, |<key2>|, |<val2>|, |\ldots|)|.
  1016. \newline Also: 
  1017. |(|<key1>| => |<val1>|, |<key2>| => |<val2>|, |\ldots|)|.
  1018.  
  1019. \hangindent=1cm\hangafter=1
  1020. Hash reference:
  1021. |{|<key1>|, |<val1>|, |<key2>|, |<val2>|, |\ldots|}|.
  1022.  
  1023. \hangindent=1cm\hangafter=1
  1024. Code reference:
  1025. \kwd{sub} |{| <statements> |}|
  1026.  
  1027. \hangindent=1cm\hangafter=1
  1028. Filehandles: |STDIN|, |STDOUT|, |STDERR|, |ARGV|, |DATA|.
  1029. \newline User-specified: <handle>, |$|<var>.
  1030.  
  1031. \hangindent=1cm\hangafter=1
  1032. Globs: |<|<pattern>|>| evaluates to all filenames according
  1033. to the pattern.
  1034. \newline Use `|<${|<var>|}>|' or `\kwd{glob} \$<var>' to glob from a 
  1035. variable.
  1036.  
  1037. \hangindent=1cm\hangafter=1
  1038. Here-Is: |<<|<identifier>
  1039. \quad {\it See the Perl manual for details.}
  1040.  
  1041. \hangindent=1cm\hangafter=1
  1042. Special tokens:
  1043. \newline \_\,\_|FILE|\_\,\_: filename; \_\,\_|LINE|\_\,\_: line number.
  1044. \newline \_\,\_|END|\_\,\_: end of program; remaining lines can be read 
  1045. using
  1046. \<<data>\>.
  1047.  
  1048.  
  1049. \section{Variables} 
  1050.  
  1051. \begin{enum}{3.2cm}
  1052.  
  1053. \Xi{|\$var|} a simple scalar variable.
  1054.  
  1055. \Xi{|\$var[28]|} 29th element of array |@var|.
  1056.  
  1057. \Xi{|\$p = \char`\\@var|} now |$p| is a reference to array |@var|.
  1058.  
  1059. \Xi{|\$\$p[28]|} 29th element of array referenced by |$p|. 
  1060. Also: |$p->[28]|.
  1061.  
  1062. \Xi{|\$var[-1]|} last element of array |@var|.
  1063.  
  1064. \Xi{|\$var[\$i][\$j]|} |$j|-th element of |$i|-th element of array |@var|.
  1065.  
  1066. \Xi{|\$var\{'Feb'\}|} a value from `hash' (associative array) |%var|.
  1067.  
  1068. \Xi{|\$p = \char`\\\%var|} now |$p| is a reference to hash |%var|.
  1069.  
  1070. \Xi{|\$\$p\{'Feb'\}|} a value from hash referenced by |$p|. 
  1071. Also: |$p->{'Feb'}|.
  1072.  
  1073. \Xi{|\$\#var|} last index of array |@var|.
  1074.  
  1075. \Xi{|@var|} the entire array;
  1076. \\
  1077. in a scalar context: the number of elements in the array.
  1078.  
  1079. \Xi{|@var[3,4,5]|} a slice of array |@var|.
  1080.  
  1081. \Xi{|@var\{'a','b'\}|} a slice of |%var|; same as
  1082. |($var{'a'},$var{'b'})|.
  1083.  
  1084. \Xi{|\%var|} the entire hash;
  1085. \\
  1086. in a scalar context: \true{} if the hash has elements.
  1087.  
  1088. \Xj{|\$var\{'a',1,...\}|} emulates a multi-dimensional array.
  1089.  
  1090. \Xj{|('a'..'z')[4,7,9]|} a slice of an array literal.
  1091.  
  1092. \Xi{<pkg>|::|<var>} a variable from a package, e.g. |$pkg::var|, 
  1093. |@pkg::ary|.
  1094.  
  1095. \Xi{|\char`\\|<object>} reference to an object, e.g. |\$var|, |\%hash|.
  1096.  
  1097. \Xi{|*|<name>} refers to all objects represented by <name>.
  1098. \\
  1099. `|*n1|~|=|~|*n2|' makes |n1| an alias for |n2|.
  1100. \\
  1101. `|*n1|~|=|~|\$n2|' makes |$n1| an alias for |$n2|.
  1102.  
  1103. \end{enum}
  1104.  
  1105. You can always use a |{| <block> |}| returning the right type of reference
  1106. instead of the variable identifier, e.g. |${|\ldots|}|, |&{|\ldots|}|.
  1107. |$$p| is just a shorthand for |${$p}|.
  1108.  
  1109.  
  1110. \section{Operators} 
  1111.  
  1112. \begin{tabbing}
  1113. |    |\=|    |\= \kill
  1114. |**| \> \> Exponentiation. \\
  1115. |+ -| \> |* /| \> Addition, subtraction, multiplication, division. \\
  1116. |%| \> \> Modulo division. \\
  1117. \&| |\| \> \^ \> Bitwise AND, bitwise OR, bitwise exclusive OR. \\
  1118. |>>| \> |<<| \> Bitwise shift right, bitwise shift left. \\
  1119. \|\| \> \&\&   \> Logical OR, logical AND. \\
  1120. |.| \> \> Concatenation of two strings. \\
  1121. \kwd{x} \> \> Returns a string or array consisting of the left operand
  1122. (an array or \\
  1123. \> \> a string) repeated the number of times specified by the right operand.
  1124. \end{tabbing}
  1125.  
  1126. All of the above operators have an associated assignment operator, e.g. 
  1127. `|.=|'.
  1128.  
  1129. \begin{tabbing}
  1130. |    |\=|    |\= \kill
  1131. |->| \> \> Dereference operator. \\
  1132. |\| \> \> Reference (unary). \\
  1133. |!| \> |~| \> Negation (unary), bitwise complement (unary). \\
  1134. |++| \> |--| \> Auto-increment (magical on strings), auto-decrement. \\
  1135. |=|\,|=| \> |!=| \> Numeric equality, inequality. \\
  1136. \kwd{eq} \> \kwd{ne} \> String equality, inequality. \\
  1137. |<|  \>  |>|  \> Numeric less than, greater than. \\
  1138. \kwd{lt} \> \kwd{gt} \> String less than, greater than. \\
  1139. |<=| \> |>=| \> Numeric less (greater) than or equal to. \\
  1140. \kwd{le} \> \kwd{ge} \> String less (greater) than or equal. \\
  1141. |<=>| \> \kwd{cmp} \> Numeric (string) compare. Returns -1, 0 or 1. \\
  1142. |=~| \> |!~| \> Search pattern, substitution, or translation (negated). \\
  1143. |..| \> \> Range (scalar context) or enumeration (array context). \\
  1144. |? :|\>      \> Alternation (if-then-else) operator. \\
  1145. |,| \> \> Comma operator, also list element separator.
  1146. You can also use |=>|.\\
  1147. \kwd{not} \> \> low-precedence negation. \\
  1148. \kwd{and} \> \> low-precedence and. \\
  1149. \kwd{or} \> \kwd{xor} \> low-precedence or, xor.
  1150. \end{tabbing}
  1151.  
  1152. A `list' is a list of expressions, variables
  1153. or lists. An array variable or an array slice may always be used
  1154. instead of a list.  
  1155. \\
  1156. All Perl functions can be used as list operators, in which case they have 
  1157. very high or very low precedence, depending on whether you look at the left
  1158. side of the operator or at the right side of it.
  1159. Only the operators \kwd{not}, \kwd{and}, \kwd{or} and \kwd{xor}, 
  1160. have lower precedence.
  1161. \newline Parentheses can be added around the parameter lists 
  1162. to avoid precedence problems.
  1163.  
  1164.  
  1165. \section{Statements} 
  1166.  
  1167. Every statement is an expression, optionally followed by a modifier,
  1168. and terminated with a semicolon.  The semicolon may be omitted if the
  1169. statement is the final one in a <block>.
  1170.  
  1171. Execution of expressions can depend on other expressions using one of
  1172. the modifiers \kwd{if}, \kwd{unless}, \kwd{while} or \kwd{until},
  1173. e.g.:
  1174.  
  1175. \quad    <expr1> \kwd{if} <expr2> |;| \\
  1176. \quad    <expr1> \kwd{until} <expr2> |;|
  1177.  
  1178. Also, by using one of the logical operators \|\|, |&&| or |?:|, e.g.:
  1179.  
  1180. \quad    <expr1> \|\| <expr2> |;| \\
  1181. \quad    <expr1> |?| <expr2> |:| <expr3> |;| 
  1182.  
  1183. Statements can be combined to form a <block> when enclosed in |{}|.
  1184. <block>s may be used to control flow:
  1185.  
  1186. \quad    \kwd{if} |(|<expr>|)| <block> [ [ \kwd{elsif}
  1187.     |(|<expr>|)| <BLOCK ...> ] \kwd{else}
  1188.     <block> ]
  1189. \\
  1190. \quad    \kwd{unless} |(|<expr>|)| <block> [ \kwd{else}
  1191.     <block> ]
  1192. \\
  1193. \quad    [ <label>\kwd{:} ] \kwd{while} |(|<expr>|)|
  1194.     <block> [ \kwd{continue} <block> ]
  1195. \\
  1196. \quad    [ <label>\kwd{:} ] \kwd{until} |(|<expr>|)|
  1197.     <block> [ \kwd{continue} <block> ]
  1198. \\
  1199. \quad    [ <label>\kwd{:} ] \kwd{for} |(| [ <expr> ] |;|
  1200.     [ <expr> ] |;| [ <expr> ] |)| <block>
  1201. \\
  1202. \quad    [ <label>\kwd{:} ] \kwd{foreach} <var>\dag
  1203.     |(|<array>|)| <block>
  1204. \\
  1205. \quad    [ <label>\kwd{:} ] <block> [ \kwd{continue} < block> ]
  1206.  
  1207. Program flow can be controlled with:
  1208.  
  1209. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  1210.  
  1211. \Xi{\kwd{goto} <label>}
  1212. Continue execution at the specified label.
  1213.  
  1214. \Xi{\kwd{last} [ <label> ]}
  1215. Immediately exits the loop in question. Skips continue block.
  1216.  
  1217. \Xi{\kwd{next} [ <label> ]}
  1218. Starts the next iteration of the loop.
  1219.  
  1220. \Xi{\kwd{redo} [ <label> ]}
  1221. Restarts the loop block without evaluating the conditional again.
  1222.  
  1223. \end{enum}
  1224.  
  1225. Special forms are:
  1226.  
  1227. \quad    \kwd{do} <block> \kwd{while} <expr> |;| \\
  1228. \quad    \kwd{do} <block> \kwd{until} <expr> |;| \\
  1229.  
  1230. which are guaranteed to perform <block> once before testing <expr>, and
  1231.  
  1232. \quad    \kwd{do} <block>
  1233.  
  1234. which effectively turns <block> into an expression.
  1235.  
  1236.  
  1237. \section{Subroutines, packages and modules} 
  1238.  
  1239. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  1240.  
  1241. \Xi{|\char`\&|<subroutine> <list>}
  1242. Executes a <subroutine> declared by a \kwd{sub} declaration, and
  1243. returns the value of the last expression evaluated in <subroutine> .
  1244. \\
  1245. <subroutine> can be an expression yielding a reference to a code object.
  1246. \\
  1247. The |&| may be omitted if the subroutine has been declared 
  1248. before being used.
  1249.  
  1250. \Xi{\kwd{bless} <ref> [ \kwd{,} <package> ]}
  1251. Turns the object <ref> into an object in <package>.
  1252. Returns the reference.
  1253.  
  1254. \Xi{\kwd{caller} [ <expr> ]}
  1255. Returns an array (\$package,\$file,\$line,...) for a specific subroutine
  1256. call. `|caller|' returns this info for the current subroutine,
  1257. `|caller(1)|' for the caller of this subroutine etc..  
  1258. Returns \false{} if no caller.
  1259.  
  1260. \Xi{\kwd{do} <subroutine> <list>} 
  1261. Deprecated form of |&|<subroutine> .
  1262.  
  1263. \Xi{\kwd{goto} |\char`\&|<subroutine>}
  1264. Substitutes a call to <subroutine> for the current subroutine.
  1265.  
  1266. \Xi{\kwd{import} <module> [ <list> ]}
  1267. Imports the named subroutines from <module>.
  1268.  
  1269. \Xi{\kwd{no} <module> [ <list> ]}
  1270. Cancels imported semantics. See \kwd{use}.
  1271.  
  1272. \Xi{\kwd{package} <name>}
  1273. Designates the remainder of the current block as a package.
  1274.  
  1275. \Xi{\kwd{require} \oEXPR}
  1276. If <expr> is numeric, requires Perl to be at least that version.
  1277. Otherwise <expr> must be the name of a file that is included from
  1278. the Perl library. Does not include
  1279. more than once, and yields a fatal error if the file does not evaluate
  1280. to a \true{} value.
  1281. \newline If <expr> is a bare word, assumes extension `|.pm|'
  1282. for the name of the file.
  1283.  
  1284. \Xi{\kwd{return} <expr>}
  1285. Returns from a subroutine with the value specified.
  1286.  
  1287. \Xi{\kwd{sub} <name> \{ <expr> |;| \ldots \}}
  1288. Designates <name> as a subroutine. Parameters are passed by reference
  1289. as array |@_|. Returns the value of the last expression evaluated. 
  1290.  
  1291. \Xi{[ \kwd{sub} ] |BEGIN| \{ <expr> |;| \ldots \}}
  1292. Defines a setup <block> to be called before execution.
  1293.  
  1294. \Xi{[ \kwd{sub} ] |END| \{ <expr> |;| \dots \}}
  1295. Defines a cleanup <block> to be called upon termination.
  1296.  
  1297. \Xi{\kwd{tie} <var>\kwd{,} <package>\kwd{,} [ <list> ]}
  1298. Ties a variable to a package that will handle it.
  1299. Can be used to bind a dbm or ndbm file to a hash. 
  1300.  
  1301. \Xi{\kwd{untie} <var>}
  1302. Breaks the binding between the variable and the package.
  1303.  
  1304. \Xi{\kwd{use} <module> [ <list> ]}
  1305. Imports semantics from the named module into the current package.
  1306.  
  1307. \end{enum}
  1308.  
  1309.  
  1310. \section{Object oriented programming} 
  1311.  
  1312. Perl rules of object oriented programming:
  1313.  
  1314. \begin{enum}{3mm}
  1315.  
  1316. \Xj{$\bullet$}
  1317. An object is simply a reference that happens to know which class it
  1318. belongs to.
  1319. \newline Objects are blessed, references are not.
  1320.  
  1321. \Xj{$\bullet$}
  1322. A class is simply a package that happens to provide methods to deal
  1323. with object references.
  1324. \newline If a package fails to provide a method, the base classes as
  1325. listed in |@ISA| are searched.
  1326.  
  1327. \Xj{$\bullet$}
  1328. A method is simply a subroutine that expects an object reference (or a
  1329. package name, for static methods) as the first argument.
  1330. \newline Methods can be applied with:\\
  1331. \hspace*{1cm}<method> <objref> <parameters>\quad\quad\quad\quad or\\
  1332. \hspace*{1cm}<objref>|->|<method> <parameters>
  1333.  
  1334. \end{enum}
  1335.  
  1336.  
  1337. \section{Arithmetic functions} 
  1338.  
  1339. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  1340.  
  1341. \Xi{\kwd{abs} \oEXPR}
  1342. Returns the absolute value of its operand.
  1343.  
  1344. \Xi{\kwd{atan2} <y>\kwd{,} <x>}
  1345. Returns the arctangent of <Y>/<X> in the range -$\pi$ to $\pi$.
  1346.  
  1347. \Xi{\kwd{cos} \oEXPR}
  1348. Returns the cosine of <expr> (expressed in radians).
  1349.  
  1350. \Xi{\kwd{exp} \oEXPR}
  1351. Returns |e| to the power of <expr>.
  1352.  
  1353. \Xi{\kwd{int} \oEXPR}
  1354. Returns the integer portion of <expr>.
  1355.  
  1356. \Xi{\kwd{log} \oEXPR}
  1357. Returns natural logarithm (base |e|) of <expr>.
  1358.  
  1359. \Xi{\kwd{rand} [ <expr> ]}
  1360. Returns a random fractional number between 0 and the value of <expr>.
  1361. If <expr> is omitted, returns a value between 0 and 1. 
  1362.  
  1363. \Xi{\kwd{sin} \oEXPR}
  1364. Returns the sine of <expr> (expressed in radians).
  1365.  
  1366. \Xi{\kwd{sqrt} \oEXPR}
  1367. Returns the square root of <expr>.
  1368.  
  1369. \Xi{\kwd{srand} [ <expr> ]}
  1370. Sets the random number seed for the rand operator.
  1371.  
  1372. \Xi{\kwd{time}}
  1373. Returns the number of seconds since January 1, 1970. Suitable for
  1374. feeding to \kwd{gmtime} and \kwd{localtime}. 
  1375.  
  1376. \end{enum}
  1377.  
  1378.  
  1379. \section{Conversion functions} 
  1380.  
  1381. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  1382.  
  1383. \Xi{\kwd{chr} \oEXPR}
  1384. Returns the character represented by the decimal value <expr>.
  1385.  
  1386. \Xi{\kwd{gmtime} \oEXPR}
  1387. Converts a time as returned by the \kwd{time} function to a 9-element
  1388. array (0:\$sec, 1:\$min, 2:\$hour, 3:\$mday, 4:\$mon, 5:\$year, 6:\$wday,
  1389. 7:\$yday, 8:\$isdst) with the time analyzed for the Greenwich time zone.
  1390. \$mon has the range 0..11 and \$wday has the range 0..6.
  1391.  
  1392. \Xi{\kwd{hex} \oEXPR}
  1393. Returns the decimal value of <expr> interpreted as an hex string.
  1394.  
  1395. \Xi{\kwd{localtime} \oEXPR}
  1396. Converts a time as returned by the \kwd{time} function to {\it ctime\/}(3)
  1397. string. In array context, returns a 9-element
  1398. array with the time analyzed for the local time zone. 
  1399.  
  1400. \Xi{\kwd{oct} \oEXPR}
  1401. Returns the decimal value of <expr> interpreted as an octal string. If
  1402. <expr> starts off with |0x|, interprets it as a hex string instead.
  1403.  
  1404. \Xi{\kwd{ord} \oEXPR}
  1405. Returns the ascii value of the first character of <expr>.
  1406.  
  1407. \Xi{\kwd{vec} <expr>\kwd{,} <offset>\kwd{,} <bits>}
  1408. Treats string <expr> as a vector of unsigned integers, and yields the bit at
  1409. <offset>. <bits> must be between 1 and 32. May be assigned to.
  1410.  
  1411. \end{enum}
  1412.  
  1413. \newpage
  1414.  
  1415. \section{Structure conversion} 
  1416.  
  1417. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  1418.  
  1419. \Xi{\kwd{pack} <template>\kwd{,} <list>}
  1420. Packs the values into a binary structure using <template>.
  1421.  
  1422. \Xi{\kwd{unpack} <template>\kwd{,} <expr>}
  1423. Unpacks the structure <expr> into an array, using <template>.
  1424.  
  1425. <template> is a sequence of characters as follows:
  1426.  
  1427. \begin{tabbing}
  1428. |  |\=|a |\=|/ |\=|A  |\= \kill
  1429.   \> |a| \> / \> |A| \> Ascii string, null / space padded \\
  1430.   \> |b| \> / \> |B| \> Bit string in ascending / descending order \\
  1431.   \> |c| \> / \> |C| \> Native / unsigned char value \\
  1432.   \> |f| \> / \> |d| \> Single / double float in native format \\
  1433.   \> |h| \> / \> |H| \> Hex string, low / high nybble first. \\
  1434.   \> |i| \> / \> |I| \> Signed / unsigned integer value \\
  1435.   \> |l| \> / \> |L| \> Signed / unsigned long value \\
  1436.   \> |n| \> / \> |N| \> Short / long in network (big endian) byte order \\
  1437.   \> |s| \> / \> |S| \> Signed / unsigned short value \\
  1438.   \> |u| \> / \> |p| \> Uuencoded string / Pointer to a string \\
  1439.   \> |v| \> / \> |V| \> Short / long in VAX (little endian) byte order \\
  1440.   \> |x| \> / \> |@| \> Null byte / null fill until position \\
  1441.   \> |X| \>   \>     \> Backup a byte
  1442. \end{tabbing}
  1443.  
  1444. Each character may be followed by a decimal number which will be used
  1445. as a repeat count, `|*|' specifies all remaining arguments. \\
  1446. If the format is preceded with |%|<n>, \kwd{unpack} returns an
  1447. <n>-bit checksum instead. \\
  1448. Spaces may be included in the template for readability purposes.
  1449.  
  1450. \end{enum}
  1451.  
  1452.  
  1453. \section{String functions} 
  1454.  
  1455. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  1456.  
  1457. \Xi{\kwd{chomp} <list>\dag}
  1458. Removes line endings from all elements of the list; 
  1459. returns the (total) number of characters removed.
  1460.  
  1461. \Xi{\kwd{chop} <list>\dag}
  1462. Chops off the last character on all elements of the list; returns the
  1463. last chopped character. 
  1464.  
  1465. \Xi{\kwd{crypt} <plaintext>\kwd{,} <salt>}
  1466. Encrypts a string.
  1467.  
  1468. \Xi{\kwd{eval} \oEXPR}
  1469. <expr> is parsed and executed as if it were a Perl program. The value
  1470. returned is the value of the last expression evaluated. If there is a
  1471. syntax error or runtime error, an undefined string is returned by
  1472. \kwd{eval}, and |$@| is set to the error message. 
  1473. See also \kwd{eval} in section `Miscellaneous'.
  1474.  
  1475. \Xi{\kwd{index} <str>\kwd{,} <substr> [ \kwd{,} <offset> ]}
  1476. Returns the position of <substr> in <str> at or after <offset>. If the
  1477. substring is not found, returns |-1| (but see |$[| in section
  1478. `Special variables').
  1479.  
  1480. \Xi{\kwd{length} \oEXPR}
  1481. Returns the length in characters of the value of <expr>.
  1482.  
  1483. \Xi{\kwd{lc} <expr>}
  1484. Returns a lower case version of <expr>.
  1485.  
  1486. \Xi{\kwd{lcfirst} <expr>}
  1487. Returns <expr> with the first character in lower case.
  1488.  
  1489. \Xi{\kwd{quotemeta} <expr>}
  1490. Returns <expr> with all regexp meta-characters quoted.
  1491.  
  1492. \Xi{\kwd{rindex} <str>\kwd{,} <substr> [ \kwd{,} <offset> ]}
  1493. Returns the position of the last <substr> in <str> at or
  1494. before <offset>.
  1495.  
  1496. \Xi{\kwd{substr} <expr>\kwd{,} <offset> [ \kwd{,} <len> ]}
  1497. Extracts a substring out of <expr> and returns it. If <offset>
  1498. is negative, counts from the end of the string. 
  1499. May be assigned to.
  1500.  
  1501. \Xi{\kwd{uc} <expr>}
  1502. Returns an upper case version of <expr>.
  1503.  
  1504. \Xi{\kwd{ucfirst} <expr>}
  1505. Returns <expr> with the first character in upper case.
  1506.  
  1507. \end{enum}
  1508.  
  1509.  
  1510. \section{Array and list functions} 
  1511.  
  1512. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  1513.  
  1514. \Xi{\kwd{delete} \$<hash>\{<key>\}}
  1515. Deletes the specified value from the specified hash.
  1516. Returns the deleted value unless <hash> is \kwd{tie}d to a package that
  1517. does not support it.
  1518.  
  1519. \Xi{\kwd{each} |\%|<hash>}
  1520. Returns a 2-element array consisting of the key and value for the next
  1521. value of the hash. Entries are returned in an apparently
  1522. random order. After all values of the hash have been returned, a null 
  1523. array is
  1524. returned. The next call to \kwd{each} after that will start iterating again.
  1525.  
  1526. \Xi{\kwd{exists} \oEXPR}
  1527. Checks if the specified hash key exists in its hash array.
  1528.  
  1529. \Xi{\vbox{\vspace*{3pt}
  1530.           \hbox{\kwd{grep} <expr>\kwd{,} <list>}
  1531.           \hbox{\kwd{grep} <block> <list>}}}
  1532. Evaluates <expr> or <block> for each element of the <list>, 
  1533. locally setting |$_|
  1534. to refer to the element. Modifying |$_| will modify the corresponding
  1535. element from <list>. Returns the array of elements from <list> for which
  1536. <expr> returned \true. 
  1537.  
  1538. \Xi{\kwd{join} <expr>\kwd{,} <list>}
  1539. Joins the separate strings of <list> into a single string with fields
  1540. separated by the value of <expr>, and returns the string.
  1541.  
  1542. \Xi{\kwd{keys} |\%|<hash>}
  1543. Returns an array of all the keys of the named hash.
  1544.  
  1545. \Xi{\vbox{\vspace*{3pt}
  1546.           \hbox{\kwd{map} <expr>\kwd{,} <list>}
  1547.           \hbox{\kwd{map} <block> <list>}}}
  1548. Evaluates <expr> or <block> for each element of the <list>, 
  1549. locally setting |$_|
  1550. to refer to the element. Modifying |$_| will modify the corresponding
  1551. element from <list>. Returns the list of results.
  1552.  
  1553. \Xi{\kwd{pop} |@|<array>}
  1554. Pops off and returns the last value of the array.
  1555.  
  1556. \Xi{\kwd{push} |@|<array>\kwd{,} <list>}
  1557. Pushes the values of <list> onto the end of <array>.
  1558.  
  1559. \Xi{\kwd{reverse} <list>}
  1560. In array context: returns the <list> in reverse order. \\
  1561. In scalar
  1562. context: returns the first element of <list> with bytes reversed. 
  1563.  
  1564. \Xi{\kwd{scalar} |@|<array>}
  1565. Returns the number of elements in the array.
  1566.  
  1567. \Xi{\kwd{scalar} |\%|<hash>}
  1568. Returns a \true{} value if the hash has elements defined.
  1569.  
  1570. \Xi{\kwd{shift} [ |@|<array> ]}
  1571. Shifts the first value of the array off and returns it, shortening the
  1572. array by 1 and moving everything down. If |@|<array> is omitted, shifts
  1573. |@ARGV| in main and |@_| in subroutines.  
  1574.  
  1575. \Xi{\kwd{sort}  [ <subroutine> ] <list>}
  1576. Sorts the <list> and returns the sorted array value. If <subroutine>
  1577. is specified, gives the name of a subroutine that returns less than
  1578. zero, zero, or greater than zero, depending on how the elements of the
  1579. array, available to the routine as |$a| and |$b|, are to be ordered.
  1580. \\
  1581. <subroutine> may be the name of a user-defined routine, or a <block>.
  1582.  
  1583. \Xi{\kwd{splice} |@|<array>\kwd{,} <offset> [ \kwd{,} <length> [ \kwd{,} 
  1584. <list> ] ]}
  1585. Removes the elements of |@|<array> designated by <offset> and
  1586. <length>, and replaces them with <list> (if specified). \\
  1587. Returns the elements removed.
  1588.  
  1589. \Xi{\kwd{split} [ <pattern> [ \kwd{,} \oEXPR{} [ \kwd{,} <limit> ] ] ]}
  1590. Splits a string into an array of strings, and returns it. If <limit>
  1591. is specified, splits into at most that number of fields. If <pattern> is
  1592. also omitted, splits on whitespace. If
  1593. not in array context: returns number of fields and splits to |@_|.
  1594. See also: `Search and replace functions'.
  1595.  
  1596. \Xi{\kwd{unshift} |@|<array>\kwd{,} <list>}
  1597. Prepends list to the front of the array, and returns the number of
  1598. elements in the new array.
  1599.  
  1600. \Xi{\kwd{values} |\%|<hash>}
  1601. Returns a normal array consisting of all the values of the named
  1602. hash. 
  1603.  
  1604. \end{enum}
  1605.  
  1606.  
  1607.  
  1608. \newpage
  1609.  
  1610. \section{Regular expressions} 
  1611. \def\xtraspace{\vspace{5pt}}
  1612.  
  1613. Each character matches itself, unless it is one of the special
  1614. characters |+?.*^$()[]{}|\||\|.
  1615. The special meaning of these characters can be escaped using a `|\|'.
  1616.  
  1617. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  1618.  
  1619. \Xj{|.|}
  1620. matches an arbitrary character, but not a newline unless it is a
  1621. single-line match (see \kwd{m}|//|\kwd{s}).
  1622.  
  1623. \Xj{|(|\ldots|)|}
  1624. groups a series of pattern elements to a single element.
  1625.  
  1626. \Xj{\^}
  1627. matches the beginning of the target. In multi-line mode (see
  1628. \kwd{m}|//|\kwd{m}) also matches after every newline character.
  1629.  
  1630. \Xj{\$}
  1631. matches the end of the line.
  1632. In multi-line mode also matches before every newline character.
  1633.  
  1634. \Xj{|\char`\[|\ldots|\char`\]|}
  1635. denotes a class of characters to match. |[|\^\ldots|]| negates the class.
  1636.  
  1637. \Xj{|(|\ldots\|\ldots\|\ldots|)|}
  1638. matches one of the alternatives.
  1639.  
  1640. \Xj{|(?|\char`\# ~<text> |)|}
  1641. Comment.
  1642.  
  1643. \Xj{|(?:| <regexp> |)|}
  1644. Like |(|<regexp>|)| but does not make back-references.
  1645.  
  1646. \Xj{|(?=| <regexp> |)|}
  1647. Zero width positive look-ahead assertion.
  1648.  
  1649. \Xj{|(?!| <regexp> |)|}
  1650. Zero width negative look-ahead assertion.
  1651.  
  1652. \Xj{|(?| <modifier> |)|}
  1653. Embedded pattern-match modifier. <modifier> can be one or more of
  1654. \kwd{i}, \kwd{m}, \kwd{s} or \kwd{x}.
  1655.  
  1656. \end{enum}
  1657.  
  1658. \xtraspace
  1659. Quantified subpatterns match as many times as possible. 
  1660. When followed with a `|?|' they match the minimum number of times.
  1661. These are the quantifiers:
  1662.  
  1663. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  1664.  
  1665. \Xj{|+|}
  1666. matches the preceding pattern element one or more times.
  1667.  
  1668. \Xj{|?|}
  1669. matches zero or one times.
  1670.  
  1671. \Xj{|*|}
  1672. matches zero or more times.
  1673.  
  1674. \Xj{\{<n>|,|<m>\}}
  1675. denotes the minimum <n> and maximum <m> match count. |{|<n>|}| means
  1676. exactly <n> times; |{|<n>|,}| means at least <n> times. 
  1677.  
  1678. \end{enum}
  1679.  
  1680. \xtraspace
  1681. A `|\|' escapes any special meaning of the following character
  1682. if non-alphanumeric, but it turns most alphanumeric characters
  1683. into something special:
  1684.  
  1685. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  1686.  
  1687. \Xj{|\char`\\w|}
  1688. matches alphanumeric, including `|_|', |\W| matches non-alphanumeric.
  1689.  
  1690. \Xj{|\char`\\s|}
  1691. matches whitespace, |\S| matches non-whitespace.
  1692.  
  1693. \Xj{|\char`\\d|}
  1694. matches numeric, |\D| matches non-numeric.
  1695.  
  1696. \Xj{|\char`\\A|}
  1697. matches the beginning of the string, |\Z| matches the end.
  1698.  
  1699. \Xj{|\char`\\b|}
  1700. matches word boundaries, |\B| matches non-boundaries.
  1701.  
  1702. \Xj{|\char`\\G|}
  1703. matches where the previous \kwd{m}|//|\kwd{g} search left off.
  1704.  
  1705. \Xj{|\char`\\n|, |\char`\\r|, |\char`\\f|, |\char`\\t| etc.} 
  1706. have their usual meaning.
  1707.  
  1708. \Xj{|\char`\\w|, |\char`\\s| and |\char`\\d|}
  1709.  may be used within character classes, |\b| denotes backspace in this 
  1710. context.
  1711.  
  1712. \end{enum}
  1713.  
  1714. \xtraspace
  1715. Back-references:
  1716.  
  1717. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  1718.  
  1719. \Xj{|\char`\\1|\ldots|\char`\\9|} 
  1720. refer to matched sub-expressions, grouped with |()|, inside the match. 
  1721.  
  1722. \Xj{|\char`\\10|}
  1723. and up can also be used if the pattern
  1724. matches that many sub-expressions. 
  1725.  
  1726. \end{enum}
  1727.  
  1728. See also |$1|\ldots|$9|, |$+|, |$&|, |$`| and |$'| in section `Special
  1729. variables'.
  1730.  
  1731. \xtraspace
  1732. With modifier \kwd{x}, whitespace can be used in the patterns for
  1733. readability purposes.
  1734.  
  1735. \newpage
  1736.  
  1737. \section{Search and replace functions}
  1738.  
  1739. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  1740.  
  1741. \catcode`\~=\other
  1742.  
  1743. \Xi{[ <expr> |=~| ] [ \kwd{m} ] |/|<pattern>|/| [ \kwd{g} ] [ \kwd{i} ] [ 
  1744. \kwd{m} ] [ \kwd{o} ] [ \kwd{s} ] [ \kwd{x} ]}
  1745. Searches <expr> (default: |$_|) for a pattern. If you prepend an
  1746. \kwd{m} you can use almost any pair of delimiters instead of the slashes. If
  1747. used in array context, an array is returned consisting of the
  1748. sub-expressions matched by the parentheses in pattern, i.e.
  1749. |($1,$2,$3,|\ldots|)|.
  1750. \\
  1751. Optional modifiers:
  1752. \kwd{g} matches as many times as possible; 
  1753. \kwd{i} searches in a case-insensitive manner; 
  1754. \kwd{o} interpolates variables only once.
  1755. \newline 
  1756. \kwd{m} treats the string as multiple lines; 
  1757. \kwd{s} treats the string as a single line; 
  1758. \kwd{x} allows for regular expression extensions.
  1759. \\
  1760. If <pattern> is empty, the most recent pattern from a
  1761. previous match or replacement is used.
  1762. \\
  1763. With \kwd{g} the match can be used as an iterator in scalar context.
  1764.  
  1765. \Xi{|?|<pattern>|?|}
  1766. This is just like the |/|<pattern>|/| search, except that it matches
  1767. only once between calls to the \kwd{reset} operator.
  1768.  
  1769. \Xi{[ |\$|<var> |=~| ] \kwd{s}|/|<pattern>|/|<replacement>|/| [ \kwd{e} ] 
  1770. [ \kwd{g} ] [ \kwd{i} ] [ \kwd{m} ] [ \kwd{o} ] [ \kwd{s} ] [ \kwd{x} ]}
  1771. Searches a string for a pattern, and if found, replaces that pattern
  1772. with the replacement text. It returns the number of substitutions
  1773. made, if any, otherwise it returns \false{}. 
  1774. \\
  1775. Optional modifiers: \kwd{g} replaces all occurrences of the pattern;
  1776. \kwd{e} evaluates the replacement string as a Perl expression; for the 
  1777. other 
  1778. modifiers, see |/|<pattern>|/| matching. Almost any delimiter may
  1779. replace the slashes; if single quotes are used, no interpolation is
  1780. done on the strings between the delimeters, otherwise they are interpolated
  1781. as if inside double quotes.
  1782. \\
  1783. If bracketing delimeters are used, <pattern> and <replacement> 
  1784. may have their own delimiters, e.g. |s(foo)[bar]|.
  1785. \\
  1786. If <pattern> is empty, the most recent pattern from a previous match or 
  1787. replacement is used.
  1788.  
  1789. \Xi{[ |\$|<var> |=~| ] \kwd{tr}|/|<searchlist>|/|<replacementlist>|/| [ 
  1790. \kwd{c} ] [ \kwd{d} ] [ \kwd{s} ]}
  1791. Translates all occurrences of the characters found in the search list
  1792. with the corresponding character in the replacement list. It returns
  1793. the number of characters replaced. \kwd{y} may be used instead of \kwd{tr}. 
  1794. \\
  1795. Optional modifiers: \kwd{c} complements the <searchlist>; \kwd{d}
  1796. deletes all characters found in <searchlist> that do not have a
  1797. corresponding character in <replacementlist>; \kwd{s} squeezes all
  1798. sequences of characters that are translated into the same target
  1799. character into one occurrence of this character.
  1800.  
  1801. \Xi{\kwd{pos} <scalar>}
  1802. Returns the position where the last \kwd{m}|//|\kwd{g} search left off
  1803. for <scalar>. May be assigned to.
  1804.  
  1805. \Xi{\kwd{study} [ |\$|<var>\dag{} ]}
  1806. Studies the scalar variable |$|<var> in anticipation of performing many
  1807. pattern matches on its contents before the variable is next modified.
  1808.  
  1809. \end{enum}
  1810.  
  1811. \newpage
  1812.  
  1813. \section{File test operators} 
  1814.  
  1815. These unary operators take one argument, either a filename or a
  1816. filehandle, and test the associated file to see if something is true
  1817. about it. If the argument is omitted, they test |$_| (except for |-t,|
  1818. which tests |STDIN|). If the special argument |_| (underscore) is
  1819. passed, they use the info of the preceding test or \kwd{stat} call.
  1820.  
  1821. \begin{enum}{2.5cm}
  1822.  
  1823. \Xi{|-r -w -x|}  File is readable/writable/executable by effective uid/gid.
  1824.  
  1825. \Xi{|-R -W -X|}  File is readable/writable/executable by real uid/gid.
  1826.  
  1827. \Xi{|-o  -O|}  File is owned by effective/real uid. 
  1828.  
  1829. \Xi{|-e  -z|}  File exists, has zero size. 
  1830.  
  1831. \Xi{|-s|}  File exists and has non-zero size. Returns the size.
  1832.  
  1833. \Xi{|-f  -d|}  File is a plain file, a directory.
  1834.  
  1835. \Xi{|-l  -S  -p|}  File is a symbolic link, a socket, a named pipe (FIFO). 
  1836.  
  1837. \Xi{|-b  -c|}  File is a block/character special file. 
  1838.  
  1839. \Xi{|-u  -g  -k|}  File has setuid/setgid/sticky bit set. 
  1840.  
  1841. \Xi{|-t|}  Tests if filehandle (|STDIN| by default) is opened to a tty.
  1842.  
  1843. \Xi{|-T  -B|}  File is a text/non-text (binary) file.  |-T| and |-B|
  1844. return \true{} on a null file, or a file at EOF when testing a filehandle. 
  1845.  
  1846. \Xi{|-M  -A  -C|}  File modification/access/inode change time. Measured
  1847. in days. Value returned reflects the file age at the time the script
  1848. started. See also |$^T| in section `Special variables'.
  1849.  
  1850. \end{enum}
  1851.  
  1852.  
  1853. \section{File operations} 
  1854.  
  1855. Functions operating on a list of files return the number of files
  1856. successfully operated upon.
  1857.  
  1858. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  1859.  
  1860. \Xi{\kwd{chmod} <list>}
  1861. Changes the permissions of a list of files. The first element of the
  1862. list must be the numerical mode. 
  1863.  
  1864. \Xi{\kwd{chown} <list>}
  1865. Changes the owner and group of a list of files. The first two elements
  1866. of the list must be the numerical uid and gid. 
  1867.  
  1868. \Xi{\kwd{truncate} <file>\kwd{,} <size>}
  1869. truncates <file> to <size>. <file> may be a filename or a filehandle.
  1870.  
  1871. \Xi{\kwd{link} <oldfile>\kwd{,} <newfile>}
  1872. Creates a new filename linked to the old filename.
  1873.  
  1874. \Xi{\kwd{lstat} <file>}
  1875. Like stat, but does not traverse a final symbolic link.
  1876.  
  1877. \Xi{\kwd{mkdir} <dir>\kwd{,} <mode>}
  1878. Creates a directory with given permissions. Sets |$!| on failure.
  1879.  
  1880. \Xi{\kwd{readlink} \oEXPR}
  1881. Returns the value of a symbolic link.
  1882.  
  1883. \Xi{\kwd{rename} <oldname>\kwd{,} <newname>}
  1884. Changes the name of a file.
  1885.  
  1886. \Xi{\kwd{rmdir} <filename>\dag}
  1887. Deletes the directory if it is empty. Sets |$!| on failure.
  1888.  
  1889. \pagebreak[2]
  1890. \Xi{\kwd{stat} <file>}
  1891. Returns a 13-element array (0:\$dev, 1:\$ino, 2:\$mode, 3:\$nlink,
  1892. 4:\$uid, 5:\$gid, 6:\$rdev, 7:\$size, 8:\$atime, 9:\$mtime,
  1893. 10:\$ctime, 11:\$blksize, 12:\$blocks). <file> can be a filehandle, an
  1894. expression evaluating to a filename, or |_| to refer to the last file
  1895. test operation or \kwd{stat} call.
  1896. \\
  1897. Returns a null list if the \kwd{stat} fails.
  1898.  
  1899. \Xi{\kwd{symlink} <oldfile>\kwd{,} <newfile>}
  1900. Creates a new filename symbolically linked to the old filename.
  1901.  
  1902. \Xi{\kwd{unlink} <list>}
  1903. Deletes a list of files.
  1904.  
  1905. \Xi{\kwd{utime} <list>}
  1906. Changes the access and modification times. The first two elements of
  1907. the list must be the numerical access and modification times.
  1908.  
  1909. \end{enum}
  1910.  
  1911.  
  1912.  
  1913.  
  1914. \section{Input / Output} 
  1915.  
  1916. In input/output operations, <filehandle> may be a filehandle as opened
  1917. by the \kwd{open} operator, a pre-defined filehandle (e.g. |STDOUT|)
  1918. or a scalar variable which evaluates to the name of a filehandle to be
  1919. used.
  1920.  
  1921. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  1922.  
  1923. \Xi{\<<filehandle>\>}
  1924. In scalar context: reads a single line from the file opened on 
  1925. <filehandle>. 
  1926. In array context: reads the whole file.
  1927.  
  1928. \Xi{\<\,\>}
  1929. Reads from the input stream formed by the files specified in
  1930. |@ARGV|, or standard input if no arguments were supplied.
  1931.  
  1932. \Xi{\kwd{binmode} <filehandle>}
  1933. Arranges for the file opened on <filehandle> to be read or written in
  1934. \textit{binary} mode as opposed to \textit{text} mode (null-operation on 
  1935. UNIX).
  1936.  
  1937. \Xi{\kwd{close} <filehandle>}
  1938. Closes the file or pipe associated with the file handle.
  1939.  
  1940. \Xi{\kwd{dbmclose} |\%|<hash>}
  1941. Deprecated, use \kwd{untie} instead.
  1942.  
  1943. \Xi{\kwd{dbmopen} |\%|<hash>\kwd{,} <dbmname>\kwd{,} <mode>}
  1944. Deprecated, use \kwd{tie} instead.
  1945.  
  1946. \Xi{\kwd{eof} <filehandle>}
  1947. Returns 1 if the next read will return end of file, or if the file is
  1948. not open. 
  1949.  
  1950. \Xi{\kwd{eof}}
  1951. Returns the eof status for the last file read.
  1952.  
  1953. \Xj{\kwd{eof(}\,\kwd{)}}
  1954. Indicates eof on the pseudo-file formed of the files listed on the
  1955. command line. 
  1956.  
  1957. \Xi{\kwd{fcntl} <filehandle>\kwd{,} <function>\kwd{,} |\$|<var>}
  1958. Implements the {\it fcntl\/}(2) function. This function has non-standard
  1959. return values. See the manual for details. 
  1960.  
  1961. \Xi{\kwd{fileno} <filehandle>}
  1962. Returns the file descriptor for a given (open) file.
  1963.  
  1964. \Xi{\kwd{flock} <filehandle>\kwd{,} <operation>}
  1965. Calls {\it flock\/}(2) on the file. <operation> formed by adding 1 
  1966. (shared), 2
  1967. (exclusive), 4 (non-blocking) or 8 (unlock). 
  1968.  
  1969.  
  1970. \Xi{\kwd{getc} [ <filehandle> ]}
  1971. Yields the next character from the file, or |""| on end of file.
  1972. \newline If <filehandle> is omitted, reads from |STDIN|. 
  1973.  
  1974. \Xi{\kwd{ioctl} <filehandle>\kwd{,} <function>\kwd{,} |\$|<var>}
  1975. performs {\it ioctl}(2) on the file. This function has non-standard
  1976. return values. See the manual for details. 
  1977.  
  1978. \Xi{\kwd{open} <filehandle> [ \kwd{,} <filename> ]}
  1979. Opens a file and associates it with <filehandle>. If <filename> is
  1980. omitted, the scalar variable of the same name as the <filehandle> must
  1981. contain the filename.
  1982.  
  1983. The following filename conventions apply when opening a file.
  1984.  
  1985. \begin{enum}{2cm}
  1986. \Xi{|"|<file>|"|} open <file> for input. Also |"<|<file>|"|.
  1987.  
  1988. \Xi{|">|<file>|"|} open <file> for output, creating it if necessary.
  1989.  
  1990. \Xi{|">>|<file>|"|} open <file> in append mode.
  1991.  
  1992. \Xi{|"+>|<file>|"|} open <file> with read/write access.
  1993.  
  1994. \Xi{|"\||<cmd>|"|} opens a pipe to command <cmd>. If <cmd> is `|-|', forks.
  1995.  
  1996. \Xi{|"|<cmd>|\|"|} opens a pipe from command <cmd>. If <cmd> is `|-|', 
  1997. forks.
  1998. \end{enum}
  1999.  
  2000. <file> may be |&|<filehnd>, in which case the new file handle is
  2001. connected to the (previously opened) filehandle <filehnd>.
  2002. If it is |&=|<n>, <file> will be connected to the given file descriptor.
  2003.  
  2004. \kwd{open} 
  2005. returns \kwd{undef} upon failure, \true{} otherwise.
  2006.  
  2007. \Xi{\kwd{pipe} <readhandle>\kwd{,} <writehandle>}
  2008. Returns a pair of connected pipes.
  2009.  
  2010. \Xi{\kwd{print} [ <filehandle> ] [ <list>\dag ]}
  2011. Prints the elements of LIST, converting them to strings if needed. If
  2012. <filehandle> is omitted, prints by default to standard output (or to
  2013. the last selected output channel, see \kwd{select}).
  2014.  
  2015. \Xi{\kwd{printf} [ <filehandle> ] <list> ]}
  2016. Equivalent to |print| <filehandle> |sprintf| <list>.
  2017.  
  2018. \Xi{\kwd{read} <filehandle>\kwd{,} |\$|<var>\kwd{,} <length> [ \kwd{,} 
  2019. <offset> ]}
  2020. Reads <length> binary bytes from the file into the variable at
  2021. <offset>. Returns number of bytes actually read. 
  2022.  
  2023. \Xi{\kwd{seek} <filehandle>\kwd{,} <position>\kwd{,} <whence>}
  2024. Arbitrarily positions the file. Returns 1 upon success, 0 otherwise.
  2025.  
  2026. \Xi{\kwd{select} [ <filehandle> ]}
  2027. Returns the currently selected filehandle. 
  2028. Sets the current default filehandle for output operations if
  2029. <filehandle> is supplied.
  2030.  
  2031. \Xi{\kwd{select} <rbits>\kwd{,} <wbits>\kwd{,} <nbits>\kwd{,} <timeout>}
  2032. Performs a {\it select\/}(2) system call with the same parameters.
  2033.  
  2034. \Xi{\kwd{sprintf} <format>\kwd{,} <list>}
  2035. Returns a string formatted by (almost all of) the usual {\it printf}(3)
  2036. conventions. 
  2037.  
  2038. \Xi{\kwd{sysread} <filehandle>\kwd{,} |\$|<var>\kwd{,} <length> [ \kwd{,} 
  2039. <offset> ]}
  2040. Reads <length> bytes into |$|<var> at <offset>.
  2041.  
  2042. \Xi{\kwd{syswrite} <filehandle>\kwd{,} <scalar>\kwd{,} <length> [ \kwd{,} 
  2043. <offset> ]}
  2044. Writes <length> bytes from <scalar> at <offset>.
  2045.  
  2046. \Xi{\kwd{tell} [ <filehandle> ]}
  2047. Returns the current file position for the file. If <filehandle> is
  2048. omitted, assumes the file last read. 
  2049.  
  2050. \end{enum}
  2051.  
  2052.  
  2053. \section{Formats} 
  2054.  
  2055. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  2056.  
  2057. \Xi{\kwd{formline} <picture>\kwd{,} <list>}
  2058. Formats <list> according to <picture> and accumulates the result into 
  2059. \$\^|A|.
  2060.  
  2061. \Xi{\kwd{write} [ <filehandle> ]}
  2062. Writes a formatted record to the specified file, using the format
  2063. associated with that file.
  2064.  
  2065. \end{enum}
  2066.  
  2067. Formats are defined as follows:
  2068.  
  2069. \kwd{format} [ <name> ] |=| \\
  2070. <formlist> \\
  2071. |.|
  2072.  
  2073. <formlist> pictures the lines, and contains the arguments which will
  2074. give values to the fields in the lines. <name> defaults to |STDOUT| if
  2075. omitted.\\
  2076. Picture fields are:
  2077.  
  2078. \begin{tabbing}
  2079. |  |\=|         |\=\kill
  2080. \>|@<<<|\ldots    \> left adjusted field, repeat the |<| to denote the 
  2081. desired
  2082.                      width; \\
  2083. \>|@>>>|\ldots    \> right adjusted field; \\
  2084. \>|@|\|\|\|\ldots \> centered field; \\
  2085. \>|@#.##|\ldots   \> numeric format with implied decimal point; \\
  2086. \>|@*|            \> a multi-line field.
  2087. \end{tabbing}
  2088.  
  2089. Use \^ instead of |@| for multi-line block filling.
  2090.  
  2091. Use |~| at the beginning of a line to suppress unwanted empty lines.
  2092.  
  2093. Use |~~| at the beginning of a line to have this format line repeated
  2094. until all fields are exhausted. 
  2095.  
  2096. Set |$-| to zero to force a page break.
  2097.  
  2098. See also |$|\^, |$~|, |$^A|, |$^F|, |$-| and |$=| 
  2099. in section `Special variables'.
  2100.  
  2101.  
  2102. \section{Directory reading routines} 
  2103.  
  2104. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  2105.  
  2106. \Xi{\kwd{closedir} <dirhandle>}
  2107. Closes a directory opened by opendir.
  2108.  
  2109. \Xi{\kwd{opendir} <dirhandle>\kwd{,} <dirname>}
  2110. Opens a directory on the handle specified.
  2111.  
  2112. \Xi{\kwd{readdir} <dirhandle>}
  2113. Returns the next entry (or an array of entries) in the directory.
  2114.  
  2115. \Xi{\kwd{rewinddir} <dirhandle>}
  2116. Positions the directory to the beginning.
  2117.  
  2118. \Xi{\kwd{seekdir} <dirhandle>\kwd{,} <pos>}
  2119. Sets position for readdir on the directory.
  2120.  
  2121. \Xi{\kwd{telldir} <dirhandle>}
  2122. Returns the postion in the directory.
  2123.  
  2124. \end{enum}
  2125.  
  2126.  
  2127. \section{System interaction} 
  2128.  
  2129. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  2130.  
  2131. \Xi{\kwd{alarm} <expr>}
  2132. Schedules a |SIGALRM| to be delivered after <expr> seconds. 
  2133.  
  2134. \Xi{\kwd{chdir} [ <expr> ]}
  2135. Changes the working directory.
  2136. \newline Uses |$ENV{"HOME"}| or |$ENV{"LOGNAME"}| if <expr> is omitted.
  2137.  
  2138. \Xi{\kwd{chroot} <filename>\dag}
  2139. Changes the root directory for the process and its children.
  2140.  
  2141. \Xi{\kwd{die} [ <list> ]}
  2142. Prints the value of <list> to |STDERR| and exits with the current
  2143. value of |$!| (errno). If |$!| is 0, exits with the value of |($? >> 8)|.
  2144. If |($? >> 8)| is 0, exits with 255. <list> defaults to
  2145. |"Died"|.
  2146.  
  2147. \Xi{\kwd{exec} <list>}
  2148. Executes the system command in <list>; does not return.
  2149.  
  2150. \Xi{\kwd{exit} [ <expr> ]}
  2151. Exits immediately with the value of |EXPR|, which defaults to |0| (zero).
  2152. Calls |END| routines and object destructors before exiting.
  2153.  
  2154. \Xi{\kwd{fork}}
  2155. Does a {\it fork\/}(2) system call. Returns the child pid to the parent
  2156. process and zero to the child process. 
  2157.  
  2158. \Xi{\kwd{getlogin}}
  2159. Returns the current login name as known by the system.
  2160.  
  2161. \Xi{\kwd{getpgrp} [ <pid> ]}
  2162. Returns the process group for process <pid> (0, or omitted,  means the
  2163. current process). 
  2164.  
  2165. \Xi{\kwd{getppid}}
  2166. Returns the process id of the parent process.
  2167.  
  2168. \Xi{\kwd{getpriority} <which>\kwd{,} <who>}
  2169. Returns the current priority for a process, process group, or user.
  2170.  
  2171. \Xi{\kwd{glob} <pat>}
  2172. Returns a list of filenames that match the shell pattern <pat>.
  2173.  
  2174. \Xi{\kwd{kill} <list>}
  2175. Sends a signal to a list of processes. The first element of the list
  2176. must be the signal to send (numeric, or its name as a string). 
  2177.  
  2178. \Xi{\kwd{setpgrp} <pid>\kwd{,} <pgrp>}
  2179. Sets the process group for the <pid> (0 = current process).
  2180.  
  2181. \Xi{\kwd{setpriority} <which>\kwd{,} <who>\kwd{,} <prio>}
  2182. Sets the current priority for a process, process group, or a user.
  2183.  
  2184. \Xi{\kwd{sleep} [ <expr> ]}
  2185. Causes the script to sleep for <expr> seconds, or forever if no
  2186. <expr>. Returns the number of seconds actually slept. 
  2187.  
  2188. \Xi{\kwd{syscall} <list>}
  2189. Calls the system call specified in the first element of the list,
  2190. passing the rest of the list as arguments to the call. 
  2191.  
  2192. \Xi{\kwd{system} <list>}
  2193. Does exactly the same thing as \kwd{exec }<list> except that a fork is
  2194. performed first, and the parent process waits for the child process to 
  2195. complete. 
  2196.  
  2197. \Xi{\kwd{times}}
  2198. Returns a 4-element array (0:\$user, 1:\$system, 2:\$cuser,
  2199. 3:\$csystem) giving the user and system times, in seconds, for this
  2200. process and the children of this process.
  2201.  
  2202. \Xi{\kwd{umask} [ <expr> ]}
  2203. Sets the umask for the process and returns the old one. If <expr> is
  2204. omitted, returns current umask value. 
  2205.  
  2206. \Xi{\kwd{wait}}
  2207. Waits for a child process to terminate and returns the pid of the
  2208. deceased process (-1 if none). The status is returned in |$?|. 
  2209.  
  2210. \Xi{\kwd{waitpid} <pid>\kwd{,} <flags>}
  2211. Performs the same function as the corresponding system call.
  2212.  
  2213. \Xi{\kwd{warn} [ <list> ]}
  2214. Prints the message on |STDERR| like \kwd{die}, but does not exit.
  2215. \newline <list> defaults to |"Warning: something's wrong"|.
  2216.  
  2217. \end{enum}
  2218.  
  2219.  
  2220. \section{Networking} 
  2221.  
  2222. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  2223.  
  2224. \Xi{\kwd{accept} <newsocket>\kwd{,} <genericsocket>}
  2225. Accepts a new socket.
  2226.  
  2227. \Xi{\kwd{bind} <socket>\kwd{,} <name>}
  2228. Binds the <name> to the <socket>.
  2229.  
  2230. \Xi{\kwd{connect} <socket>\kwd{,} <name>}
  2231. Connects the <name> to the <socket>.
  2232.  
  2233. \Xi{\kwd{getpeername} <socket>}
  2234. Returns the socket address of the other end of the <socket>.
  2235.  
  2236. \Xi{\kwd{getsockname} <socket>}
  2237. Returns the name of the socket.
  2238.  
  2239. \Xi{\kwd{getsockopt} <socket>\kwd{,} <level>\kwd{,} <optname>}
  2240. Returns the socket options.
  2241.  
  2242. \Xi{\kwd{listen} <socket>\kwd{,} <queuesize>}
  2243. Starts listening on the specified <socket>.
  2244.  
  2245. \Xi{\kwd{recv} <socket>\kwd{,} <scalar>\kwd{,} <length>\kwd{,} <flags>}
  2246. Receives a message on <socket>.
  2247.  
  2248. \Xi{\kwd{send} <socket>\kwd{,} <msg>\kwd{,} <FLAGS [ >\kwd{,} <to> ]}
  2249. Sends a message on the <socket>.
  2250.  
  2251. \Xi{\kwd{setsockopt} <socket>\kwd{,} <level>\kwd{,} <optname>\kwd{,} 
  2252. <optval>}
  2253. Sets the requested socket option.
  2254.  
  2255. \Xi{\kwd{shutdown} <socket>\kwd{,} <how>}
  2256. Shuts down a <socket>.
  2257.  
  2258. \Xi{\kwd{socket} <socket>\kwd{,} <domain>\kwd{,} <type>\kwd{,} <protocol>}
  2259. Creates a <socket> in <domain> with <type> and <protocol>.
  2260.  
  2261. \Xi{\kwd{socketpair} <socket1>\kwd{,} <socket2>\kwd{,} <domain>\kwd{,} 
  2262. <type>\kwd{,} <protocol>}
  2263. As socket, but creates a pair of bi-directional sockets.
  2264.  
  2265. \end{enum}
  2266.  
  2267.  
  2268. \section{SystemV IPC} 
  2269.  
  2270. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  2271.  
  2272. \Xi{\kwd{msgctl} <id>\kwd{,} <cmd>\kwd{,} <args>}
  2273. Calls {\it msgctl\/}(2). If <cmd> is |&IPC_STAT| then <arg> must 
  2274. be a variable.
  2275.  
  2276. \Xi{\kwd{msgget} <key>\kwd{,} <flags>}
  2277. Creates a message queue for <key>.
  2278. Returns the message queue identifier.
  2279.  
  2280. \Xi{\kwd{msgsnd} <id>\kwd{,} <msg>\kwd{,} <flags>}
  2281. Sends <msg> to queue <id>.
  2282.  
  2283. \Xi{\kwd{msgrcv} <id>\kwd{,} \$<var>\kwd{,} <size>\kwd{,} <type>\kwd{,} 
  2284. <flags>}
  2285. Receives a message from queue <id> into <var>.
  2286.  
  2287. \Xi{\kwd{semctl} <id>\kwd{,} <semnum>\kwd{,} <cmd>\kwd{,} <arg>}
  2288. Calls {\it semctl\/}(2).\\
  2289. If <cmd> is |&IPC_STAT| of |&GETALL| then <arg> must 
  2290. be a variable.
  2291.  
  2292. \Xi{\kwd{semget} <key>\kwd{,} <nsems>\kwd{,} <size>\kwd{,} <flags>}
  2293. Creates a set of semaphores for <key>.
  2294. Returns the message semaphore identifier.
  2295.  
  2296. \Xi{\kwd{semop} <key>\kwd{,} ...}
  2297. Performs semaphore operations.
  2298.  
  2299. \Xi{\kwd{shmctl} <id>\kwd{,} <cmd>\kwd{,} <arg>}
  2300. Calls {\it shmctl\/}(2). If <cmd> is |&IPC_STAT| then <arg> must 
  2301. be a variable.
  2302.  
  2303. \Xi{\kwd{shmget} <key>\kwd{,} <size>\kwd{,} <flags>}
  2304. Creates shared memory.
  2305. Returns the shared memory segment identifier.
  2306.  
  2307. \Xi{\kwd{shmread} <id>\kwd{,} \$<var>\kwd{,} <pos>\kwd{,} <size>}
  2308. Reads at most <size> bytes of the contents of shared memory segment <id>
  2309. starting at offset <pos> into <var>.
  2310.  
  2311. \Xi{\kwd{shmwrite} <id>\kwd{,} <string>\kwd{,} <pos>\kwd{,} <size>}
  2312. Writes at most <size> bytes of <string> into the contents of 
  2313. shared memory segment <id> at offset <pos>.
  2314.  
  2315. \end{enum}
  2316.  
  2317.  
  2318. \section{Miscellaneous} 
  2319.  
  2320. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  2321.  
  2322. \Xi{\kwd{defined} <expr>}
  2323. Tests whether the lvalue <expr> has an actual value.
  2324.  
  2325. \Xi{\kwd{do} <filename>}
  2326. Executes <filename> as a Perl script.
  2327. See also \kwd{require} in section `Subroutines, packages and modules'.
  2328.  
  2329. \Xi{\kwd{dump} [ <label> ]}
  2330. Immediate core dump. When reincarnated, starts at <label>.
  2331.  
  2332. \Xi{\kwd{eval\{}<expr>\kwd{;} \ldots \}}
  2333. Executes the code between \{ and \}. Traps run-time errors as described
  2334. with \kwd{eval(}<expr>\kwd{)}, section `String~functions'.
  2335.  
  2336. \Xi{\kwd{local} <list>}
  2337. Creates a scope for the listed variables local to the enclosing block,
  2338. subroutine or eval. 
  2339.  
  2340. \Xi{\kwd{my} <list>}
  2341. Creates a scope for the listed variables lexically
  2342. local to the enclosing block, subroutine or eval. 
  2343.  
  2344. \Xi{\kwd{ref} \oEXPR}
  2345. Returns a \true{} value if <expr> is a reference.
  2346. Returns the package name if <expr> has been blessed into a package.
  2347.  
  2348. \Xi{\kwd{reset} [ <expr> ]}
  2349. Resets |??| searches so that they work again. <expr> is a list of
  2350. single letters. All variables and arrays beginning with one of those
  2351. letters are reset to their pristine state.  Only affects the current
  2352. package.
  2353.  
  2354. \Xi{\kwd{scalar} <expr> }
  2355. Forces evaluation of <expr> in scalar context.
  2356.  
  2357. \Xi{\kwd{undef} [ <lvalue> ]}
  2358. Undefines the <lvalue>. Always returns the undefined value.
  2359.  
  2360. \Xi{\kwd{wantarray}}
  2361. Returns \true{} if the current context expects an array value.
  2362.  
  2363. \end{enum}
  2364.  
  2365. \newpage
  2366.  
  2367. \section{Information from system files} 
  2368. See the manual about return values in scalar context.
  2369.  
  2370. {\largesl passwd} \\
  2371. Returns (\$name, \$passwd, \$uid, \$gid, \$quota, \$comment, \$gcos, 
  2372. \$dir, \$shell).
  2373.  
  2374. \begin{enum}{6cm}
  2375.  
  2376. \Xi{\kwd{endpwent}}
  2377. Ends look-up processing.
  2378.  
  2379. \Xi{\kwd{getpwent}}
  2380. Gets next user information.
  2381.  
  2382. \Xi{\kwd{getpwnam} <name>}
  2383. Gets information by name. 
  2384.  
  2385. \Xi{\kwd{getpwuid} <uid>}
  2386. Gets information by user ID.
  2387.  
  2388. \Xi{\kwd{setpwent}}
  2389. Resets look-up processing.
  2390.  
  2391. \end{enum}
  2392.  
  2393. {\vskip6pt\largesl group} \\
  2394. Returns (\$name, \$passwd, \$gid, \$members).
  2395.  
  2396. \begin{enum}{6cm}
  2397.  
  2398. \Xi{\kwd{endgrent}}
  2399. Ends look-up processing.
  2400.  
  2401. \Xi{\kwd{getgrgid} <gid>}
  2402. Gets information by group ID. 
  2403.  
  2404. \Xi{\kwd{getgrnam} <name>}
  2405. Gets information by name.
  2406.  
  2407. \Xi{\kwd{getgrent}}
  2408. Gets next group information.
  2409.  
  2410. \Xi{\kwd{setgrent}}
  2411. Resets look-up processing.
  2412.  
  2413. \end{enum}
  2414.  
  2415. {\vskip6pt\largesl hosts} \\
  2416. Returns (\$name, \$aliases, \$addrtype, \$length, @addrs).
  2417.  
  2418. \begin{enum}{6cm}
  2419.  
  2420. \Xi{\kwd{endhostent}}
  2421. Ends look-up processing.
  2422.  
  2423. \Xi{\kwd{gethostbyaddr} <addr>\kwd{,} <addrtype>}
  2424. Gets information by IP address.
  2425.  
  2426. \Xi{\kwd{gethostbyname} <name>}
  2427. Gets information by host name.
  2428.  
  2429. \Xi{\kwd{gethostent}}
  2430. Gets next host information.
  2431.  
  2432. \Xi{\kwd{sethostent} <stayopen>}
  2433. Resets look-up processing.
  2434.  
  2435. \end{enum}
  2436.  
  2437. {\vskip6pt\largesl networks} \\
  2438. Returns (\$name, \$aliases, \$addrtype, \$net).
  2439.  
  2440. \begin{enum}{6cm}
  2441.  
  2442. \Xi{\kwd{endnetent}}
  2443. Ends look-up processing.
  2444.  
  2445. \Xi{\kwd{getnetbyaddr} <addr>\kwd{,} <type>}
  2446. Gets information by address and type.
  2447.  
  2448. \Xi{\kwd{getnetbyname} <name>}
  2449. Gets information by network name.
  2450.  
  2451. \Xi{\kwd{getnetent}}
  2452. Gets next network information.
  2453.  
  2454. \Xi{\kwd{setnetent} <stayopen>}
  2455. Resets look-up processing.
  2456.  
  2457. \end{enum}
  2458.  
  2459. {\vskip6pt\largesl services} \\
  2460. Returns (\$name, \$aliases, \$port, \$proto).
  2461.  
  2462. \begin{enum}{6cm}
  2463.  
  2464. \Xi{\kwd{endservent}}
  2465. Ends look-up processing.
  2466.  
  2467. \Xi{\kwd{getservbyname} <name>\kwd{, }<proto>}
  2468. Gets information by service name. 
  2469.  
  2470. \Xi{\kwd{getservbyport} <port>\kwd{, }<proto>}
  2471. Gets information by service port.
  2472.  
  2473. \Xi{\kwd{getservent}}
  2474. Gets next service information.
  2475.  
  2476. \Xi{\kwd{setservent} <stayopen>}
  2477. Resets look-up processing.
  2478.  
  2479. \end{enum}
  2480.  
  2481. {\vskip6pt\largesl protocols} \\
  2482. Returns (\$name, \$aliases, \$proto).
  2483.  
  2484. \begin{enum}{6cm}
  2485.  
  2486. \Xi{\kwd{endprotoent}}
  2487. Ends look-up processing.
  2488.  
  2489. \Xi{\kwd{getprotobyname} <name>}
  2490. Gets information by protocol name.
  2491.  
  2492. \Xi{\kwd{getprotobynumber} <number>}
  2493. Gets information by protocol number.
  2494.  
  2495. \Xi{\kwd{getprotoent}}
  2496. Gets next protocol information.
  2497.  
  2498. \Xi{\kwd{setprotoent} <stayopen>}
  2499. Resets look-up processing.
  2500.  
  2501. \end{enum}
  2502.  
  2503.  
  2504. \section{Special variables} 
  2505.  
  2506. The following variables are global and should be localized in subroutines:
  2507.  
  2508. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  2509.  
  2510. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\_|}
  2511. The default input and pattern-searching space.
  2512.  
  2513. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\.|}
  2514. The current input line number of the last filehandle that was read.
  2515.  
  2516. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\/|}
  2517. The input record separator, newline by default. May be multi-character.
  2518.  
  2519. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\,|}
  2520. The output field separator for the print operator.
  2521.  
  2522. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\"|}
  2523. The separator which joins elements of arrays interpolated in strings.
  2524.  
  2525. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\\|}
  2526. The output record separator for the print operator.
  2527.  
  2528. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\#|}
  2529. The output format for printed numbers. Deprecated.
  2530.  
  2531. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\*|}
  2532. Set to 1 to do multiline matching within strings.
  2533. Deprecated, see the \kwd{m} and \kwd{s} modifiers in section 
  2534. `Search and replace functions'.
  2535.  
  2536. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\?|}
  2537. The status returned by the last |`|\ldots|`| command, pipe \kwd{close} or
  2538. \kwd{system} operator. 
  2539.  
  2540. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\]|}
  2541. The Perl version number, e.g. |5.001|.
  2542.  
  2543. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\[|}
  2544. The index of the first element in an array, and of the first character
  2545. in a substring. Default is 0. Deprecated.
  2546.  
  2547. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\;|}
  2548. The subscript separator for multi-dimensional array emulation. Default
  2549. is |"\034"|. 
  2550.  
  2551. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\!|}
  2552. If used in a numeric context, yields the current value of |errno|. If
  2553. used in a string context, yields the corresponding error string. 
  2554.  
  2555. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\@|}
  2556. The Perl error message from the last \kwd{eval} or \kwd{do} <expr> command.
  2557.  
  2558. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\:|}
  2559. The set of characters after which a string may be broken to fill
  2560. continuation fields (starting with `|^|') in a format. 
  2561.  
  2562. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\0|}
  2563. The name of the file containing the Perl script being executed. May be
  2564. assigned to. 
  2565.  
  2566. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\$|}
  2567. The process number of the Perl interpreter running this script. Altered 
  2568. (in the
  2569. child process) by \kwd{fork}. 
  2570.  
  2571. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\<|}
  2572. The real user ID of this process.
  2573.  
  2574. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\>|}
  2575. The effective user ID of this process. 
  2576.  
  2577. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\(|}
  2578. The real group ID of this process.
  2579.  
  2580. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\)|}
  2581. The effective group ID of this process.
  2582.  
  2583. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\^A|}
  2584. The accumulator for \kwd{formline} and \kwd{write} operations.
  2585.  
  2586. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\^D|}
  2587. The debug flags as passed to Perl using `|-D|'.
  2588.  
  2589. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\^F|}
  2590. The highest system file descriptor, ordinarily 2.
  2591.  
  2592. \Xi{|\char`\${\char`\^}I|}
  2593. In-place edit extension as passed to Perl using `|-i|'.
  2594.  
  2595. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\^L|}
  2596. Formfeed character used in formats.
  2597.  
  2598. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\^P|}
  2599. Internal debugging flag.
  2600.  
  2601. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\^T|}
  2602. The time (as delivered by \kwd{time}) when the program started. This
  2603. value is used by the file test operators `|-M|', `|-A|' and `|-C|'.
  2604.  
  2605. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\^W|}
  2606. The value of the `|-w|' option as passed to Perl.
  2607.  
  2608. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\^X|}
  2609. The name by which this Perl interpreter was invoked.
  2610.  
  2611. \end{enum}
  2612.  
  2613. The following variables are context dependent and need not be
  2614. localized:
  2615.  
  2616. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  2617.  
  2618. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\%|}
  2619. The current page number of the currently selected output channel.
  2620.  
  2621. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\=|}
  2622. The page length of the current output channel. Default is 60 lines.
  2623.  
  2624. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\-|}
  2625. The number of lines remaining on the page.
  2626.  
  2627. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\~|}
  2628. The name of the current report format.
  2629.  
  2630. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\^|}
  2631. The name of the current top-of-page format.
  2632.  
  2633. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\||}
  2634. If set to nonzero, forces a flush after every write or print on the
  2635. output channel currently selected. Default is 0. 
  2636.  
  2637. \Xj{|\char`\$ARGV|}
  2638. The name of the current file when reading from |<|\,|>| .
  2639. \end{enum}
  2640.  
  2641. The following variables are always local to the current block:
  2642.  
  2643. \begin{enum}{1cm}
  2644.  
  2645. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\&|}
  2646. The string matched by the last successful pattern match.
  2647.  
  2648. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\`|}
  2649. The string preceding what was matched by the last successful match.
  2650.  
  2651. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\'|}
  2652. The string following what was matched by the last successful match. 
  2653.  
  2654. \Xi{|\char`\$\char`\+|}
  2655. The last bracket matched by the last search pattern.
  2656.  
  2657. \Xj{\$|1|\ldots\$|9|\ldots}
  2658. Contain the subpatterns from the corresponding sets of parentheses in
  2659. the last pattern successfully matched.
  2660. |$10|\ldots and up are only available if the
  2661. match contained that many subpatterns. 
  2662.  
  2663. \end{enum}
  2664.  
  2665.  
  2666.  
  2667.  
  2668. \section{Special arrays} 
  2669.  
  2670. \begin{enum}{1.5cm}
  2671.  
  2672. \Xi{|@ARGV|}
  2673. Contains the command line arguments for the script (not including the 
  2674. command name).
  2675.  
  2676. \Xi{|@EXPORT|}
  2677. Names the methods a package exports by default.
  2678.  
  2679. \Xi{|@EXPORT\_OK|}
  2680. Names the methods a package can export upon explicit request.
  2681.  
  2682. \Xi{|@INC|}
  2683. Contains the list of places to look for Perl scripts to be evaluated
  2684. by the \kwd{do} <filename> and \kwd{require} commands. 
  2685.  
  2686. \Xi{|@ISA|}
  2687. List of \textit{base classes} of a package.
  2688.  
  2689. \Xi{|@\char`\_|}
  2690. Parameter array for subroutines. Also used by \kwd{split} if not in
  2691. array context. 
  2692.  
  2693. \Xi{|\char`\%ENV|}
  2694. Contains the current environment.
  2695.  
  2696. \Xi{|\char`\%INC|}
  2697. List of files that have been included with \kwd{require} or \kwd{do}.
  2698.  
  2699. \Xi{|\char`\%OVERLOAD|}
  2700. Can be used to overload operators in a package.
  2701.  
  2702. \Xi{|\char`\%SIG|}Used to set signal handlers for various signals.
  2703.  
  2704. \end{enum}
  2705.  
  2706.  
  2707. \section{Environment variables} 
  2708.  
  2709. Perl uses the following environment variables.
  2710.  
  2711. \begin{enum}{1.5cm}
  2712.  
  2713. \Xi{|HOME|}
  2714. Used if \kwd{chdir} has no argument.
  2715.  
  2716. \Xi{|LOGDIR|}
  2717. Used if \kwd{chdir} has no argument and |HOME| is not set.
  2718.  
  2719. \Xi{|PATH|}
  2720. Used in executing subprocesses, and in finding the Perl script if `|-S|'
  2721. is used.
  2722.  
  2723. \Xi{|PERL5LIB|}
  2724. A colon-separated list of directories to look in for Perl library files
  2725. before looking in the standard library and the current directory.
  2726.  
  2727. \Xi{|PERL5DB|}
  2728. The command to get the debugger code.
  2729. \newline Defaults to \hbox{|BEGIN { require 'perl5db.pl' }|}. 
  2730.  
  2731. \Xi{|PERLLIB|}
  2732. Used instead of |PERL5LIB| if the latter is not defined.
  2733.  
  2734. \end{enum}
  2735.  
  2736.  
  2737. \section{The perl debugger} 
  2738.  
  2739. The Perl symbolic debugger is invoked with `|perl -d|'.
  2740.  
  2741. \begin{enum}{2.5cm}
  2742.  
  2743. \Xi{|h|}
  2744. Prints out a help message.
  2745.  
  2746. \Xi{|T|}
  2747. Prints a stack trace.
  2748.  
  2749. \Xi{|s|}
  2750. Single steps.
  2751.  
  2752. \Xi{|n|}
  2753. Single steps around subroutine call.
  2754.  
  2755. \Xi{\fbox{<ret>}}
  2756. Repeats last `|s|' or `|n|'.
  2757.  
  2758. \Xi{|r|}
  2759. Returns from the current subroutine.
  2760.  
  2761. \Xi{|c| [ <line> ]}
  2762. Continues (until <line>, or another breakpoint, or exit).
  2763.  
  2764. \Xi{|p| \oEXPR}
  2765. Prints <expr>.
  2766.  
  2767. \Xi{|l| [ <range> ]}
  2768. Lists a range of lines. <range> may be a number, start--end,
  2769. start+amount, or a subroutine name. If omitted, lists next window. 
  2770.  
  2771. \Xi{|-|}
  2772. Lists previous window.
  2773.  
  2774. \Xi{|w|}
  2775. Lists window around current line.
  2776.  
  2777. \Xi{|f| <file>}
  2778. Switches to <file> and start listing it.
  2779.  
  2780. \Xi{|l| <sub>}
  2781. Lists the named <sub>routine.
  2782.  
  2783. \Xi{|S|}
  2784. List the names of all subroutines.
  2785.  
  2786. \Xi{|/|<pattern>|/|}
  2787. Searches forwards for <pattern>.
  2788.  
  2789. \Xi{|?|<pattern>|?|}
  2790. Searches backwards for <pattern>.
  2791.  
  2792. \Xi{|b| [ <line> [ <condition> ]]}
  2793. Sets breakpoint at <line>, default: current line.
  2794.  
  2795. \Xi{|b| <subname> [ <condition> ]}
  2796. Sets breakpoint at the subroutine.
  2797.  
  2798. \Xi{|d| [ <line> ]}
  2799. Deletes breakpoint at the given line.
  2800.  
  2801. \Xi{|D|}
  2802. Deletes all breakpoints.
  2803.  
  2804. \Xi{|L|}
  2805. Lists lines that have breakpoints or actions.
  2806.  
  2807. \Xi{|a| <line command>}
  2808. Sets an action for line.
  2809.  
  2810. \Xi{|A|}
  2811. Deletes all line actions.
  2812.  
  2813. \Xi{|\char`\<| <command>}
  2814. Sets an action to be executed before every debugger prompt.
  2815.  
  2816. \Xi{|\char`\>| <command>}
  2817. Sets an action to be executed before every `|s|', `|c|' or `|n|' command.
  2818.  
  2819. \Xi{|V| [ <package> [ <vars> ] ]}
  2820. Lists all variables in a package. Default package is main.
  2821.  
  2822. \Xi{|X| [ <vars> ]}
  2823. Like `|V|', but assumes the current package.
  2824.  
  2825. \Xi{|!| [ [-]<number> ]}
  2826. Re-executes a command. Default is the previous command.
  2827.  
  2828. \Xi{|H| [ -<number> ]}
  2829. Displays the last -<number> commands of more than one letter.
  2830.  
  2831. \Xi{|t|}
  2832. Toggles trace mode.
  2833.  
  2834. \Xi{|=|< > [ <alias value> ]}
  2835. Sets alias, or lists current aliases.
  2836.  
  2837. \Xi{|q|}
  2838. Quits. You may also use your \fbox{<eof>} character.
  2839.  
  2840. \Xi{<command>}
  2841. Executes <command> as a Perl statement.
  2842.  
  2843. \end{enum}
  2844.  
  2845. \newpage
  2846.  
  2847. \unnumbered{Notes}
  2848. \vfill
  2849. \makebox[\textwidth]{Perl Reference Guide Revision \refrev \hfill
  2850. \copyright 1989,1995 Johan Vromans}
  2851.  
  2852.  
  2853. \end{document}
  2854.  
  2855. refbase.cls
  2856. %%
  2857. %% RCS Status      : $Id: refbase.cls,v 5.8 1995/11/21 13:03:37 jv Exp $
  2858. %% Author          : Johan Vromans
  2859. %% Created On      : Wed Jul  3 13:58:33 1991
  2860. %% Last Modified By: Johan Vromans
  2861. %% Last Modified On: Tue Nov 21 14:02:03 1995
  2862. %% Update Count    : 53
  2863. %% Status          : OK
  2864. %%
  2865. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Copyright %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  2866. %
  2867. % The Perl Reference Guide and its associated files are 
  2868. %
  2869. % Copyright 1989, 1995 Johan Vromans.
  2870. %
  2871. % They may be used and reproduced under the terms of the
  2872. % GNU Public Licence. A copy of this licence should have 
  2873. % been included in your Perl source kit.
  2874. %
  2875. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Usage %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  2876. %
  2877. % Usage:
  2878. %
  2879. %    \documentclass[epsf]{refbase}
  2880. %
  2881. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Start of code %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  2882. %
  2883. \NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}[1994/12/01]
  2884. \ProvidesClass{refbase}
  2885.               [1995/11/20 $Revision: 5.8 $
  2886.  Document class for Perl Reference Guide]
  2887. \def\perlrev{5.001}
  2888. \def\PRGfmtname{Perl Reference Guide}
  2889. \def\PRGfmtversion{$Revision: 5.8 $}
  2890. \everyjob{\typeout{Document class \PRGfmtname\space\PRGfmtversion}}
  2891. \everyjob{\typeout{for Perl \perlrev.}}
  2892. \def\refrev{\perlrev.\revision}
  2893. \everyjob{\typeout{Reference Guide revision is \refrev.}}
  2894. %
  2895. % epsf.sty must be loaded before psfonts.
  2896. \DeclareOption{epsf}
  2897.    {\input{epsf.sty}}        % dvips
  2898. %\ExecuteOptions{...}
  2899. \ProcessOptions
  2900. %
  2901. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Other Styles %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  2902. %
  2903. \LoadClass[11pt,twoside]{article}    % standard LaTeX
  2904. %
  2905. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Selection of Fonts %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  2906. %
  2907. \let\makeuppage=\relax
  2908. \def\makeupspace#1{\relax}
  2909. %
  2910. \typeout{Configuring for PostScript fonts}
  2911. \RequirePackage{times}
  2912. \def\largesl{%
  2913.     \sffamily\bfseries\itshape\fontsize{12}{14}\selectfont}
  2914. \def\LARGEsl{%
  2915.     \sffamily\bfseries\itshape\fontsize{17}{22}\selectfont}
  2916. \def\smallsf{%
  2917.     \sffamily\mdseries\upshape\fontsize{10}{10}\selectfont}
  2918. \def\smallbf{%
  2919.     \sffamily\bfseries\upshape\fontsize{10}{10}\selectfont}
  2920.  
  2921. % In the final version, some explicit \newpages and space are needed. 
  2922. \let\makeuppage=\newpage
  2923. \def\makeupspace#1{\vspace{#1}}
  2924. %
  2925. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Private Settings %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  2926. %
  2927. \topmargin -1.55cm        % for dvips 5.47
  2928. \headheight 0.7cm
  2929. \headsep 0.4cm
  2930. \footskip 1.0cm
  2931. \textheight 25.4cm         % for dvips 5.47
  2932. \textwidth 12.8cm
  2933. \oddsidemargin 3cm        % for dvips 5.47
  2934. \evensidemargin 3cm         % for dvips 5.47
  2935. \frenchspacing
  2936. %
  2937. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Headers/Footers %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  2938. %
  2939. \newlength{\tw}\setlength{\tw}{\textwidth}\addtolength{\tw}{-2pt}
  2940. \def\@refhead#1{%
  2941.     \vbox{\makebox[\textwidth][#1]{\largesl{Perl Reference Guide}}
  2942.       \rule[-0.1cm]{\textwidth}{0.5pt}}}
  2943. \def\@reffoot#1{%
  2944.     \vbox{\rule[-0.6cm]{\textwidth}{0.5pt}
  2945.       \makebox[\textwidth][#1]{\largesl\thepage}}}
  2946. %
  2947. \def\@oddhead{\@refhead{r}}
  2948. \def\@evenhead{\@refhead{l}}
  2949. \def\@oddfoot{\@reffoot{r}}
  2950. \def\@evenfoot{\@reffoot{l}}
  2951. %
  2952. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Paragraphs %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  2953. %
  2954. \parindent 0pt            % align to left margin
  2955. \setlength{\baselineskip}{12pt}    % inter-line spacing
  2956. \parskip 2pt plus 1pt        % half-line spacing between paragraphs
  2957. \setlength{\smallskipamount}{\parskip} % half-line
  2958. \setlength{\medskipamount}{2\parskip} % single line
  2959. \setlength{\bigskipamount}{3\parskip} % one-and-a-half line
  2960. \setlength{\topsep}{0pt plus 1pt} % for lists and tabbing
  2961. \setlength{\partopsep}{0pt plus 1pt} % for lists and tabbing
  2962. \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt plus 1pt} % for lists and tabbing
  2963. %
  2964. \raggedright            % no adjustment
  2965. \let\maybenewpage\relax
  2966. %
  2967. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Sections and such %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  2968. %
  2969. % Note: zero is a 'hot' value. approximate with 0.1pt
  2970. \def\pr@section{
  2971.     \@startsection {section}{1}{0.1pt}
  2972.                {8mm}{0.1pt}{\normalsize}}
  2973. %
  2974. \renewcommand{\section}[1]{
  2975.     \maybenewpage
  2976.     \addtocounter{section}{1}
  2977.     \pr@section*{\vbox{{\LARGEsl \thesection. #1}
  2978.               {\rule[0.3cm]{\textwidth}{0.25pt}}}}
  2979.     \typeout{\thesection. #1}
  2980. }
  2981. \newcommand{\unnumbered}[1]{
  2982.     \maybenewpage
  2983.     \pr@section*{{\vbox{{\LARGEsl {#1}}
  2984.                  {\rule[0.3cm]{\textwidth}{0.25pt}}}}}}
  2985. %
  2986. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Macros %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  2987. %
  2988. \chardef\other=12
  2989. %
  2990. % |lit| is used to represent literal things.
  2991. % Representation is a fixed font.
  2992. {\catcode`\|=\active
  2993. \gdef|{\leavevmode%
  2994. \begingroup\catcode`\\=\other\catcode`\{=\other%
  2995. \catcode`\}=\other\catcode`\$=\other\catcode`\&=\other%
  2996. \catcode`\#=\other\catcode`\~=\other%
  2997. \catcode`\_=\other\catcode`\^=\other\catcode`\<=\other%
  2998. \catcode`\[=\other%
  2999. \obeyspaces\obeylines%
  3000. \let|=\endgroup\escapechar`\|\catcode`\%=\other\tt}}
  3001. \catcode`\|=\active
  3002.  
  3003. % <var> is used for variable things. 
  3004. % Representation is 10pt sans-serif uppercased.
  3005. \catcode`\<=\active
  3006. \def<{\leavevmode\italicizerest}
  3007. \def\italicizerest#1>{{\smallsf\uppercase{#1}}}
  3008.  
  3009. % LaTeX active and 'hot' characters
  3010. \def\|{\leavevmode\hbox{\tt\char`\|}}
  3011. \def\<{\leavevmode\hbox{\tt\char`\<}}
  3012. \def\>{\leavevmode\hbox{\tt\char`\>}}
  3013. \def\^{\leavevmode\hbox{\tt\char`\^}}
  3014. \def\${\leavevmode\hbox{\tt\char`\$}}
  3015. \def\%{\leavevmode\hbox{\tt\char`\%}}
  3016. \def\&{\leavevmode\hbox{\tt\char`\&}}
  3017. \def\{{\leavevmode\hbox{\tt\char`\{}}
  3018. \def\}{\leavevmode\hbox{\tt\char`\}}}
  3019. \def\_{\leavevmode\hbox{\tt\char`\_}}
  3020.  
  3021. % Keywords
  3022. % Representation is 10pt sans-serif bold.
  3023. \def\kwd#1{{\smallbf #1}}
  3024.  
  3025. % Definitions
  3026. \def\oEXPR{<expr>\dag}
  3027. \def\true{{\bf true}}
  3028. \def\false{{\bf false}}
  3029.  
  3030. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Enumerations %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  3031. %
  3032. % Usage:
  3033. %
  3034. %  \begin{enum}{width}
  3035. %  \Xi{Blah} blah blah...
  3036. %  \Xi{Blah} bla ...
  3037. %  ...
  3038. %  \end{enum}
  3039. %
  3040. \newlength{\@xli}
  3041. \newlength{\@xlj}
  3042. \def\enum#1{
  3043.     \list{}{
  3044.       \setlength{\topsep}{0pt plus 1pt}
  3045.       \setlength{\partopsep}{0pt plus 1pt}
  3046.       \setlength{\itemsep}{0pt plus 1pt}
  3047.       \setlength{\parsep}{\parskip}
  3048.       \setlength{\itemindent}{0pt}
  3049.       \setlength{\labelsep}{5pt}
  3050.       \setlength{\labelwidth}{#1}
  3051.       \setlength{\leftmargin}{\labelwidth}
  3052.       \addtolength{\labelwidth}{-\labelsep}
  3053.       \setlength{\@xli}{\labelwidth}
  3054.       \def\makelabel##1{##1\hss}}}
  3055.  
  3056. % List element that overflows if it is too wide
  3057. \def\Xi#1{
  3058.     \settowidth{\@xlj}{#1}
  3059.     \item[{#1}]
  3060.     \ifnum\@xlj>\@xli
  3061.            \strut\newline
  3062.     \fi}
  3063. % List element that does not overflow if it is too wide
  3064. \def\Xj#1{\item[{#1}]}
  3065.  
  3066. \let\endenum=\endlist
  3067.  
  3068. %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Emacs support %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  3069. %
  3070. % Local Variables:
  3071. % eval:(auto-fill-mode 0)
  3072. % eval:(headers)
  3073. % eval:(setq comment-start "% ")
  3074. % eval:(setq comment-start-skip "% +")
  3075. % End:
  3076.  
  3077.  
  3078. \item Literals
  3079. \item Variables
  3080. \item Operators
  3081. \item Statements
  3082. \item Subroutines, packages and modules
  3083. \item Object oriented programming
  3084. \item Arithmetic functions
  3085. \item Conversion functions
  3086. \item Structure conversion
  3087. \item String functions
  3088. \item Array and list functions
  3089. \item Regular expressions
  3090. \item Search and replace functions
  3091. \item File test operators
  3092. \item File operations
  3093. \item Input / Output
  3094. \item Formats
  3095. \item Directory reading routines
  3096. \item System interaction
  3097. \item Networking
  3098. \item SystemV IPC
  3099. \item Miscellaneous
  3100. \item Information from system files
  3101. \item Special variables
  3102. \item Special arrays
  3103. \item Environment variables
  3104. \item The perl debugger
  3105.  
  3106.  
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  3282. (meaning.)p 354 338 112 2 v 354 393 2 56 v 368 381 a
  3283. Ff(RET)p 464 393 V 354 395 112 2 v 140 w Fj(denotes)f(pressing)g(a)h
  3284. (keyboard)g(key)m(.)354 446 y([.)t(.)t(.)t(])162 b(denotes)10
  3285. b(an)h(optional)e(part.)355 615 y Fl(1.)19 b(Command)h(line)f(options)p
  3286. 355 636 1512 2 v 354 737 a Fi(-a)64 b Fj(turns)11 b(on)g(autosplit)d
  3287. (mode)k(when)f(used)f(with)h Fi(-n)g Fj(or)h Fi(-p)p
  3288. Fj(.)g(Splits)e(to)h Fi(@F)p Fj(.)354 802 y Fi(-c)64
  3289. b Fj(checks)11 b(syntax)g(but)f(does)h(not)f(execute.)354
  3290. 867 y Fi(-d)64 b Fj(runs)11 b(the)g(script)f(under)h(the)g(debugger)n
  3291. (.)f(Use)i(`)p Fi(-de)28 b(0)p Fj(')12 b(to)e(start)h(the)g(debugger)
  3292. 472 924 y(without)f(a)h(script.)354 989 y Fi(-D)h Ff(NUMBER)472
  3293. 1045 y Fj(sets)f(debugging)e(\257ags.)354 1110 y Fi(-e)j
  3294. Ff(COMMANDLINE)472 1167 y Fj(to)f(enter)g(a)h(single)e(line)g(of)i
  3295. (script.)e(Multiple)g Fi(-e)i Fj(commands)g(may)f(be)g(given)g(to)g
  3296. (build)472 1223 y(up)g(a)h(multi-line)d(script.)354 1288
  3297. y Fi(-F)j Ff(REGEXP)472 1345 y Fj(speci\256es)f(a)h(regular)f
  3298. (expression)f(to)g(split)g(on)h(if)g Fi(-a)h Fj(is)f(in)f(ef)o(fect.)
  3299. 354 1410 y Fi(-i)i Ff(EXT)472 1466 y Fj(\256les)g(processed)e(by)h(the)
  3300. g Fi(<)d(>)j Fj(construct)f(are)i(to)f(be)g(edited)g(in-place.)354
  3301. 1531 y Fi(-I)h Ff(DIR)472 1587 y Fj(with)f Fi(-P)p Fj(:)g(tells)f(the)h
  3302. (C)h(preprocessor)e(where)i(to)f(look)f(for)h(include)f(\256les.)i(The)
  3303. 472 1644 y(directory)f(is)g(prepended)f(to)h Fi(@INC)p
  3304. Fj(.)354 1709 y Fi(-l)h Fj([)g Ff(OCTNUM)f Fj(])472 1765
  3305. y(enables)g(automatic)g(line)f(ending)g(processing,)h(e.g.)h
  3306. Fi(-l013)p Fj(.)354 1830 y Fi(-n)64 b Fj(assumes)11 b(an)h(input)d
  3307. (loop)i(around)f(the)h(script.)g(Lines)f(are)i(not)e(printed.)354
  3308. 1895 y Fi(-p)64 b Fj(assumes)11 b(an)h(input)d(loop)i(around)f(the)h
  3309. (script.)g(Lines)f(are)i(printed.)354 1960 y Fi(-P)64
  3310. b Fj(runs)11 b(the)g(C)h(preprocessor)e(on)h(the)g(script)f(before)i
  3311. (compilation)d(by)i(Perl.)354 2025 y Fi(-s)64 b Fj(interprets)10
  3312. b(`)p Fi(-xxx)p Fj(')j(on)e(the)g(command)h(line)e(as)h(switches)f(and)
  3313. h(sets)g(the)472 2082 y(corresponding)f(variables)g Fi($)q(xxx)i
  3314. Fj(in)e(the)h(script.)354 2147 y Fi(-S)64 b Fj(uses)11
  3315. b(the)g Fi(PATH)h Fj(environment)f(variable)f(to)h(search)h(for)f(the)g
  3316. (script.)354 2212 y Fi(-T)64 b Fj(forces)12 b Fc(taint)e
  3317. Fj(checking.)354 2277 y Fi(-u)64 b Fj(dumps)11 b(core)h(after)f
  3318. (compiling)f(the)h(script.)g(T)m(o)f(be)i(used)e(with)g(the)h
  3319. Fc(undump)f Fj(program)472 2333 y(\(where)i(available\).)354
  3320. 2398 y Fi(-U)64 b Fj(allows)10 b(Perl)i(to)f(perform)h(unsafe)f
  3321. (operations.)354 2463 y Fi(-v)64 b Fj(prints)10 b(the)h(version)f(and)h
  3322. (patchlevel)g(of)g(your)g(Perl)g(executable.)354 2529
  3323. y Fi(-w)64 b Fj(prints)10 b(warnings)g(about)h(possible)e(spelling)g
  3324. (errors)j(and)f(other)g(error)o(-prone)472 2585 y(constructs)f(in)h
  3325. (the)g(script.)354 2650 y Fi(-x)h Fj([)g Ff(DIR)f Fj(])472
  3326. 2706 y(extracts)g(Perl)h(program)f(from)h(the)f(input)f(stream.)h(If)h
  3327. Ff(DIR)f Fj(is)g(speci\256ed,)g(switches)f(to)472 2763
  3328. y(this)g(directory)h(before)g(running)f(the)h(program.)354
  3329. 2828 y Fi(-0)h Ff(V)m(AL)472 2884 y Fj(\(that')n(s)e(the)h(number)h
  3330. (zero\))f(designates)f(an)h(initial)f(value)h(for)g(the)g(record)g
  3331. (separator)472 2941 y Fi($)q(/)p Fj(.)h(See)g(also)e
  3332. Fi(-l)p Fj(.)p 354 3018 1512 3 v 354 3065 a Fg(2)p eop
  3333. %%Page: 3 4
  3334. 3 3 bop 1364 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  3335. 354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -2 a Fl(2.)19 b(Literals)p 355 19
  3336. 1512 2 v 354 121 a Fj(Numeric:)11 b Fi(123)56 b(1_234)g(123.4)g(5E-10)f
  3337. (0xff)13 b Fj(\(hex\))54 b Fi(0377)13 b Fj(\(octal\).)354
  3338. 186 y(String:)d Fi('abc')j Fj(literal)d(string,)g(no)g(variable)h
  3339. (interpolation)d(nor)j(escape)g(characters,)h(except)591
  3340. 243 y Fi(\\')f Fj(and)g Fi(\\\\)p Fj(.)i(Also:)d Fi(q/abc/)p
  3341. Fj(.)j(Almost)d(any)h(pair)g(of)g(delimiters)g(can)g(be)g(used)591
  3342. 299 y(instead)f(of)h Fi(/)p Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t Fi(/)p Fj(.)472
  3343. 365 y Fi("abc")i Fj(V)-5 b(ariables)11 b(are)h(interpolated)d(and)i
  3344. (escape)h(sequences)e(are)i(processed.)591 421 y(Also:)d
  3345. Fi(qq/abc/)p Fj(.)591 478 y(Escape)i(sequences:)f Fi(\\t)i
  3346. Fj(\(T)m(ab\),)f Fi(\\n)h Fj(\(Newline\),)f Fi(\\r)h
  3347. Fj(\(Return\),)g Fi(\\f)591 534 y Fj(\(Formfeed\),)g
  3348. Fi(\\b)g Fj(\(Backspace\),)h Fi(\\a)e Fj(\(Alarm\),)i
  3349. Fi(\\e)e Fj(\(Escape\),)h Fi(\\033)p Fj(\(octal\),)591
  3350. 591 y Fi(\\x1b)p Fj(\(hex\),)g Fi(\\c[)g Fj(\(control\).)591
  3351. 647 y Fi(\\l)f Fj(and)g Fi(\\u)h Fj(lowcase/upcase)e(the)h(following)e
  3352. (character;)591 704 y Fi(\\L)i Fj(and)g Fi(\\U)h Fj(lowcase/upcase)e
  3353. (until)g(a)i Fi(\\E)g Fj(is)e(encountered.)591 760 y
  3354. Fi(\\Q)h Fj(quote)g(regexp)g(characters)g(until)f(a)i
  3355. Fi(\\E)g Fj(is)e(encountered.)472 826 y Fi(`)p Ff(COMMAND)p
  3356. Fi(`)h Fj(evaluates)g(to)g(the)g(output)e(of)i(the)g
  3357. Ff(COMMAND)p Fj(.)591 882 y(Also:)e Fi(qx/)p Ff(COMMAND)p
  3358. Fi(/)p Fj(.)354 948 y(Array:)i Fi(\(1,2,3\))p Fj(.)j
  3359. Fi(\(\))e Fj(is)f(an)g(empty)g(array)m(.)472 1004 y Fi(\(1..4\))i
  3360. Fj(is)e(the)g(same)h(as)f Fi(\(1,2,3,4\))p Fj(.)j(Likewise)c
  3361. Fi(\('abc'..'ade')q(\))p Fj(.)472 1061 y Fi(qw/foo)29
  3362. b(bar)13 b Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t Fi(/)f Fj(is)e(the)h(same)h(as)f
  3363. Fi(\('foo','bar',)q Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t Fi(\))p Fj(.)354 1126
  3364. y(Array)h(reference:)g Fi([1,2,3])p Fj(.)354 1192 y(Hash)f
  3365. (\(associative)f(array\):)i Fi(\()p Ff(KEY1)p Fi(,)27
  3366. b Ff(V)m(AL1)p Fi(,)g Ff(KEY2)p Fi(,)f Ff(V)m(AL2)p Fi(,)h
  3367. Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t Fi(\))p Fj(.)472 1248 y(Also:)10 b Fi(\()p
  3368. Ff(KEY1)27 b Fi(=>)h Ff(V)m(AL1)p Fi(,)f Ff(KEY2)f Fi(=>)i
  3369. Ff(V)m(AL2)p Fi(,)f Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t Fi(\))p Fj(.)354 1314
  3370. y(Hash)11 b(reference:)h Fi({)p Ff(KEY1)p Fi(,)27 b Ff(V)m(AL1)p
  3371. Fi(,)g Ff(KEY2)p Fi(,)g Ff(V)m(AL2)p Fi(,)g Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t
  3372. Fi(})p Fj(.)354 1380 y(Code)12 b(reference:)g Fd(sub)g
  3373. Fi({)f Ff(ST)m(A)m(TEMENTS)g Fi(})354 1445 y Fj(Filehandles:)f
  3374. Fi(STDIN)p Fj(,)j Fi(STDOUT)p Fj(,)g Fi(STDERR)p Fj(,)h
  3375. Fi(ARGV)p Fj(,)f Fi(DATA)p Fj(.)472 1502 y(User)o(-speci\256ed:)e
  3376. Ff(HANDLE)p Fj(,)g Fi($)p Ff(V)m(AR)p Fj(.)354 1567 y(Globs:)f
  3377. Fi(<)p Ff(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p Fi(>)h Fj(evaluates)g(to)g(all)f(\256lenames)
  3378. i(according)f(to)f(the)h(pattern.)472 1624 y(Use)g(`)p
  3379. Fi(<${)p Ff(V)m(AR)p Fi(}>)p Fj(')i(or)e(`)p Fd(glob)h
  3380. Fi($)p Ff(V)m(AR)p Fj(')f(to)g(glob)f(from)i(a)f(variable.)354
  3381. 1689 y(Here-Is:)h Fi(<<)p Ff(IDENTIFIER)56 b Fc(See)11
  3382. b(the)g(Perl)g(manual)e(for)i(details.)354 1755 y Fj(Special)h(tokens:)
  3383. 472 1811 y Fi(_)c(_)q(FILE_)h(_)p Fj(:)i(\256lename;)g
  3384. Fi(_)d(_LINE_)h(_)q Fj(:)i(line)f(number)n(.)472 1868
  3385. y Fi(_)e(_)q(END_)g(_)q Fj(:)j(end)g(of)g(program;)g(remaining)f(lines)
  3386. h(can)g(be)g(read)h(using)e Fi(<)p Ff(DA)m(T)m(A)p Fi(>)p
  3387. Fj(.)355 2037 y Fl(3.)19 b(V)l(ariab)o(les)p 355 2058
  3388. V 354 2159 a Fi($)q(var)269 b Fj(a)12 b(simple)e(scalar)i(variable.)354
  3389. 2226 y Fi($)q(var[28])161 b Fj(29th)10 b(element)i(of)f(array)h
  3390. Fi(@var)p Fj(.)354 2292 y Fi($)q(p)27 b(=)h(\\@var)106
  3391. b Fj(now)11 b Fi($p)h Fj(is)f(a)g(reference)h(to)f(array)h
  3392. Fi(@var)p Fj(.)354 2359 y Fi($)q($p[28])188 b Fj(29th)10
  3393. b(element)i(of)f(array)h(referenced)g(by)f Fi($p)p Fj(.)h(Also:)e
  3394. Fi($p->[28])p Fj(.)354 2425 y Fi($)q(var[-1])161 b Fj(last)11
  3395. b(element)g(of)g(array)h Fi(@var)p Fj(.)354 2492 y Fi($)q(var[$)q(i][$)
  3396. q(j])51 b($j)p Fj(-th)12 b(element)f(of)g Fi($i)p Fj(-th)h(element)f
  3397. (of)g(array)h Fi(@var)p Fj(.)354 2558 y Fi($)q(var{)q('Feb'})79
  3398. b Fj(a)12 b(value)f(from)g(`hash')g(\(associative)f(array\))i
  3399. Fi(\045var)p Fj(.)354 2625 y Fi($)q(p)27 b(=)h(\\\045var)106
  3400. b Fj(now)11 b Fi($p)h Fj(is)f(a)g(reference)h(to)f(hash)g
  3401. Fi(\045var)p Fj(.)354 2691 y Fi($)q($p{'Feb'})107 b Fj(a)12
  3402. b(value)f(from)g(hash)g(referenced)h(by)f Fi($p)p Fj(.)h(Also:)e
  3403. Fi($p->{'Feb'})p Fj(.)354 2757 y Fi($)q(#var)242 b Fj(last)11
  3404. b(index)f(of)h(array)h Fi(@var)p Fj(.)354 2824 y Fi(@var)270
  3405. b Fj(the)11 b(entire)g(array;)732 2880 y(in)g(a)h(scalar)f(context:)f
  3406. (the)h(number)g(of)g(elements)g(in)g(the)g(array)m(.)354
  3407. 2947 y Fi(@var[3,4,5])81 b Fj(a)12 b(slice)f(of)g(array)g
  3408. Fi(@var)p Fj(.)p 354 3018 1512 3 v 1838 3065 a Fg(3)p
  3409. eop
  3410. %%Page: 4 5
  3411. 4 4 bop 354 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  3412. 354 -89 1512 3 v 354 -7 a Fi(@var{)r('a','b'})25 b Fj(a)12
  3413. b(slice)f(of)g Fi(\045var)p Fj(;)h(same)g(as)f Fi(\($var{'a'},$va)q
  3414. (r{'b)q('}\))q Fj(.)354 60 y Fi(\045)q(var)269 b Fj(the)11
  3415. b(entire)g(hash;)732 117 y(in)g(a)h(scalar)f(context:)f
  3416. Fk(true)i Fj(if)f(the)g(hash)g(has)g(elements.)354 185
  3417. y Fi($)q(var{)q('a',1,...})23 b Fj(emulates)11 b(a)h(multi-dimensional)
  3418. c(array)m(.)354 253 y Fi(\('a'..'z'\)[4)q(,7,9)q(])24
  3419. b Fj(a)11 b(slice)g(of)g(an)g(array)h(literal.)354 320
  3420. y Ff(PKG)p Fi(::)p Ff(V)m(AR)153 b Fj(a)12 b(variable)f(from)g(a)h
  3421. (package,)g(e.g.)g Fi($pkg::var)p Fj(,)i Fi(@pkg::ary)p
  3422. Fj(.)354 388 y Fi(\\)p Ff(OBJECT)187 b Fj(reference)13
  3423. b(to)d(an)i(object,)f(e.g.)h Fi(\\$var)p Fj(,)h Fi(\\\045hash)p
  3424. Fj(.)354 456 y Fi(*)p Ff(NAME)230 b Fj(refers)12 b(to)f(all)g(objects)f
  3425. (represented)h(by)f Ff(NAME)p Fj(.)732 513 y(`)p Fi(*n1)j(=)e(*n2)p
  3426. Fj(')i(makes)e Fi(n1)h Fj(an)f(alias)g(for)g Fi(n2)p
  3427. Fj(.)732 569 y(`)p Fi(*n1)i(=)e(\\$n2)p Fj(')i(makes)e
  3428. Fi($n1)i Fj(an)e(alias)f(for)i Fi($n2)p Fj(.)354 638
  3429. y(Y)-5 b(ou)11 b(can)h(always)e(use)h(a)h Fi({)g Ff(BLOCK)f
  3430. Fi(})g Fj(returning)f(the)h(right)f(type)h(of)g(reference)i(instead)d
  3431. (of)354 695 y(the)h(variable)g(identi\256er)n(,)g(e.g.)h
  3432. Fi(${)p Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t Fi(})p Fj(,)h Fi(&{)p Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t
  3433. Fi(})p Fj(.)g Fi($$p)f Fj(is)f(just)f(a)h(shorthand)f(for)h
  3434. Fi(${$p})p Fj(.)355 865 y Fl(4.)19 b(Operator)o(s)p 355
  3435. 886 1512 2 v 354 989 a Fi(**)165 b Fj(Exponentiation)o(.)354
  3436. 1045 y Fi(+)28 b(-)f(*)h(/)g Fj(Addition,)9 b(subtraction,)h
  3437. (multiplication,)e(division.)354 1101 y Fi(\045)192 b
  3438. Fj(Modulo)10 b(division.)354 1158 y Fi(&)28 b(|)f(\303)83
  3439. b Fj(Bitwise)10 b(AND,)h(bitwise)f(OR,)i(bitwise)d(exclusive)h(OR.)354
  3440. 1214 y Fi(>>)55 b(<<)h Fj(Bitwise)10 b(shift)g(right,)h(bitwise)e
  3441. (shift)h(left.)354 1271 y Fi(|)q(|)54 b(&)q(&)h Fj(Logical)10
  3442. b(OR,)i(logical)e(AND.)354 1327 y Fi(.)192 b Fj(Concatenation)9
  3443. b(of)j(two)e(strings.)354 1384 y Fd(x)196 b Fj(Returns)10
  3444. b(a)i(string)e(or)h(array)h(consisting)c(of)k(the)f(left)g(operand)f
  3445. (\(an)i(array)f(or)573 1440 y(a)g(string\))f(repeated)h(the)g(number)h
  3446. (of)f(times)g(speci\256ed)g(by)f(the)h(right)g(operand.)354
  3447. 1510 y(All)g(of)g(the)g(above)g(operators)f(have)i(an)f(associated)f
  3448. (assignment)g(operator)n(,)h(e.g.)h(`)p Fi(.=)p Fj('.)354
  3449. 1579 y Fi(->)165 b Fj(Dereference)12 b(operator)n(.)354
  3450. 1635 y Fi(\\)192 b Fj(Reference)12 b(\(unary\).)354 1692
  3451. y Fi(!)82 b(\304)h Fj(Negation)10 b(\(unary\),)h(bitwise)f(complement)h
  3452. (\(unary\).)354 1748 y Fi(++)55 b(--)h Fj(Auto-increment)10
  3453. b(\(magical)h(on)g(strings\),)f(auto-decrement.)354 1805
  3454. y Fi(=)e(=)47 b(!=)56 b Fj(Numeric)11 b(equality)m(,)f(inequality)m(.)
  3455. 354 1861 y Fd(eq)61 b(ne)h Fj(String)10 b(equality)m(,)g(inequality)m
  3456. (.)354 1918 y Fi(<)82 b(>)h Fj(Numeric)11 b(less)f(than,)h(greater)h
  3457. (than.)354 1974 y Fd(lt)83 b(gt)71 b Fj(String)10 b(less)h(than,)g
  3458. (greater)g(than.)354 2031 y Fi(<=)55 b(>=)h Fj(Numeric)11
  3459. b(less)f(\(greater\))i(than)f(or)g(equal)g(to.)354 2087
  3460. y Fd(le)74 b(ge)62 b Fj(String)10 b(less)h(\(greater\))g(than)g(or)g
  3461. (equal.)354 2144 y Fi(<=>)28 b Fd(cmp)d Fj(Numeric)11
  3462. b(\(string\))f(compare.)i(Returns)f(-1,)h(0)f(or)g(1.)354
  3463. 2200 y Fi(=\304)55 b(!\304)h Fj(Search)12 b(pattern,)f(substituti)o
  3464. (on,)d(or)k(translation)d(\(negated\).)354 2256 y Fi(..)165
  3465. b Fj(Range)11 b(\(scalar)h(context\))e(or)h(enumeration)g(\(array)h
  3466. (context\).)354 2313 y Fi(?)28 b(:)137 b Fj(Alternation)9
  3467. b(\(if-then-else\))i(operator)n(.)354 2369 y Fi(,)192
  3468. b Fj(Comma)12 b(operator)n(,)f(also)g(list)f(element)h(separator)n(.)g
  3469. (Y)-5 b(ou)11 b(can)g(also)g(use)g Fi(=>)p Fj(.)354 2426
  3470. y Fd(not)155 b Fj(low-precedence)11 b(negation.)354 2482
  3471. y Fd(and)146 b Fj(low-precedence)11 b(and.)354 2539 y
  3472. Fd(or)68 b(xor)46 b Fj(low-precedence)11 b(or)n(,)g(xor)n(.)354
  3473. 2608 y(A)h(`list')e(is)g(a)i(list)e(of)h(expressions,)f(variables)g(or)
  3474. i(lists.)e(An)h(array)g(variable)g(or)g(an)h(array)f(slice)354
  3475. 2665 y(may)h(always)f(be)g(used)g(instead)f(of)h(a)g(list.)354
  3476. 2721 y(All)g(Perl)g(functions)f(can)h(be)h(used)e(as)i(list)e
  3477. (operators,)g(in)h(which)g(case)g(they)g(have)g(very)g(high)354
  3478. 2777 y(or)h(very)f(low)f(precedence,)i(depending)e(on)h(whether)g(you)f
  3479. (look)g(at)i(the)f(left)f(side)h(of)g(the)354 2834 y(operator)g(or)g
  3480. (at)h(the)e(right)h(side)f(of)i(it.)f(Only)f(the)h(operators)f
  3481. Fd(not)p Fj(,)i Fd(and)p Fj(,)h Fd(or)f Fj(and)f Fd(xor)p
  3482. Fj(,)h(have)354 2890 y(lower)f(precedence.)354 2947 y(Parentheses)g
  3483. (can)h(be)f(added)g(around)f(the)h(parameter)h(lists)e(to)h(avoid)f
  3484. (precedence)i(problems.)p 354 3018 1512 3 v 354 3065
  3485. a Fg(4)p eop
  3486. %%Page: 5 6
  3487. 5 5 bop 1364 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  3488. 354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -1 a Fl(5.)19 b(Statements)p 355
  3489. 20 1512 2 v 354 124 a Fj(Every)11 b(statement)g(is)g(an)g(expression,)f
  3490. (optionally)f(followed)h(by)g(a)i(modi\256er)n(,)g(and)354
  3491. 180 y(terminated)f(with)f(a)i(semicolon.)e(The)h(semicolon)g(may)g(be)h
  3492. (omitted)e(if)h(the)g(statement)f(is)h(the)354 236 y(\256nal)h(one)f
  3493. (in)f(a)i Ff(BLOCK)p Fj(.)354 304 y(Execution)e(of)h(expressions)f(can)
  3494. h(depend)g(on)g(other)f(expressions)g(using)g(one)h(of)g(the)354
  3495. 360 y(modi\256ers)g Fd(if)p Fj(,)h Fd(unless)p Fj(,)g
  3496. Fd(while)f Fj(or)g Fd(until)p Fj(,)h(e.g.:)400 428 y
  3497. Ff(EXPR1)e Fd(if)h Ff(EXPR2)f Fi(;)400 484 y Ff(EXPR1)g
  3498. Fd(until)h Ff(EXPR2)g Fi(;)354 552 y Fj(Also,)g(by)g(using)f(one)h(of)g
  3499. (the)g(logical)f(operators)g Fi(|)q(|)p Fj(,)i Fi(&&)g
  3500. Fj(or)f Fi(?:)p Fj(,)h(e.g.:)400 619 y Ff(EXPR1)e Fi(|)q(|)h
  3501. Ff(EXPR2)g Fi(;)400 676 y Ff(EXPR1)f Fi(?)i Ff(EXPR2)e
  3502. Fi(:)i Ff(EXPR3)e Fi(;)354 743 y Fj(Statements)h(can)h(be)f(combined)f
  3503. (to)h(form)h(a)f Ff(BLOCK)g Fj(when)g(enclosed)f(in)h
  3504. Fi({})p Fj(.)h Ff(BLOCK)p Fj(s)f(may)354 800 y(be)h(used)e(to)h
  3505. (control)f(\257ow:)400 867 y Fd(if)h Fi(\()p Ff(EXPR)p
  3506. Fi(\))f Ff(BLOCK)i Fj([)f([)h Fd(elsif)e Fi(\()p Ff(EXPR)p
  3507. Fi(\))h Ff(BLOCK)g(...)f Fj(])i Fd(else)f Ff(BLOCK)g
  3508. Fj(])400 924 y Fd(unless)h Fi(\()p Ff(EXPR)p Fi(\))f
  3509. Ff(BLOCK)g Fj([)g Fd(else)g Ff(BLOCK)g Fj(])400 980 y([)g
  3510. Ff(LABEL)p Fd(:)g Fj(])g Fd(while)g Fi(\()p Ff(EXPR)p
  3511. Fi(\))g Ff(BLOCK)g Fj([)h Fd(continue)g Ff(BLOCK)f Fj(])400
  3512. 1037 y([)g Ff(LABEL)p Fd(:)g Fj(])g Fd(until)g Fi(\()p
  3513. Ff(EXPR)p Fi(\))g Ff(BLOCK)g Fj([)h Fd(continue)g Ff(BLOCK)f
  3514. Fj(])400 1093 y([)g Ff(LABEL)p Fd(:)g Fj(])g Fd(f)o(or)h
  3515. Fi(\()g Fj([)f Ff(EXPR)g Fj(])g Fi(;)h Fj([)f Ff(EXPR)g
  3516. Fj(])g Fi(;)h Fj([)f Ff(EXPR)g Fj(])g Fi(\))h Ff(BLOCK)400
  3517. 1150 y Fj([)f Ff(LABEL)p Fd(:)g Fj(])g Fd(f)o(oreach)h
  3518. Ff(V)m(AR)p Fe(y)p Fi(\()p Ff(ARRA)m(Y)p Fi(\))f Ff(BLOCK)400
  3519. 1206 y Fj([)g Ff(LABEL)p Fd(:)g Fj(])g Ff(BLOCK)g Fj([)h
  3520. Fd(continue)23 b Ff(BLOCK)11 b Fj(])354 1273 y(Program)h(\257ow)f(can)h
  3521. (be)f(controlled)f(with:)354 1346 y Fd(goto)j Ff(LABEL)472
  3522. 1403 y Fj(Continue)d(execution)h(at)g(the)g(speci\256ed)g(label.)354
  3523. 1473 y Fd(last)g Fj([)h Ff(LABEL)e Fj(])472 1530 y(Immediately)i(exits)
  3524. e(the)h(loop)f(in)h(question.)e(Skips)i(continue)f(block.)354
  3525. 1600 y Fd(ne)o(xt)i Fj([)g Ff(LABEL)f Fj(])472 1656 y(Starts)g(the)g
  3526. (next)g(iteration)f(of)h(the)g(loop.)354 1727 y Fd(redo)i
  3527. Fj([)e Ff(LABEL)g Fj(])472 1783 y(Restarts)g(the)g(loop)f(block)h
  3528. (without)e(evaluating)h(the)h(conditional)e(again.)354
  3529. 1856 y(Special)j(forms)f(are:)400 1924 y Fd(do)h Ff(BLOCK)f
  3530. Fd(while)g Ff(EXPR)g Fi(;)400 1980 y Fd(do)h Ff(BLOCK)f
  3531. Fd(until)g Ff(EXPR)f Fi(;)354 2036 y Fj(which)h(are)h(guaranteed)e(to)h
  3532. (perform)h Ff(BLOCK)f Fj(once)g(before)h(testing)d Ff(EXPR)p
  3533. Fj(,)i(and)400 2104 y Fd(do)h Ff(BLOCK)354 2171 y Fj(which)f(ef)o
  3534. (fectively)g(turns)f Ff(BLOCK)h Fj(into)f(an)h(expression.)355
  3535. 2343 y Fl(6.)19 b(Subr)o(outines,)i(pac)o(ka)o(g)q(es)g(and)f(modules)p
  3536. 355 2364 V 354 2468 a Fi(&)p Ff(SUBROUTINE)11 b(LIST)472
  3537. 2524 y Fj(Executes)g(a)g Ff(SUBROUTINE)g Fj(declared)g(by)g(a)h
  3538. Fd(sub)g Fj(declaration,)e(and)h(returns)g(the)472 2581
  3539. y(value)g(of)g(the)g(last)g(expression)f(evaluated)g(in)h
  3540. Ff(SUBROUTINE)f Fj(.)472 2637 y Ff(SUBROUTINE)h Fj(can)g(be)h(an)f
  3541. (expression)f(yielding)f(a)j(reference)g(to)f(a)g(code)g(object.)472
  3542. 2693 y(The)g Fi(&)h Fj(may)g(be)f(omitted)f(if)h(the)g(subroutine)f
  3543. (has)h(been)g(declared)g(before)h(being)e(used.)354 2764
  3544. y Fd(bless)h Ff(REF)h Fj([)f Fd(,)g Ff(P)m(ACKAGE)f Fj(])472
  3545. 2820 y(T)n(urns)h(the)g(object)g Ff(REF)g Fj(into)f(an)h(object)g(in)g
  3546. Ff(P)m(ACKAGE)p Fj(.)f(Returns)h(the)g(reference.)354
  3547. 2890 y Fd(caller)g Fj([)h Ff(EXPR)e Fj(])472 2947 y(Returns)h(an)g
  3548. (array)h(\()p Fi($)q Fj(package,)p Fi($)p Fj(\256le,)p
  3549. Fi($)q Fj(line,...\))g(for)f(a)h(speci\256c)f(subroutine)e(call.)p
  3550. 354 3018 1512 3 v 1838 3065 a Fg(5)p eop
  3551. %%Page: 6 7
  3552. 6 6 bop 354 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  3553. 354 -89 1512 3 v 472 -7 a Fj(`)p Fi(caller)p Fj(')h(returns)e(this)e
  3554. (info)h(for)h(the)g(current)g(subroutine,)e(`)p Fi(caller\(1\))p
  3555. Fj(')14 b(for)d(the)472 49 y(caller)h(of)f(this)f(subroutine)f(etc..)j
  3556. (Returns)f Fk(false)g Fj(if)g(no)g(caller)n(.)354 116
  3557. y Fd(do)h Ff(SUBROUTINE)f(LIST)472 173 y Fj(Deprecated)h(form)f(of)h
  3558. Fi(&)p Ff(SUBROUTINE)e Fj(.)354 240 y Fd(goto)j Fi(&)p
  3559. Ff(SUBROUTINE)472 296 y Fj(Substitutes)c(a)j(call)f(to)g
  3560. Ff(SUBROUTINE)f Fj(for)h(the)g(current)g(subroutine.)354
  3561. 363 y Fd(impor)q(t)h Ff(MODULE)f Fj([)g Ff(LIST)g Fj(])472
  3562. 420 y(Imports)g(the)g(named)h(subroutines)d(from)i Ff(MODULE)p
  3563. Fj(.)354 487 y Fd(no)h Ff(MODULE)f Fj([)h Ff(LIST)f Fj(])472
  3564. 543 y(Cancels)h(imported)e(semantics.)h(See)h Fd(use)p
  3565. Fj(.)354 610 y Fd(pac)o(kage)h Ff(NAME)472 667 y Fj(Designates)d(the)h
  3566. (remainder)h(of)f(the)g(current)g(block)f(as)i(a)f(package.)354
  3567. 734 y Fd(require)h Ff(EXPR)p Fe(y)472 790 y Fj(If)g Ff(EXPR)e
  3568. Fj(is)h(numeric,)h(requires)f(Perl)g(to)g(be)g(at)g(least)g(that)g
  3569. (version.)f(Otherwise)472 847 y Ff(EXPR)h Fj(must)g(be)g(the)g(name)h
  3570. (of)f(a)g(\256le)h(that)e(is)h(included)f(from)i(the)f(Perl)g(library)m
  3571. (.)g(Does)472 903 y(not)g(include)f(more)i(than)e(once,)i(and)f(yields)
  3572. f(a)i(fatal)f(error)g(if)g(the)g(\256le)h(does)f(not)472
  3573. 960 y(evaluate)g(to)g(a)h Fk(true)g Fj(value.)472 1016
  3574. y(If)g Ff(EXPR)e Fj(is)h(a)h(bare)f(word,)g(assumes)g(extension)f(`)p
  3575. Fi(.pm)p Fj(')i(for)g(the)f(name)g(of)h(the)f(\256le.)354
  3576. 1083 y Fd(return)i Ff(EXPR)472 1140 y Fj(Returns)e(from)h(a)f
  3577. (subroutine)f(with)g(the)h(value)g(speci\256ed.)354 1207
  3578. y Fd(sub)i Ff(NAME)d Fi({)h Ff(EXPR)g Fi(;)g Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t
  3579. Fi(})472 1263 y Fj(Designates)f Ff(NAME)h Fj(as)g(a)g(subroutine.)f
  3580. (Parameters)i(are)g(passed)f(by)f(reference)j(as)472
  3581. 1320 y(array)f Fi(@_)p Fj(.)g(Returns)f(the)g(value)g(of)g(the)g(last)g
  3582. (expression)e(evaluated.)354 1387 y([)j Fd(sub)g Fj(])f
  3583. Fi(BEGIN)i({)f Ff(EXPR)e Fi(;)i Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t Fi(})472
  3584. 1443 y Fj(De\256nes)g(a)f(setup)g Ff(BLOCK)g Fj(to)f(be)i(called)f
  3585. (before)g(execution.)354 1510 y([)h Fd(sub)g Fj(])f Fi(END)i({)e
  3586. Ff(EXPR)g Fi(;)g Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t Fi(})472 1567 y Fj(De\256nes)h(a)f
  3587. (cleanup)g Ff(BLOCK)g Fj(to)g(be)g(called)g(upon)f(termination.)354
  3588. 1634 y Fd(tie)h Ff(V)m(AR)p Fd(,)f Ff(P)m(ACKAGE)p Fd(,)g
  3589. Fj([)h Ff(LIST)g Fj(])472 1690 y(T)n(ies)g(a)h(variable)f(to)g(a)g
  3590. (package)g(that)g(will)f(handle)h(it.)g(Can)g(be)g(used)g(to)g(bind)f
  3591. (a)i(dbm)f(or)472 1747 y(ndbm)g(\256le)h(to)f(a)g(hash.)354
  3592. 1814 y Fd(untie)h Ff(V)m(AR)472 1870 y Fj(Breaks)g(the)f(binding)e
  3593. (between)i(the)g(variable)g(and)g(the)g(package.)354
  3594. 1937 y Fd(use)h Ff(MODULE)f Fj([)h Ff(LIST)f Fj(])472
  3595. 1994 y(Imports)g(semantics)g(from)h(the)e(named)i(module)f(into)f(the)h
  3596. (current)g(package.)355 2167 y Fl(7.)19 b(Object)h(oriented)h(pr)o
  3597. (ogramming)p 355 2188 1512 2 v 354 2289 a Fj(Perl)12
  3598. b(rules)f(of)g(object)f(oriented)h(programming:)354 2358
  3599. y Fe(\017)21 b Fj(An)11 b(object)f(is)h(simply)f(a)i(reference)g(that)e
  3600. (happens)h(to)g(know)f(which)g(class)h(it)g(belongs)e(to.)390
  3601. 2414 y(Objects)h(are)i(blessed,)e(references)i(are)g(not.)354
  3602. 2481 y Fe(\017)21 b Fj(A)11 b(class)g(is)f(simply)h(a)g(package)g(that)
  3603. g(happens)f(to)h(provide)f(methods)h(to)f(deal)h(with)g(object)390
  3604. 2538 y(references.)390 2594 y(If)g(a)h(package)f(fails)g(to)g(provide)f
  3605. (a)h(method,)g(the)g(base)g(classes)g(as)g(listed)f(in)h
  3606. Fi(@ISA)h Fj(are)390 2651 y(searched.)354 2718 y Fe(\017)21
  3607. b Fj(A)11 b(method)g(is)f(simply)h(a)g(subroutine)e(that)i(expects)g
  3608. (an)g(object)f(reference)j(\(or)e(a)h(package)390 2774
  3609. y(name,)g(for)f(static)g(methods\))f(as)h(the)g(\256rst)g(ar)o(gument.)
  3610. 390 2831 y(Methods)f(can)i(be)f(applied)f(with:)508 2887
  3611. y Ff(METHOD)h(OBJREF)g(P)m(ARAMETERS)180 b Fj(or)508
  3612. 2943 y Ff(OBJREF)p Fi(->)p Ff(METHOD)11 b(P)m(ARAMETERS)p
  3613. 354 3018 1512 3 v 354 3065 a Fg(6)p eop
  3614. %%Page: 7 8
  3615. 7 7 bop 1364 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  3616. 354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -2 a Fl(8.)19 b(Arithmetic)i(functions)p
  3617. 355 19 1512 2 v 354 120 a Fd(abs)12 b Ff(EXPR)p Fe(y)472
  3618. 176 y Fj(Returns)f(the)g(absolute)f(value)h(of)g(its)f(operand.)354
  3619. 241 y Fd(atan2)i Ff(Y)p Fd(,)f Ff(X)472 298 y Fj(Returns)g(the)g
  3620. (arctangent)g(of)g Ff(Y)p Fj(/)p Ff(X)f Fj(in)h(the)g(range)g(-)p
  3621. Fb(\031)i Fj(to)e Fb(\031)r Fj(.)354 362 y Fd(cos)h Ff(EXPR)p
  3622. Fe(y)472 419 y Fj(Returns)f(the)g(cosine)g(of)g Ff(EXPR)f
  3623. Fj(\(expressed)h(in)g(radians\).)354 484 y Fd(e)o(xp)i
  3624. Ff(EXPR)p Fe(y)472 540 y Fj(Returns)e Fi(e)h Fj(to)f(the)f(power)h(of)h
  3625. Ff(EXPR)p Fj(.)354 605 y Fd(int)f Ff(EXPR)p Fe(y)472
  3626. 661 y Fj(Returns)g(the)g(integer)g(portion)e(of)j Ff(EXPR)p
  3627. Fj(.)354 726 y Fd(log)g Ff(EXPR)p Fe(y)472 782 y Fj(Returns)f(natural)g
  3628. (logarithm)f(\(base)h Fi(e)p Fj(\))h(of)f Ff(EXPR)p Fj(.)354
  3629. 847 y Fd(rand)i Fj([)e Ff(EXPR)g Fj(])472 904 y(Returns)g(a)h(random)f
  3630. (fractional)g(number)g(between)g(0)g(and)g(the)g(value)f(of)i
  3631. Ff(EXPR)p Fj(.)e(If)472 960 y Ff(EXPR)h Fj(is)g(omitted,)f(returns)h(a)
  3632. g(value)g(between)g(0)g(and)g(1.)354 1025 y Fd(sin)h
  3633. Ff(EXPR)p Fe(y)472 1081 y Fj(Returns)f(the)g(sine)g(of)g
  3634. Ff(EXPR)f Fj(\(expressed)h(in)g(radians\).)354 1146 y
  3635. Fd(sqr)q(t)h Ff(EXPR)p Fe(y)472 1203 y Fj(Returns)f(the)g(square)g
  3636. (root)g(of)g Ff(EXPR)p Fj(.)354 1267 y Fd(srand)i Fj([)e
  3637. Ff(EXPR)g Fj(])472 1324 y(Sets)h(the)e(random)i(number)f(seed)g(for)g
  3638. (the)g(rand)g(operator)n(.)354 1389 y Fd(time)32 b Fj(Returns)11
  3639. b(the)f(number)h(of)g(seconds)f(since)g(January)g(1,)h(1970.)g
  3640. (Suitable)f(for)h(feeding)f(to)472 1445 y Fd(gmtime)h
  3641. Fj(and)g Fd(localtime)p Fj(.)355 1613 y Fl(9.)19 b(Con)m(ver)o(sion)i
  3642. (functions)p 355 1634 V 354 1735 a Fd(chr)12 b Ff(EXPR)p
  3643. Fe(y)472 1791 y Fj(Returns)f(the)g(character)h(represented)f(by)g(the)g
  3644. (decimal)g(value)g Ff(EXPR)p Fj(.)354 1856 y Fd(gmtime)g
  3645. Ff(EXPR)p Fe(y)472 1913 y Fj(Converts)g(a)g(time)h(as)f(returned)g(by)g
  3646. (the)f Fd(time)h Fj(function)f(to)h(a)g(9-element)g(array)472
  3647. 1969 y(\(0:)p Fi($)p Fj(sec,)h(1:)p Fi($)p Fj(min,)f(2:)p
  3648. Fi($)p Fj(hour)n(,)g(3:)p Fi($)p Fj(mday)m(,)g(4:)p Fi($)p
  3649. Fj(mon,)h(5:)p Fi($)o Fj(year)n(,)g(6:)p Fi($)p Fj(wday)m(,)f(7:)p
  3650. Fi($)p Fj(yday)m(,)472 2025 y(8:)p Fi($)p Fj(isdst\))f(with)g(the)h
  3651. (time)g(analyzed)g(for)g(the)g(Greenwich)g(time)g(zone.)h
  3652. Fi($)p Fj(mon)f(has)g(the)472 2082 y(range)h(0..1)n(1)f(and)g
  3653. Fi($)q Fj(wday)f(has)h(the)g(range)h(0..6.)354 2147 y
  3654. Fd(he)o(x)h Ff(EXPR)p Fe(y)472 2203 y Fj(Returns)e(the)g(decimal)g
  3655. (value)g(of)g Ff(EXPR)g Fj(interpreted)f(as)h(an)h(hex)f(string.)354
  3656. 2268 y Fd(localtime)g Ff(EXPR)p Fe(y)472 2324 y Fj(Converts)g(a)g(time)
  3657. h(as)f(returned)g(by)g(the)f Fd(time)h Fj(function)f(to)h
  3658. Fc(ctime)p Fj(\(3\))g(string.)f(In)h(array)472 2381 y(context,)g
  3659. (returns)g(a)g(9-element)g(array)h(with)e(the)h(time)g(analyzed)g(for)h
  3660. (the)e(local)h(time)472 2437 y(zone.)354 2502 y Fd(oct)h
  3661. Ff(EXPR)p Fe(y)472 2558 y Fj(Returns)f(the)g(decimal)g(value)g(of)g
  3662. Ff(EXPR)g Fj(interpreted)f(as)h(an)h(octal)e(string.)h(If)g
  3663. Ff(EXPR)472 2615 y Fj(starts)g(of)o(f)g(with)f Fi(0x)p
  3664. Fj(,)j(interprets)d(it)g(as)i(a)f(hex)g(string)f(instead.)354
  3665. 2680 y Fd(or)o(d)j Ff(EXPR)p Fe(y)472 2736 y Fj(Returns)e(the)g(ascii)g
  3666. (value)g(of)g(the)g(\256rst)g(character)h(of)f Ff(EXPR)p
  3667. Fj(.)354 2801 y Fd(vec)h Ff(EXPR)p Fd(,)e Ff(OFFSET)p
  3668. Fd(,)i Ff(BITS)472 2857 y Fj(T)n(reats)g(string)e Ff(EXPR)g
  3669. Fj(as)h(a)h(vector)f(of)g(unsigned)f(integers,)g(and)h(yields)f(the)h
  3670. (bit)f(at)472 2914 y Ff(OFFSET)p Fj(.)j Ff(BITS)e Fj(must)f(be)i
  3671. (between)e(1)i(and)f(32.)g(May)g(be)h(assigned)e(to.)p
  3672. 354 3018 1512 3 v 1838 3065 a Fg(7)p eop
  3673. %%Page: 8 9
  3674. 8 8 bop 354 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  3675. 354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -1 a Fl(10.)19 b(Structure)k(con)m(ver)o(sion)p
  3676. 355 20 1512 2 v 354 121 a Fd(pac)o(k)12 b Ff(TEMPLA)m(TE)p
  3677. Fd(,)e Ff(LIST)472 178 y Fj(Packs)i(the)f(values)f(into)g(a)i(binary)e
  3678. (structure)h(using)f Ff(TEMPLA)m(TE)p Fj(.)354 244 y
  3679. Fd(unpac)o(k)j Ff(TEMPLA)m(TE)p Fd(,)d Ff(EXPR)472 300
  3680. y Fj(Unpacks)h(the)g(structure)f Ff(EXPR)h Fj(into)f(an)h(array)m(,)h
  3681. (using)e Ff(TEMPLA)m(TE)p Fj(.)472 366 y Ff(TEMPLA)m(TE)h
  3682. Fj(is)g(a)g(sequence)g(of)g(characters)h(as)f(follows:)527
  3683. 432 y Fi(a)28 b Fj(/)41 b Fi(A)55 b Fj(Ascii)10 b(string,)g(null)h(/)g
  3684. (space)g(padded)527 489 y Fi(b)28 b Fj(/)41 b Fi(B)55
  3685. b Fj(Bit)11 b(string)f(in)g(ascending)h(/)g(descending)e(order)527
  3686. 545 y Fi(c)28 b Fj(/)41 b Fi(C)55 b Fj(Native)10 b(/)h(unsigned)f(char)
  3687. i(value)527 601 y Fi(f)28 b Fj(/)41 b Fi(d)55 b Fj(Single)10
  3688. b(/)h(double)g(\257oat)g(in)f(native)h(format)527 658
  3689. y Fi(h)28 b Fj(/)41 b Fi(H)55 b Fj(Hex)11 b(string,)f(low)h(/)g(high)f
  3690. (nybble)g(\256rst.)527 714 y Fi(i)28 b Fj(/)41 b Fi(I)55
  3691. b Fj(Signed)11 b(/)g(unsigned)e(integer)i(value)527 771
  3692. y Fi(l)28 b Fj(/)41 b Fi(L)55 b Fj(Signed)11 b(/)g(unsigned)e(long)h
  3693. (value)527 827 y Fi(n)28 b Fj(/)41 b Fi(N)55 b Fj(Short)11
  3694. b(/)g(long)f(in)h(network)f(\(big)h(endian\))f(byte)h(order)527
  3695. 884 y Fi(s)28 b Fj(/)41 b Fi(S)55 b Fj(Signed)11 b(/)g(unsigned)e
  3696. (short)h(value)527 940 y Fi(u)28 b Fj(/)41 b Fi(p)55
  3697. b Fj(Uuencoded)10 b(string)g(/)h(Pointer)g(to)g(a)g(string)527
  3698. 997 y Fi(v)28 b Fj(/)41 b Fi(V)55 b Fj(Short)11 b(/)g(long)f(in)h(V)-6
  3699. b(AX)11 b(\(little)e(endian\))i(byte)g(order)527 1053
  3700. y Fi(x)28 b Fj(/)41 b Fi(@)55 b Fj(Null)10 b(byte)h(/)g(null)f(\256ll)h
  3701. (until)e(position)527 1110 y Fi(X)164 b Fj(Backup)11
  3702. b(a)h(byte)472 1176 y(Each)g(character)g(may)f(be)g(followed)f(by)h(a)h
  3703. (decimal)f(number)g(which)g(will)f(be)h(used)g(as)472
  3704. 1233 y(a)h(repeat)f(count,)g(`)p Fi(*)p Fj(')h(speci\256es)f(all)g
  3705. (remaining)f(ar)o(guments.)472 1289 y(If)i(the)f(format)h(is)e
  3706. (preceded)i(with)e Fi(\045)p Ff(N)p Fj(,)i Fd(unpac)o(k)h
  3707. Fj(returns)d(an)h Ff(N)p Fj(-bit)g(checksum)472 1345
  3708. y(instead.)472 1402 y(Spaces)h(may)g(be)f(included)f(in)h(the)f
  3709. (template)h(for)h(readability)e(purposes.)355 1573 y
  3710. Fl(11.)19 b(String)i(functions)p 355 1594 V 354 1695
  3711. a Fd(chomp)12 b Ff(LIST)p Fe(y)472 1751 y Fj(Removes)g(line)f(endings)e
  3712. (from)j(all)f(elements)g(of)g(the)g(list;)f(returns)g(the)h(\(total\))
  3713. 472 1808 y(number)h(of)f(characters)g(removed.)354 1874
  3714. y Fd(chop)h Ff(LIST)p Fe(y)472 1930 y Fj(Chops)f(of)o(f)h(the)e(last)h
  3715. (character)h(on)f(all)f(elements)h(of)h(the)f(list;)e(returns)i(the)g
  3716. (last)472 1987 y(chopped)g(character)n(.)354 2053 y Fd(crypt)i
  3717. Ff(PLAINTEXT)p Fd(,)d Ff(SAL)m(T)472 2109 y Fj(Encrypts)g(a)i(string.)
  3718. 354 2175 y Fd(e)o(v)o(al)g Ff(EXPR)p Fe(y)472 2231 y
  3719. Ff(EXPR)f Fj(is)g(parsed)g(and)g(executed)f(as)i(if)f(it)f(were)i(a)g
  3720. (Perl)f(program.)h(The)f(value)472 2288 y(returned)g(is)g(the)g(value)g
  3721. (of)g(the)g(last)f(expression)g(evaluated.)h(If)h(there)f(is)g(a)g
  3722. (syntax)472 2344 y(error)h(or)f(runtime)g(error)n(,)h(an)g(unde\256ned)
  3723. e(string)g(is)h(returned)g(by)f Fd(e)o(v)o(al)p Fj(,)j(and)e
  3724. Fi($@)g Fj(is)g(set)472 2401 y(to)g(the)g(error)h(message.)f(See)h
  3725. (also)f Fd(e)o(v)o(al)h Fj(in)e(section)h(`Miscellaneous'.)354
  3726. 2467 y Fd(inde)o(x)h Ff(STR)p Fd(,)f Ff(SUBSTR)g Fj([)h
  3727. Fd(,)f Ff(OFFSET)h Fj(])472 2523 y(Returns)f(the)g(position)d(of)j
  3728. Ff(SUBSTR)g Fj(in)f Ff(STR)h Fj(at)g(or)g(after)g Ff(OFFSET)p
  3729. Fj(.)h(If)g(the)e(substring)472 2580 y(is)h(not)g(found,)f(returns)h
  3730. Fi(-1)h Fj(\(but)e(see)i Fi($[)g Fj(in)e(section)h(`Special)g
  3731. (variables'\).)354 2646 y Fd(length)h Ff(EXPR)p Fe(y)472
  3732. 2702 y Fj(Returns)f(the)g(length)f(in)h(characters)g(of)h(the)f(value)f
  3733. (of)i Ff(EXPR)p Fj(.)354 2768 y Fd(lc)f Ff(EXPR)472 2824
  3734. y Fj(Returns)g(a)h(lower)f(case)g(version)f(of)i Ff(EXPR)p
  3735. Fj(.)354 2890 y Fd(lc\256r)o(st)g Ff(EXPR)472 2947 y
  3736. Fj(Returns)f Ff(EXPR)g Fj(with)f(the)h(\256rst)g(character)h(in)e
  3737. (lower)h(case.)p 354 3018 1512 3 v 354 3065 a Fg(8)p
  3738. eop
  3739. %%Page: 9 10
  3740. 9 9 bop 1364 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  3741. 354 -89 1512 3 v 354 -7 a Fd(quotemeta)h Ff(EXPR)472
  3742. 49 y Fj(Returns)e Ff(EXPR)g Fj(with)f(all)h(regexp)g(meta-characters)h
  3743. (quoted.)354 118 y Fd(rinde)o(x)h Ff(STR)p Fd(,)e Ff(SUBSTR)f
  3744. Fj([)i Fd(,)f Ff(OFFSET)h Fj(])472 174 y(Returns)f(the)g(position)e(of)
  3745. i(the)g(last)g Ff(SUBSTR)f Fj(in)h Ff(STR)g Fj(at)h(or)f(before)g
  3746. Ff(OFFSET)p Fj(.)354 243 y Fd(substr)i Ff(EXPR)p Fd(,)c
  3747. Ff(OFFSET)k Fj([)e Fd(,)g Ff(LEN)g Fj(])472 299 y(Extracts)g(a)g
  3748. (substring)e(out)i(of)g Ff(EXPR)f Fj(and)h(returns)g(it.)g(If)h
  3749. Ff(OFFSET)g Fj(is)e(negative,)472 356 y(counts)g(from)i(the)f(end)g(of)
  3750. g(the)g(string.)g(May)g(be)g(assigned)f(to.)354 424 y
  3751. Fd(uc)i Ff(EXPR)472 481 y Fj(Returns)f(an)g(upper)g(case)h(version)e
  3752. (of)h Ff(EXPR)p Fj(.)354 550 y Fd(uc\256r)o(st)i Ff(EXPR)472
  3753. 606 y Fj(Returns)e Ff(EXPR)g Fj(with)f(the)h(\256rst)g(character)h(in)e
  3754. (upper)h(case.)355 780 y Fl(12.)19 b(Arra)o(y)i(and)f(list)g(functions)
  3755. p 355 801 1512 2 v 354 904 a Fd(delete)12 b Fi($)p Ff(HASH)p
  3756. Fi({)p Ff(KEY)p Fi(})472 960 y Fj(Deletes)f(the)g(speci\256ed)g(value)g
  3757. (from)h(the)e(speci\256ed)h(hash.)g(Returns)g(the)g(deleted)472
  3758. 1017 y(value)g(unless)f Ff(HASH)h Fj(is)g Fd(tie)p Fj(d)f(to)h(a)g
  3759. (package)h(that)e(does)h(not)f(support)g(it.)354 1085
  3760. y Fd(each)i Fi(\045)p Ff(HASH)472 1142 y Fj(Returns)f(a)h(2-element)f
  3761. (array)h(consisting)c(of)k(the)e(key)h(and)g(value)g(for)h(the)f(next)f
  3762. (value)472 1198 y(of)i(the)f(hash.)g(Entries)f(are)i(returned)e(in)h
  3763. (an)g(apparently)g(random)g(order)n(.)g(After)g(all)472
  3764. 1255 y(values)g(of)g(the)g(hash)g(have)g(been)g(returned,)g(a)h(null)e
  3765. (array)i(is)e(returned.)i(The)f(next)f(call)472 1311
  3766. y(to)h Fd(each)h Fj(after)f(that)g(will)f(start)h(iterating)e(again.)
  3767. 354 1380 y Fd(e)o(xists)j Ff(EXPR)p Fe(y)472 1436 y Fj(Checks)g(if)f
  3768. (the)g(speci\256ed)g(hash)f(key)h(exists)f(in)h(its)f(hash)h(array)m(.)
  3769. 354 1506 y Fd(grep)i Ff(EXPR)p Fd(,)d Ff(LIST)354 1562
  3770. y Fd(grep)j Ff(BLOCK)e(LIST)472 1619 y Fj(Evaluates)g
  3771. Ff(EXPR)f Fj(or)h Ff(BLOCK)g Fj(for)h(each)f(element)h(of)f(the)g
  3772. Ff(LIST)p Fj(,)g(locally)f(setting)g Fi($_)472 1675 y
  3773. Fj(to)h(refer)h(to)f(the)g(element.)h(Modifying)d Fi($_)j
  3774. Fj(will)e(modify)h(the)g(corresponding)472 1731 y(element)h(from)f
  3775. Ff(LIST)p Fj(.)h(Returns)f(the)g(array)g(of)g(elements)g(from)h
  3776. Ff(LIST)f Fj(for)h(which)472 1788 y Ff(EXPR)f Fj(returned)g
  3777. Fk(true)p Fj(.)354 1857 y Fd(join)g Ff(EXPR)p Fd(,)f
  3778. Ff(LIST)472 1913 y Fj(Joins)g(the)h(separate)g(strings)f(of)h
  3779. Ff(LIST)g Fj(into)f(a)i(single)e(string)g(with)g(\256elds)h(separated)g
  3780. (by)472 1970 y(the)g(value)g(of)g Ff(EXPR)p Fj(,)g(and)g(returns)g(the)
  3781. g(string.)354 2038 y Fd(ke)o(ys)h Fi(\045)q Ff(HASH)472
  3782. 2095 y Fj(Returns)f(an)g(array)h(of)f(all)g(the)g(keys)g(of)g(the)g
  3783. (named)h(hash.)354 2164 y Fd(map)g Ff(EXPR)p Fd(,)e Ff(LIST)354
  3784. 2220 y Fd(map)i Ff(BLOCK)f(LIST)472 2277 y Fj(Evaluates)g
  3785. Ff(EXPR)f Fj(or)h Ff(BLOCK)g Fj(for)h(each)f(element)h(of)f(the)g
  3786. Ff(LIST)p Fj(,)g(locally)f(setting)g Fi($_)472 2333 y
  3787. Fj(to)h(refer)h(to)f(the)g(element.)h(Modifying)d Fi($_)j
  3788. Fj(will)e(modify)h(the)g(corresponding)472 2390 y(element)h(from)f
  3789. Ff(LIST)p Fj(.)h(Returns)f(the)g(list)e(of)j(results.)354
  3790. 2459 y Fd(pop)h Fi(@)p Ff(ARRA)m(Y)472 2515 y Fj(Pops)e(of)o(f)h(and)f
  3791. (returns)f(the)h(last)g(value)g(of)g(the)g(array)m(.)354
  3792. 2584 y Fd(push)i Fi(@)p Ff(ARRA)m(Y)p Fd(,)d Ff(LIST)472
  3793. 2640 y Fj(Pushes)h(the)g(values)f(of)i Ff(LIST)f Fj(onto)f(the)h(end)g
  3794. (of)g Ff(ARRA)m(Y)p Fj(.)354 2709 y Fd(re)o(ver)o(se)i
  3795. Ff(LIST)472 2765 y Fj(In)f(array)f(context:)f(returns)h(the)g
  3796. Ff(LIST)g Fj(in)f(reverse)i(order)n(.)472 2822 y(In)g(scalar)f
  3797. (context:)f(returns)g(the)h(\256rst)g(element)h(of)f
  3798. Ff(LIST)g Fj(with)f(bytes)g(reversed.)354 2890 y Fd(scalar)i
  3799. Fi(@)p Ff(ARRA)m(Y)472 2947 y Fj(Returns)f(the)g(number)g(of)h
  3800. (elements)f(in)f(the)h(array)m(.)p 354 3018 1512 3 v
  3801. 1838 3065 a Fg(9)p eop
  3802. %%Page: 10 11
  3803. 10 10 bop 354 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  3804. 354 -89 1512 3 v 354 -7 a Fd(scalar)g Fi(\045)p Ff(HASH)472
  3805. 49 y Fj(Returns)f(a)h Fk(true)g Fj(value)f(if)g(the)g(hash)f(has)h
  3806. (elements)g(de\256ned.)354 114 y Fd(shift)g Fj([)h Fi(@)p
  3807. Ff(ARRA)m(Y)e Fj(])472 170 y(Shifts)h(the)g(\256rst)g(value)g(of)g(the)
  3808. g(array)h(of)o(f)f(and)g(returns)g(it,)g(shortening)e(the)i(array)h(by)
  3809. e(1)472 227 y(and)h(moving)g(everything)e(down.)i(If)h
  3810. Fi(@)p Ff(ARRA)m(Y)e Fj(is)h(omitted,)g(shifts)f Fi(@ARGV)i
  3811. Fj(in)f(main)472 283 y(and)g Fi(@_)h Fj(in)f(subroutines.)354
  3812. 348 y Fd(sor)q(t)h Fj([)f Ff(SUBROUTINE)g Fj(])g Ff(LIST)472
  3813. 404 y Fj(Sorts)g(the)g Ff(LIST)g Fj(and)g(returns)g(the)g(sorted)f
  3814. (array)i(value.)f(If)h Ff(SUBROUTINE)e Fj(is)472 461
  3815. y(speci\256ed,)i(gives)e(the)h(name)h(of)f(a)h(subroutine)d(that)h
  3816. (returns)h(less)g(than)f(zero,)i(zero,)g(or)472 517 y(greater)g(than)f
  3817. (zero,)h(depending)d(on)i(how)g(the)g(elements)g(of)g(the)g(array)m(,)h
  3818. (available)e(to)472 574 y(the)h(routine)f(as)i Fi($a)g
  3819. Fj(and)f Fi($b)p Fj(,)h(are)g(to)e(be)i(ordered.)472
  3820. 630 y Ff(SUBROUTINE)f Fj(may)h(be)f(the)g(name)h(of)f(a)g(user)o
  3821. (-de\256ned)g(routine,)g(or)g(a)h Ff(BLOCK)p Fj(.)354
  3822. 695 y Fd(splice)f Fi(@)p Ff(ARRA)m(Y)p Fd(,)f Ff(OFFSET)j
  3823. Fj([)e Fd(,)g Ff(LENGTH)h Fj([)f Fd(,)g Ff(LIST)g Fj(])h(])472
  3824. 751 y(Removes)g(the)f(elements)g(of)g Fi(@)p Ff(ARRA)m(Y)g
  3825. Fj(designated)e(by)i Ff(OFFSET)h Fj(and)f Ff(LENGTH)p
  3826. Fj(,)472 808 y(and)g(replaces)h(them)f(with)f Ff(LIST)h
  3827. Fj(\(if)g(speci\256ed\).)472 864 y(Returns)g(the)g(elements)g(removed.)
  3828. 354 929 y Fd(split)g Fj([)h Ff(P)m(A)m(TTERN)e Fj([)i
  3829. Fd(,)f Ff(EXPR)p Fe(y)f Fj([)i Fd(,)f Ff(LIMIT)f Fj(])i(])f(])472
  3830. 985 y(Splits)f(a)i(string)e(into)g(an)h(array)h(of)f(strings,)f(and)h
  3831. (returns)g(it.)g(If)g Ff(LIMIT)g Fj(is)f(speci\256ed,)472
  3832. 1042 y(splits)g(into)g(at)h(most)g(that)f(number)i(of)f(\256elds.)g(If)
  3833. h Ff(P)m(A)m(TTERN)f Fj(is)f(also)h(omitted,)g(splits)472
  3834. 1098 y(on)g(whitespace.)g(If)h(not)e(in)h(array)g(context:)f(returns)h
  3835. (number)g(of)g(\256elds)g(and)g(splits)f(to)472 1155
  3836. y Fi(@_)p Fj(.)j(See)f(also:)e(`Search)i(and)f(replace)h(functions'.)
  3837. 354 1220 y Fd(unshift)g Fi(@)p Ff(ARRA)m(Y)p Fd(,)e Ff(LIST)472
  3838. 1276 y Fj(Prepends)h(list)f(to)h(the)g(front)g(of)g(the)g(array)m(,)h
  3839. (and)f(returns)g(the)g(number)g(of)g(elements)g(in)472
  3840. 1332 y(the)g(new)g(array)m(.)354 1397 y Fd(v)o(alues)h
  3841. Fi(\045)p Ff(HASH)472 1454 y Fj(Returns)f(a)h(normal)f(array)h
  3842. (consisting)c(of)k(all)e(the)h(values)g(of)g(the)g(named)g(hash.)p
  3843. 354 3018 V 354 3065 a Fg(10)p eop
  3844. %%Page: 11 12
  3845. 11 11 bop 1364 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  3846. 354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -2 a Fl(13.)19 b(Regular)i(e)o(xpressions)p
  3847. 355 19 1512 2 v 354 120 a Fj(Each)12 b(character)f(matches)h(itself,)e
  3848. (unless)g(it)h(is)g(one)g(of)g(the)g(special)f(characters)354
  3849. 176 y Fi(+?.*\303$\(\)[]{})q(|)s(\\)p Fj(.)i(The)f(special)g(meaning)f
  3850. (of)i(these)e(characters)i(can)f(be)h(escaped)354 233
  3851. y(using)e(a)i(`)p Fi(\\)p Fj('.)354 298 y Fi(.)91 b Fj(matches)12
  3852. b(an)f(arbitrary)g(character)n(,)h(but)f(not)f(a)i(newline)e(unless)g
  3853. (it)h(is)f(a)i(single-line)472 354 y(match)g(\(see)f
  3854. Fd(m)p Fi(//)p Fd(s)p Fj(\).)354 419 y Fi(\()p Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t
  3855. Fi(\))22 b Fj(groups)10 b(a)i(series)f(of)g(pattern)f(elements)h(to)g
  3856. (a)h(single)e(element.)354 484 y Fi(\303)91 b Fj(matches)12
  3857. b(the)f(beginning)e(of)i(the)g(tar)o(get.)g(In)h(multi-line)d(mode)j
  3858. (\(see)f Fd(m)p Fi(//)p Fd(m)p Fj(\))h(also)472 540 y(matches)g(after)f
  3859. (every)h(newline)e(character)n(.)354 605 y Fi($)91 b
  3860. Fj(matches)12 b(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)g(line.)g(In)g(multi-line)f(mode)h
  3861. (also)g(matches)g(before)g(every)472 661 y(newline)g(character)n(.)354
  3862. 726 y Fi([)p Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t Fi(])22 b Fj(denotes)10 b(a)i(class)f(of)g
  3863. (characters)g(to)g(match.)h Fi([\303)p Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t
  3864. Fi(])g Fj(negates)f(the)g(class.)354 791 y Fi(\()p Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t
  3865. Fi(|)q Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t Fi(|)q Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t Fi(\))21
  3866. b Fj(matches)12 b(one)f(of)g(the)g(alternatives.)354
  3867. 856 y Fi(\(?)p Fj(#)h Ff(TEXT)f Fi(\))21 b Fj(Comment.)354
  3868. 920 y Fi(\(?:)13 b Ff(REGEXP)d Fi(\))21 b Fj(Like)11
  3869. b Fi(\()p Ff(REGEXP)p Fi(\))g Fj(but)f(does)h(not)f(make)i
  3870. (back-references.)354 985 y Fi(\(?=)h Ff(REGEXP)d Fi(\))21
  3871. b Fj(Zero)11 b(width)f(positive)f(look-ahead)i(assertion.)354
  3872. 1050 y Fi(\(?!)i Ff(REGEXP)d Fi(\))21 b Fj(Zero)11 b(width)f(negative)g
  3873. (look-ahead)h(assertion.)354 1115 y Fi(\(?)h Ff(MODIFIER)f
  3874. Fi(\))21 b Fj(Embedded)10 b(pattern-match)h(modi\256er)n(.)g
  3875. Ff(MODIFIER)g Fj(can)g(be)g(one)g(or)472 1171 y(more)h(of)f
  3876. Fd(i)p Fj(,)h Fd(m)p Fj(,)f Fd(s)h Fj(or)f Fd(x)p Fj(.)354
  3877. 1257 y(Quanti\256ed)g(subpatterns)e(match)i(as)h(many)f(times)g(as)g
  3878. (possible.)f(When)h(followed)f(with)g(a)h(`)p Fi(?)p
  3879. Fj(')354 1313 y(they)g(match)g(the)g(minimum)h(number)f(of)g(times.)g
  3880. (These)g(are)h(the)f(quanti\256ers:)354 1378 y Fi(+)91
  3881. b Fj(matches)12 b(the)f(preceding)f(pattern)h(element)g(one)g(or)g
  3882. (more)h(times.)354 1442 y Fi(?)91 b Fj(matches)12 b(zero)f(or)h(one)f
  3883. (times.)354 1507 y Fi(*)91 b Fj(matches)12 b(zero)f(or)h(more)f(times.)
  3884. 354 1572 y Fi({)q Ff(N)p Fi(,)p Ff(M)p Fi(})20 b Fj(denotes)11
  3885. b(the)g(minimum)g Ff(N)g Fj(and)g(maximum)h Ff(M)f Fj(match)g(count.)g
  3886. Fi({)p Ff(N)p Fi(})h Fj(means)472 1628 y(exactly)f Ff(N)g
  3887. Fj(times;)g Fi({)p Ff(N)p Fi(,})h Fj(means)g(at)f(least)f
  3888. Ff(N)i Fj(times.)354 1714 y(A)g(`)p Fi(\\)p Fj(')f(escapes)h(any)f
  3889. (special)f(meaning)h(of)g(the)g(following)e(character)j(if)f
  3890. (non-alphanumeric,)354 1770 y(but)g(it)f(turns)h(most)f(alphanumeric)h
  3891. (characters)h(into)e(something)g(special:)354 1835 y
  3892. Fi(\\w)64 b Fj(matches)12 b(alphanumeric,)f(including)e(`)p
  3893. Fi(_)p Fj(',)j Fi(\\W)g Fj(matches)f(non-alphanumeric.)354
  3894. 1900 y Fi(\\s)64 b Fj(matches)12 b(whitespace,)e Fi(\\S)i
  3895. Fj(matches)g(non-whitespace.)354 1965 y Fi(\\d)64 b Fj(matches)12
  3896. b(numeric,)f Fi(\\D)h Fj(matches)g(non-numeric.)354 2029
  3897. y Fi(\\A)64 b Fj(matches)12 b(the)f(beginning)e(of)i(the)g(string,)f
  3898. Fi(\\Z)i Fj(matches)f(the)g(end.)354 2094 y Fi(\\b)64
  3899. b Fj(matches)12 b(word)f(boundaries,)f Fi(\\B)i Fj(matches)f
  3900. (non-boundaries.)354 2159 y Fi(\\G)64 b Fj(matches)12
  3901. b(where)f(the)g(previous)f Fd(m)p Fi(//)p Fd(g)i Fj(search)g(left)f(of)
  3902. o(f.)354 2224 y Fi(\\n)p Fj(,)i Fi(\\r)p Fj(,)f Fi(\\f)p
  3903. Fj(,)g Fi(\\t)g Fj(etc.)21 b(have)11 b(their)g(usual)f(meaning.)354
  3904. 2288 y Fi(\\w)p Fj(,)j Fi(\\s)f Fj(and)f Fi(\\d)21 b
  3905. Fj(may)11 b(be)g(used)f(within)g(character)h(classes,)g
  3906. Fi(\\b)g Fj(denotes)f(backspace)h(in)f(this)472 2345
  3907. y(context.)354 2430 y(Back-references:)354 2495 y Fi(\\1)p
  3908. Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t Fi(\\9)23 b Fj(refer)12 b(to)e(matched)i
  3909. (sub-expressions,)d(grouped)h(with)g Fi(\(\))p Fj(,)j(inside)d(the)h
  3910. (match.)354 2560 y Fi(\\10)37 b Fj(and)11 b(up)g(can)h(also)e(be)i
  3911. (used)e(if)h(the)g(pattern)g(matches)g(that)g(many)g(sub-expressions.)
  3912. 354 2625 y(See)h(also)f Fi($1)p Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t Fi($9)p
  3913. Fj(,)i Fi($+)p Fj(,)f Fi($&)p Fj(,)h Fi($`)f Fj(and)f
  3914. Fi($')h Fj(in)e(section)g(`Special)i(variables'.)354
  3915. 2710 y(W)n(ith)f(modi\256er)g Fd(x)p Fj(,)h(whitespace)e(can)i(be)f
  3916. (used)g(in)f(the)h(patterns)g(for)g(readability)f(purposes.)p
  3917. 354 3018 1512 3 v 1811 3065 a Fg(11)p eop
  3918. %%Page: 12 13
  3919. 12 12 bop 354 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  3920. 354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -1 a Fl(14.)19 b(Sear)o(c)o(h)i(and)f(replace)h
  3921. (functions)p 355 20 1512 2 v 354 121 a Fj([)12 b Ff(EXPR)e
  3922. Fi(=\304)i Fj(])g([)f Fd(m)g Fj(])h Fi(/)p Ff(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p
  3923. Fi(/)f Fj([)h Fd(g)g Fj(])f([)h Fd(i)f Fj(])g([)h Fd(m)f
  3924. Fj(])g([)h Fd(o)g Fj(])f([)h Fd(s)f Fj(])g([)h Fd(x)f
  3925. Fj(])472 177 y(Searches)h Ff(EXPR)f Fj(\(default:)f Fi($_)p
  3926. Fj(\))i(for)g(a)f(pattern.)g(If)h(you)e(prepend)h(an)g
  3927. Fd(m)h Fj(you)e(can)i(use)472 234 y(almost)f(any)g(pair)g(of)g
  3928. (delimiters)f(instead)h(of)g(the)g(slashes.)f(If)i(used)f(in)f(array)i
  3929. (context,)472 290 y(an)g(array)f(is)g(returned)g(consisting)e(of)i(the)
  3930. g(sub-expressions)e(matched)i(by)g(the)472 347 y(parentheses)g(in)g
  3931. (pattern,)g(i.e.)g Fi(\($1,$2,$3,)p Fj(.)5 b(.)t(.)t
  3932. Fi(\))p Fj(.)472 403 y(Optional)10 b(modi\256ers:)h Fd(g)g
  3933. Fj(matches)h(as)f(many)g(times)g(as)g(possible;)e Fd(i)i
  3934. Fj(searches)h(in)e(a)472 459 y(case-insensitive)g(manner;)h
  3935. Fd(o)h Fj(interpolates)d(variables)i(only)f(once.)472
  3936. 516 y Fd(m)i Fj(treats)f(the)f(string)g(as)i(multiple)d(lines;)h
  3937. Fd(s)i Fj(treats)f(the)g(string)e(as)j(a)f(single)f(line;)g
  3938. Fd(x)472 572 y Fj(allows)g(for)i(regular)f(expression)f(extensions.)472
  3939. 629 y(If)i Ff(P)m(A)m(TTERN)f Fj(is)g(empty)m(,)g(the)g(most)g(recent)g
  3940. (pattern)g(from)h(a)f(previous)f(match)h(or)472 685 y(replacement)h(is)
  3941. f(used.)472 742 y(W)n(ith)g Fd(g)h Fj(the)f(match)g(can)g(be)h(used)e
  3942. (as)i(an)f(iterator)g(in)f(scalar)i(context.)354 807
  3943. y Fi(?)p Ff(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p Fi(?)472 863 y Fj(This)f(is)f(just)g(like)h
  3944. (the)g Fi(/)p Ff(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p Fi(/)g Fj(search,)h(except)f(that)g
  3945. (it)f(matches)i(only)e(once)472 919 y(between)h(calls)g(to)g(the)g
  3946. Fd(reset)g Fj(operator)n(.)354 984 y([)h Fi($)p Ff(V)m(AR)f
  3947. Fi(=\304)h Fj(])f Fd(s)p Fi(/)p Ff(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p Fi(/)p
  3948. Ff(REPLACEMENT)p Fi(/)f Fj([)i Fd(e)f Fj(])h([)f Fd(g)h
  3949. Fj(])g([)f Fd(i)g Fj(])g([)h Fd(m)f Fj(])h([)f Fd(o)h
  3950. Fj(])f([)h Fd(s)f Fj(])h([)f Fd(x)h Fj(])472 1041 y(Searches)g(a)g
  3951. (string)e(for)h(a)h(pattern,)f(and)g(if)g(found,)g(replaces)g(that)f
  3952. (pattern)h(with)f(the)472 1097 y(replacement)i(text.)f(It)g(returns)g
  3953. (the)f(number)i(of)f(substitutio)o(ns)d(made,)k(if)f(any)m(,)472
  3954. 1154 y(otherwise)g(it)f(returns)h Fk(false)p Fj(.)472
  3955. 1210 y(Optional)f(modi\256ers:)h Fd(g)g Fj(replaces)h(all)e
  3956. (occurrences)i(of)f(the)g(pattern;)f Fd(e)i Fj(evaluates)e(the)472
  3957. 1266 y(replacement)i(string)e(as)h(a)h(Perl)f(expression;)f(for)h(the)g
  3958. (other)g(modi\256ers,)g(see)472 1323 y Fi(/)p Ff(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p
  3959. Fi(/)h Fj(matching.)f(Almost)f(any)h(delimiter)g(may)g(replace)h(the)f
  3960. (slashes;)e(if)472 1379 y(single)h(quotes)g(are)i(used,)f(no)g
  3961. (interpolation)e(is)i(done)f(on)h(the)g(strings)f(between)g(the)472
  3962. 1436 y(delimeters,)i(otherwise)e(they)g(are)i(interpolated)e(as)h(if)g
  3963. (inside)f(double)g(quotes.)472 1492 y(If)i(bracketing)e(delimeters)h
  3964. (are)h(used,)f Ff(P)m(A)m(TTERN)g Fj(and)g Ff(REPLACEMENT)f
  3965. Fj(may)h(have)472 1549 y(their)g(own)g(delimiters,)f(e.g.)i
  3966. Fi(s\(foo\)[bar])p Fj(.)472 1605 y(If)g Ff(P)m(A)m(TTERN)f
  3967. Fj(is)g(empty)m(,)g(the)g(most)g(recent)g(pattern)g(from)h(a)f
  3968. (previous)f(match)h(or)472 1662 y(replacement)h(is)f(used.)354
  3969. 1726 y([)h Fi($)p Ff(V)m(AR)f Fi(=\304)h Fj(])f Fd(tr)p
  3970. Fi(/)p Ff(SEARCHLIST)p Fi(/)p Ff(REPLACEMENTLIST)p Fi(/)e
  3971. Fj([)i Fd(c)h Fj(])f([)h Fd(d)g Fj(])f([)h Fd(s)f Fj(])472
  3972. 1783 y(T)n(ranslates)g(all)g(occurrences)g(of)g(the)g(characters)h
  3973. (found)e(in)h(the)g(search)g(list)f(with)h(the)472 1839
  3974. y(corresponding)f(character)i(in)e(the)h(replacement)h(list.)e(It)h
  3975. (returns)g(the)g(number)g(of)472 1896 y(characters)h(replaced.)g
  3976. Fd(y)f Fj(may)h(be)f(used)g(instead)f(of)h Fd(tr)p Fj(.)472
  3977. 1952 y(Optional)f(modi\256ers:)h Fd(c)g Fj(complements)g(the)g
  3978. Ff(SEARCHLIST)p Fj(;)e Fd(d)j Fj(deletes)f(all)472 2009
  3979. y(characters)g(found)e(in)h Ff(SEARCHLIST)f Fj(that)g(do)h(not)g(have)g
  3980. (a)g(corresponding)f(character)472 2065 y(in)i Ff(REPLACEMENTLIST)p
  3981. Fj(;)e Fd(s)j Fj(squeezes)f(all)f(sequences)h(of)g(characters)h(that)e
  3982. (are)472 2122 y(translated)f(into)h(the)f(same)i(tar)o(get)f(character)
  3983. h(into)e(one)h(occurrence)h(of)f(this)f(character)n(.)354
  3984. 2186 y Fd(pos)k Ff(SCALAR)472 2243 y Fj(Returns)e(the)g(position)e
  3985. (where)i(the)g(last)g Fd(m)p Fi(//)p Fd(g)h Fj(search)f(left)g(of)o(f)h
  3986. (for)f Ff(SCALAR)p Fj(.)g(May)472 2299 y(be)h(assigned)e(to.)354
  3987. 2364 y Fd(stud)o(y)j Fj([)e Fi($)q Ff(V)m(AR)p Fe(y)f
  3988. Fj(])472 2420 y(Studies)h(the)g(scalar)g(variable)g Fi($)p
  3989. Ff(V)m(AR)g Fj(in)f(anticipation)f(of)j(performing)e(many)i(pattern)472
  3990. 2477 y(matches)g(on)f(its)f(contents)g(before)h(the)g(variable)g(is)g
  3991. (next)f(modi\256ed.)p 354 3018 1512 3 v 354 3065 a Fg(12)p
  3992. eop
  3993. %%Page: 13 14
  3994. 13 13 bop 1364 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  3995. 354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -2 a Fl(15.)19 b(File)h(test)h(operator)o(s)p
  3996. 355 19 1512 2 v 354 123 a Fj(These)11 b(unary)g(operators)g(take)g(one)
  3997. g(ar)o(gument,)g(either)g(a)h(\256lename)g(or)f(a)g(\256lehandle,)g
  3998. (and)g(test)354 180 y(the)g(associated)f(\256le)i(to)f(see)g(if)g
  3999. (something)f(is)h(true)g(about)f(it.)h(If)h(the)f(ar)o(gument)g(is)f
  4000. (omitted,)354 236 y(they)h(test)f Fi($_)i Fj(\(except)g(for)f
  4001. Fi(-t,)h Fj(which)f(tests)f Fi(STDIN)p Fj(\).)j(If)f(the)e(special)h
  4002. (ar)o(gument)g Fi(_)354 293 y Fj(\(underscore\))g(is)g(passed,)g(they)g
  4003. (use)g(the)f(info)h(of)g(the)g(preceding)g(test)f(or)h
  4004. Fd(stat)h Fj(call.)354 367 y Fi(-r)28 b(-w)g(-x)78 b
  4005. Fj(File)11 b(is)f(readable/writable/executable)f(by)i(ef)o(fective)h
  4006. (uid/gid.)354 439 y Fi(-R)28 b(-W)g(-X)78 b Fj(File)11
  4007. b(is)f(readable/writable/executable)f(by)i(real)h(uid/gid.)354
  4008. 510 y Fi(-o)28 b(-O)160 b Fj(File)11 b(is)f(owned)h(by)g(ef)o
  4009. (fective/real)g(uid.)354 581 y Fi(-e)28 b(-z)160 b Fj(File)11
  4010. b(exists,)f(has)h(zero)h(size.)354 653 y Fi(-s)242 b
  4011. Fj(File)11 b(exists)f(and)h(has)g(non-zero)f(size.)i(Returns)f(the)g
  4012. (size.)354 724 y Fi(-f)28 b(-d)160 b Fj(File)11 b(is)f(a)i(plain)e
  4013. (\256le,)i(a)g(directory)m(.)354 795 y Fi(-l)28 b(-S)g(-p)78
  4014. b Fj(File)11 b(is)f(a)i(symbolic)e(link,)g(a)i(socket,)f(a)g(named)h
  4015. (pipe)f(\(FIFO\).)354 866 y Fi(-b)28 b(-c)160 b Fj(File)11
  4016. b(is)f(a)i(block/character)e(special)h(\256le.)354 938
  4017. y Fi(-u)28 b(-g)g(-k)78 b Fj(File)11 b(has)g(setuid/setgid)o(/st)o
  4018. (icky)d(bit)i(set.)354 1009 y Fi(-t)242 b Fj(T)m(ests)10
  4019. b(if)h(\256lehandle)g(\()p Fi(STDIN)h Fj(by)f(default\))g(is)g(opened)f
  4020. (to)h(a)h(tty)m(.)354 1080 y Fi(-T)28 b(-B)160 b Fj(File)11
  4021. b(is)f(a)i(text/non-text)c(\(binary\))j(\256le.)h Fi(-T)g
  4022. Fj(and)e Fi(-B)i Fj(return)f Fk(true)h Fj(on)f(a)g(null)650
  4023. 1137 y(\256le,)g(or)h(a)f(\256le)h(at)f(EOF)g(when)g(testing)e(a)j
  4024. (\256lehandle.)354 1208 y Fi(-M)28 b(-A)g(-C)78 b Fj(File)11
  4025. b(modi\256cation/access/inode)d(change)j(time.)h(Measured)f(in)g(days.)
  4026. 650 1265 y(V)-5 b(alue)10 b(returned)g(re\257ects)h(the)g(\256le)f(age)
  4027. h(at)g(the)f(time)h(the)f(script)g(started.)h(See)650
  4028. 1321 y(also)f Fi($\303T)i Fj(in)f(section)f(`Special)i(variables'.)355
  4029. 1499 y Fl(16.)19 b(File)h(operations)p 355 1520 V 354
  4030. 1624 a Fj(Functions)10 b(operating)g(on)h(a)g(list)f(of)i(\256les)f
  4031. (return)g(the)g(number)g(of)g(\256les)g(successfully)354
  4032. 1681 y(operated)g(upon.)354 1755 y Fd(chmod)h Ff(LIST)472
  4033. 1812 y Fj(Changes)f(the)g(permissions)f(of)h(a)h(list)e(of)h(\256les.)g
  4034. (The)g(\256rst)g(element)h(of)f(the)g(list)f(must)472
  4035. 1868 y(be)i(the)f(numerical)g(mode.)354 1939 y Fd(cho)o(wn)i
  4036. Ff(LIST)472 1996 y Fj(Changes)e(the)g(owner)g(and)g(group)g(of)g(a)g
  4037. (list)f(of)i(\256les.)f(The)g(\256rst)g(two)g(elements)g(of)g(the)472
  4038. 2052 y(list)f(must)h(be)g(the)g(numerical)g(uid)g(and)g(gid.)354
  4039. 2124 y Fd(truncate)h Ff(FILE)p Fd(,)f Ff(SIZE)472 2180
  4040. y Fj(truncates)g Ff(FILE)g Fj(to)g Ff(SIZE)p Fj(.)g Ff(FILE)g
  4041. Fj(may)g(be)h(a)f(\256lename)h(or)f(a)h(\256lehandle.)354
  4042. 2251 y Fd(link)f Ff(OLDFILE)p Fd(,)g Ff(NEWFILE)472 2308
  4043. y Fj(Creates)h(a)g(new)f(\256lename)h(linked)e(to)g(the)h(old)g
  4044. (\256lename.)354 2379 y Fd(lstat)g Ff(FILE)472 2436 y
  4045. Fj(Like)g(stat,)g(but)f(does)h(not)g(traverse)g(a)g(\256nal)h(symbolic)
  4046. e(link.)354 2507 y Fd(mkdir)i Ff(DIR)p Fd(,)e Ff(MODE)472
  4047. 2564 y Fj(Creates)i(a)g(directory)e(with)g(given)h(permissions.)f(Sets)
  4048. h Fi($!)h Fj(on)e(failure.)354 2635 y Fd(readlink)i Ff(EXPR)p
  4049. Fe(y)472 2691 y Fj(Returns)f(the)g(value)g(of)g(a)h(symbolic)e(link.)
  4050. 354 2763 y Fd(rename)i Ff(OLDNAME)p Fd(,)f Ff(NEWNAME)472
  4051. 2819 y Fj(Changes)g(the)g(name)h(of)f(a)h(\256le.)354
  4052. 2890 y Fd(rmdir)g Ff(FILENAME)p Fe(y)472 2947 y Fj(Deletes)f(the)g
  4053. (directory)f(if)i(it)e(is)h(empty)m(.)g(Sets)g Fi($!)h
  4054. Fj(on)f(failure.)p 354 3018 1512 3 v 1811 3065 a Fg(13)p
  4055. eop
  4056. %%Page: 14 15
  4057. 14 14 bop 354 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  4058. 354 -89 1512 3 v 354 -7 a Fd(stat)f Ff(FILE)472 49 y
  4059. Fj(Returns)g(a)h(13-element)f(array)g(\(0:)p Fi($)p Fj(dev)m(,)h(1:)p
  4060. Fi($)o Fj(ino,)f(2:)p Fi($)p Fj(mode,)g(3:)p Fi($)p Fj(nlink,)f(4:)p
  4061. Fi($)p Fj(uid,)472 105 y(5:)p Fi($)p Fj(gid,)h(6:)p Fi($)p
  4062. Fj(rdev)m(,)g(7:)p Fi($)p Fj(size,)g(8:)p Fi($)p Fj(atime,)g(9:)p
  4063. Fi($)p Fj(mtime,)h(10:)p Fi($)o Fj(ctime,)g(1)n(1:)p
  4064. Fi($)p Fj(blksize,)472 162 y(12:)p Fi($)p Fj(blocks\).)e
  4065. Ff(FILE)h Fj(can)h(be)f(a)h(\256lehandle,)f(an)g(expression)f
  4066. (evaluating)f(to)i(a)472 218 y(\256lename,)i(or)e Fi(_)h
  4067. Fj(to)e(refer)i(to)f(the)g(last)g(\256le)g(test)g(operation)f(or)h
  4068. Fd(stat)g Fj(call.)472 275 y(Returns)g(a)h(null)e(list)g(if)h(the)g
  4069. Fd(stat)g Fj(fails.)354 343 y Fd(symlink)g Ff(OLDFILE)p
  4070. Fd(,)g Ff(NEWFILE)472 399 y Fj(Creates)h(a)g(new)f(\256lename)h
  4071. (symbolically)d(linked)h(to)h(the)g(old)f(\256lename.)354
  4072. 467 y Fd(unlink)i Ff(LIST)472 523 y Fj(Deletes)f(a)h(list)e(of)h
  4073. (\256les.)354 591 y Fd(utime)g Ff(LIST)472 648 y Fj(Changes)g(the)g
  4074. (access)h(and)f(modi\256cation)f(times.)h(The)g(\256rst)g(two)g
  4075. (elements)g(of)g(the)g(list)472 704 y(must)g(be)g(the)g(numerical)h
  4076. (access)f(and)g(modi\256cation)f(times.)355 868 y Fl(17.)19
  4077. b(Input)i(/)e(Output)p 355 889 1512 2 v 354 991 a Fj(In)12
  4078. b(input/outp)o(ut)c(operations,)i Ff(FILEHANDLE)h Fj(may)g(be)h(a)f
  4079. (\256lehandle)g(as)g(opened)g(by)f(the)354 1048 y Fd(open)j
  4080. Fj(operator)n(,)e(a)h(pre-de\256ned)f(\256lehandle)g(\(e.g.)h
  4081. Fi(STDOUT)p Fj(\))h(or)e(a)h(scalar)f(variable)g(which)354
  4082. 1104 y(evaluates)g(to)g(the)f(name)i(of)g(a)f(\256lehandle)g(to)f(be)i
  4083. (used.)354 1174 y Fi(<)q Ff(FILEHANDLE)p Fi(>)472 1230
  4084. y Fj(In)g(scalar)f(context:)f(reads)h(a)h(single)e(line)g(from)i(the)f
  4085. (\256le)g(opened)g(on)g Ff(FILEHANDLE)p Fj(.)472 1287
  4086. y(In)h(array)f(context:)f(reads)h(the)g(whole)g(\256le.)354
  4087. 1354 y Fi(<)d(>)56 b Fj(Reads)12 b(from)g(the)f(input)e(stream)j
  4088. (formed)g(by)e(the)h(\256les)g(speci\256ed)g(in)g Fi(@ARGV)p
  4089. Fj(,)i(or)472 1411 y(standard)e(input)f(if)h(no)g(ar)o(guments)f(were)i
  4090. (supplied.)354 1479 y Fd(binmode)h Ff(FILEHANDLE)472
  4091. 1535 y Fj(Arranges)e(for)h(the)f(\256le)g(opened)g(on)g
  4092. Ff(FILEHANDLE)f Fj(to)h(be)g(read)h(or)f(written)f(in)h
  4093. Fc(binary)472 1591 y Fj(mode)h(as)f(opposed)f(to)h Fc(text)g
  4094. Fj(mode)g(\(null-operation)e(on)i(UNIX\).)354 1659 y
  4095. Fd(c)o(lose)h Ff(FILEHANDLE)472 1716 y Fj(Closes)f(the)g(\256le)g(or)h
  4096. (pipe)e(associated)g(with)h(the)g(\256le)g(handle.)354
  4097. 1784 y Fd(dbmc)o(lose)i Fi(\045)p Ff(HASH)472 1840 y
  4098. Fj(Deprecated,)f(use)f Fd(untie)h Fj(instead.)354 1908
  4099. y Fd(dbmopen)h Fi(\045)q Ff(HASH)p Fd(,)d Ff(DBMNAME)p
  4100. Fd(,)f Ff(MODE)472 1964 y Fj(Deprecated,)j(use)f Fd(tie)g
  4101. Fj(instead.)354 2032 y Fd(eof)h Ff(FILEHANDLE)472 2088
  4102. y Fj(Returns)f(1)g(if)g(the)g(next)g(read)h(will)e(return)h(end)g(of)g
  4103. (\256le,)h(or)f(if)g(the)g(\256le)g(is)g(not)f(open.)354
  4104. 2156 y Fd(eof)56 b Fj(Returns)11 b(the)g(eof)h(status)d(for)j(the)f
  4105. (last)f(\256le)i(read.)354 2224 y Fd(eof\()c(\))21 b
  4106. Fj(Indicates)10 b(eof)h(on)g(the)g(pseudo-\256le)g(formed)g(of)g(the)g
  4107. (\256les)g(listed)f(on)h(the)g(command)472 2280 y(line.)354
  4108. 2348 y Fd(fcntl)g Ff(FILEHANDLE)p Fd(,)f Ff(FUNCTION)p
  4109. Fd(,)i Fi($)p Ff(V)m(AR)472 2405 y Fj(Implements)f(the)g
  4110. Fc(fcntl)p Fj(\(2\))g(function.)f(This)g(function)g(has)h(non-standard)
  4111. e(return)472 2461 y(values.)i(See)h(the)f(manual)g(for)h(details.)354
  4112. 2529 y Fd(\256leno)g Ff(FILEHANDLE)472 2585 y Fj(Returns)f(the)g
  4113. (\256le)h(descriptor)e(for)h(a)h(given)e(\(open\))h(\256le.)354
  4114. 2653 y Fd(\257oc)o(k)i Ff(FILEHANDLE)p Fd(,)d Ff(OPERA)m(TION)472
  4115. 2710 y Fj(Calls)h Fc(\257ock)q Fj(\(2\))g(on)g(the)g(\256le.)h
  4116. Ff(OPERA)m(TION)e Fj(formed)i(by)f(adding)f(1)h(\(shared\),)h(2)472
  4117. 2766 y(\(exclusive\),)f(4)g(\(non-blocking\))e(or)i(8)h(\(unlock\).)354
  4118. 2834 y Fd(getc)g Fj([)g Ff(FILEHANDLE)e Fj(])472 2890
  4119. y(Y)n(ields)g(the)h(next)g(character)g(from)h(the)f(\256le,)h(or)f
  4120. Fi("")h Fj(on)f(end)g(of)g(\256le.)472 2947 y(If)h Ff(FILEHANDLE)e
  4121. Fj(is)h(omitted,)g(reads)g(from)h Fi(STDIN)p Fj(.)p 354
  4122. 3018 1512 3 v 354 3065 a Fg(14)p eop
  4123. %%Page: 15 16
  4124. 15 15 bop 1364 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  4125. 354 -89 1512 3 v 354 -7 a Fd(ioctl)f Ff(FILEHANDLE)p
  4126. Fd(,)f Ff(FUNCTION)p Fd(,)h Fi($)q Ff(V)m(AR)472 49 y
  4127. Fj(performs)h Fc(ioctl)p Fj(\(2\))e(on)h(the)g(\256le.)h(This)e
  4128. (function)g(has)h(non-standard)e(return)i(values.)472
  4129. 105 y(See)h(the)f(manual)h(for)f(details.)354 184 y Fd(open)i
  4130. Ff(FILEHANDLE)d Fj([)i Fd(,)f Ff(FILENAME)f Fj(])472
  4131. 240 y(Opens)h(a)g(\256le)h(and)f(associates)f(it)h(with)f
  4132. Ff(FILEHANDLE)p Fj(.)h(If)g Ff(FILENAME)f Fj(is)h(omitted,)472
  4133. 297 y(the)g(scalar)h(variable)e(of)i(the)f(same)g(name)h(as)f(the)g
  4134. Ff(FILEHANDLE)g Fj(must)g(contain)f(the)472 353 y(\256lename.)472
  4135. 424 y(The)h(following)f(\256lename)i(conventions)d(apply)h(when)h
  4136. (opening)f(a)h(\256le.)472 509 y Fi(")p Ff(FILE)p Fi(")95
  4137. b Fj(open)10 b Ff(FILE)h Fj(for)h(input.)e(Also)g Fi("<)p
  4138. Ff(FILE)p Fi(")p Fj(.)472 588 y Fi(">)p Ff(FILE)p Fi(")68
  4139. b Fj(open)10 b Ff(FILE)h Fj(for)h(output,)e(creating)g(it)h(if)g
  4140. (necessary)m(.)472 666 y Fi(">>)p Ff(FILE)p Fi(")41 b
  4141. Fj(open)10 b Ff(FILE)h Fj(in)g(append)g(mode.)472 744
  4142. y Fi("+>)p Ff(FILE)p Fi(")41 b Fj(open)10 b Ff(FILE)h
  4143. Fj(with)g(read/write)f(access.)472 822 y Fi("|)q Ff(CMD)p
  4144. Fi(")60 b Fj(opens)10 b(a)i(pipe)e(to)h(command)h Ff(CMD)p
  4145. Fj(.)f(If)g Ff(CMD)g Fj(is)g(`)p Fi(-)p Fj(',)h(forks.)472
  4146. 900 y Fi(")p Ff(CMD)p Fi(|)q(")60 b Fj(opens)10 b(a)i(pipe)e(from)i
  4147. (command)g Ff(CMD)p Fj(.)f(If)g Ff(CMD)g Fj(is)g(`)p
  4148. Fi(-)p Fj(',)h(forks.)472 985 y Ff(FILE)f Fj(may)h(be)f
  4149. Fi(&)p Ff(FILEHND)p Fj(,)h(in)f(which)f(case)i(the)f(new)g(\256le)g
  4150. (handle)g(is)f(connected)h(to)472 1042 y(the)g(\(previously)f(opened\))
  4151. h(\256lehandle)f Ff(FILEHND)p Fj(.)h(If)h(it)f(is)f Fi(&=)p
  4152. Ff(N)p Fj(,)j Ff(FILE)e Fj(will)f(be)472 1098 y(connected)h(to)g(the)g
  4153. (given)f(\256le)i(descriptor)n(.)472 1170 y Fd(open)h
  4154. Fj(returns)e Fd(undef)h Fj(upon)e(failure,)i Fk(true)g
  4155. Fj(otherwise.)354 1248 y Fd(pipe)g Ff(READHANDLE)p Fd(,)e
  4156. Ff(WRITEHANDLE)472 1304 y Fj(Returns)h(a)h(pair)f(of)g(connected)g
  4157. (pipes.)354 1382 y Fd(print)h Fj([)f Ff(FILEHANDLE)g
  4158. Fj(])g([)h Ff(LIST)p Fe(y)p Fj(])472 1439 y(Prints)f(the)g(elements)g
  4159. (of)g(LIST)m(,)g(converting)f(them)h(to)g(strings)f(if)h(needed.)g(If)
  4160. 472 1495 y Ff(FILEHANDLE)g Fj(is)g(omitted,)f(prints)g(by)h(default)f
  4161. (to)h(standard)g(output)e(\(or)i(to)g(the)g(last)472
  4162. 1552 y(selected)g(output)f(channel,)h(see)g Fd(select)p
  4163. Fj(\).)354 1630 y Fd(printf)h Fj([)f Ff(FILEHANDLE)g
  4164. Fj(])g Ff(LIST)g Fj(])472 1686 y(Equivalent)f(to)g Fi(print)j
  4165. Ff(FILEHANDLE)e Fi(sprintf)i Ff(LIST)p Fj(.)354 1765
  4166. y Fd(read)f Ff(FILEHANDLE)p Fd(,)e Fi($)q Ff(V)m(AR)p
  4167. Fd(,)g Ff(LENGTH)h Fj([)h Fd(,)f Ff(OFFSET)h Fj(])472
  4168. 1821 y(Reads)g Ff(LENGTH)g Fj(binary)e(bytes)g(from)i(the)f(\256le)h
  4169. (into)e(the)h(variable)f(at)h Ff(OFFSET)p Fj(.)472 1878
  4170. y(Returns)g(number)g(of)h(bytes)e(actually)g(read.)354
  4171. 1956 y Fd(seek)i Ff(FILEHANDLE)p Fd(,)e Ff(POSITION)p
  4172. Fd(,)g Ff(WHENCE)472 2012 y Fj(Arbitrarily)g(positions)f(the)i(\256le.)
  4173. g(Returns)g(1)g(upon)g(success,)g(0)g(otherwise.)354
  4174. 2090 y Fd(select)g Fj([)h Ff(FILEHANDLE)e Fj(])472 2147
  4175. y(Returns)h(the)g(currently)g(selected)f(\256lehandle.)h(Sets)g(the)g
  4176. (current)g(default)g(\256lehandle)472 2203 y(for)h(output)d(operations)
  4177. h(if)h Ff(FILEHANDLE)g Fj(is)f(supplied.)354 2281 y Fd(select)h
  4178. Ff(RBITS)p Fd(,)g Ff(WBITS)p Fd(,)f Ff(NBITS)p Fd(,)g
  4179. Ff(TIMEOUT)472 2338 y Fj(Performs)i(a)g Fc(select)p Fj(\(2\))f(system)g
  4180. (call)g(with)f(the)h(same)h(parameters.)354 2416 y Fd(sprintf)g
  4181. Ff(FORMA)m(T)p Fd(,)f Ff(LIST)472 2473 y Fj(Returns)g(a)h(string)e
  4182. (formatted)h(by)g(\(almost)f(all)h(of\))g(the)g(usual)g
  4183. Fc(printf)p Fj(\(3\))e(conventions.)354 2551 y Fd(sysread)k
  4184. Ff(FILEHANDLE)p Fd(,)d Fi($)p Ff(V)m(AR)p Fd(,)g Ff(LENGTH)i
  4185. Fj([)f Fd(,)g Ff(OFFSET)h Fj(])472 2607 y(Reads)g Ff(LENGTH)g
  4186. Fj(bytes)e(into)g Fi($)p Ff(V)m(AR)h Fj(at)g Ff(OFFSET)p
  4187. Fj(.)354 2685 y Fd(sys)o(write)h Ff(FILEHANDLE)p Fd(,)e
  4188. Ff(SCALAR)p Fd(,)g Ff(LENGTH)i Fj([)f Fd(,)g Ff(OFFSET)h
  4189. Fj(])472 2742 y(W)n(rites)f Ff(LENGTH)h Fj(bytes)e(from)i
  4190. Ff(SCALAR)e Fj(at)i Ff(OFFSET)p Fj(.)354 2820 y Fd(tell)f
  4191. Fj([)g Ff(FILEHANDLE)g Fj(])472 2876 y(Returns)g(the)g(current)g
  4192. (\256le)h(position)d(for)i(the)g(\256le.)h(If)f Ff(FILEHANDLE)g
  4193. Fj(is)f(omitted,)472 2933 y(assumes)h(the)g(\256le)h(last)e(read.)p
  4194. 354 3018 V 1811 3065 a Fg(15)p eop
  4195. %%Page: 16 17
  4196. 16 16 bop 354 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  4197. 354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -3 a Fl(18.)19 b(Formats)p 355 18
  4198. 1512 2 v 354 120 a Fd(f)o(ormline)12 b Ff(PICTURE)p Fd(,)e
  4199. Ff(LIST)472 176 y Fj(Formats)i Ff(LIST)f Fj(according)f(to)h
  4200. Ff(PICTURE)g Fj(and)g(accumulates)g(the)g(result)f(into)g
  4201. Fi($\303)q(A)p Fj(.)354 242 y Fd(write)i Fj([)f Ff(FILEHANDLE)f
  4202. Fj(])472 299 y(W)n(rites)h(a)h(formatted)f(record)g(to)g(the)g
  4203. (speci\256ed)g(\256le,)h(using)e(the)g(format)i(associated)472
  4204. 355 y(with)f(that)f(\256le.)354 422 y(Formats)i(are)g(de\256ned)f(as)g
  4205. (follows:)354 488 y Fd(f)o(ormat)h Fj([)g Ff(NAME)e Fj(])h
  4206. Fi(=)354 544 y Ff(FORMLIST)354 601 y Fi(.)354 666 y Ff(FORMLIST)g
  4207. Fj(pictures)f(the)h(lines,)f(and)h(contains)e(the)i(ar)o(guments)f
  4208. (which)h(will)e(give)i(values)f(to)354 722 y(the)h(\256elds)g(in)g(the)
  4209. g(lines.)f Ff(NAME)h Fj(defaults)f(to)h Fi(STDOUT)i Fj(if)e(omitted.)
  4210. 354 779 y(Picture)g(\256elds)g(are:)409 846 y Fi(@<<<)p
  4211. Fj(.)t(.)t(.)96 b(left)11 b(adjusted)f(\256eld,)i(repeat)f(the)g
  4212. Fi(<)h Fj(to)e(denote)h(the)g(desired)f(width;)409 902
  4213. y Fi(@>>>)p Fj(.)t(.)t(.)96 b(right)11 b(adjusted)e(\256eld;)409
  4214. 959 y Fi(@||)q(|)p Fj(.)t(.)t(.)95 b(centered)12 b(\256eld;)409
  4215. 1015 y Fi(@#.##)p Fj(.)t(.)t(.)69 b(numeric)12 b(format)f(with)f
  4216. (implied)h(decimal)g(point;)409 1072 y Fi(@*)191 b Fj(a)12
  4217. b(multi-line)e(\256eld.)354 1139 y(Use)h Fi(\303)h Fj(instead)e(of)h
  4218. Fi(@)h Fj(for)f(multi-line)f(block)g(\256lling.)354 1204
  4219. y(Use)h Fi(\304)h Fj(at)f(the)g(beginning)e(of)j(a)f(line)g(to)f
  4220. (suppress)g(unwanted)g(empty)h(lines.)354 1269 y(Use)g
  4221. Fi(\304\304)h Fj(at)f(the)g(beginning)f(of)h(a)g(line)g(to)g(have)g
  4222. (this)f(format)h(line)g(repeated)g(until)f(all)h(\256elds)354
  4223. 1326 y(are)h(exhausted.)354 1391 y(Set)g Fi($-)g Fj(to)e(zero)i(to)f
  4224. (force)g(a)h(page)f(break.)354 1457 y(See)h(also)f Fi($\303)p
  4225. Fj(,)h Fi($\304)p Fj(,)g Fi($\303A)p Fj(,)h Fi($\303F)p
  4226. Fj(,)g Fi($-)e Fj(and)g Fi($=)h Fj(in)f(section)f(`Special)i
  4227. (variables'.)355 1626 y Fl(19.)19 b(Director)q(y)j(reading)e(r)o
  4228. (outines)p 355 1647 V 354 1748 a Fd(c)o(losedir)12 b
  4229. Ff(DIRHANDLE)472 1805 y Fj(Closes)f(a)h(directory)e(opened)h(by)f
  4230. (opendir)n(.)354 1871 y Fd(opendir)j Ff(DIRHANDLE)p Fd(,)d
  4231. Ff(DIRNAME)472 1927 y Fj(Opens)h(a)g(directory)g(on)g(the)g(handle)f
  4232. (speci\256ed.)354 1993 y Fd(readdir)i Ff(DIRHANDLE)472
  4233. 2050 y Fj(Returns)f(the)g(next)g(entry)g(\(or)g(an)g(array)h(of)f
  4234. (entries\))g(in)g(the)f(directory)m(.)354 2116 y Fd(re)o(winddir)i
  4235. Ff(DIRHANDLE)472 2173 y Fj(Positions)e(the)g(directory)h(to)g(the)g
  4236. (beginning.)354 2239 y Fd(seekdir)h Ff(DIRHANDLE)p Fd(,)e
  4237. Ff(POS)472 2295 y Fj(Sets)i(position)c(for)k(readdir)f(on)g(the)g
  4238. (directory)m(.)354 2361 y Fd(telldir)g Ff(DIRHANDLE)472
  4239. 2418 y Fj(Returns)g(the)g(postion)e(in)i(the)g(directory)m(.)355
  4240. 2589 y Fl(20.)19 b(System)i(interaction)p 355 2610 V
  4241. 354 2711 a Fd(alarm)11 b Ff(EXPR)472 2768 y Fj(Schedules)g(a)h
  4242. Fi(SIGALRM)h Fj(to)e(be)g(delivered)f(after)i Ff(EXPR)e
  4243. Fj(seconds.)354 2834 y Fd(chdir)i Fj([)f Ff(EXPR)g Fj(])472
  4244. 2890 y(Changes)g(the)g(working)f(directory)m(.)472 2947
  4245. y(Uses)h Fi($ENV{"HOME"})k Fj(or)c Fi($ENV{"LOGNAME)q("})j
  4246. Fj(if)e Ff(EXPR)e Fj(is)h(omitted.)p 354 3018 1512 3
  4247. v 354 3065 a Fg(16)p eop
  4248. %%Page: 17 18
  4249. 17 17 bop 1364 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  4250. 354 -89 1512 3 v 354 -7 a Fd(chr)o(oot)h Ff(FILENAME)p
  4251. Fe(y)472 49 y Fj(Changes)e(the)g(root)g(directory)f(for)i(the)f
  4252. (process)f(and)h(its)g(children.)354 119 y Fd(die)h Fj([)f
  4253. Ff(LIST)g Fj(])472 175 y(Prints)g(the)g(value)g(of)g
  4254. Ff(LIST)g Fj(to)g Fi(STDERR)i Fj(and)e(exits)f(with)g(the)h(current)g
  4255. (value)g(of)g Fi($!)472 232 y Fj(\(errno\).)h(If)f Fi($!)g
  4256. Fj(is)f(0,)h(exits)f(with)g(the)g(value)g(of)h Fi(\($?)28
  4257. b(>>)g(8\))p Fj(.)12 b(If)f Fi(\($?)28 b(>>)g(8\))11
  4258. b Fj(is)f(0,)472 288 y(exits)h(with)f(255.)h Ff(LIST)g
  4259. Fj(defaults)f(to)h Fi("Died")p Fj(.)354 358 y Fd(e)o(xec)h
  4260. Ff(LIST)472 415 y Fj(Executes)f(the)g(system)f(command)i(in)f
  4261. Ff(LIST)p Fj(;)f(does)h(not)g(return.)354 485 y Fd(e)o(xit)h
  4262. Fj([)f Ff(EXPR)f Fj(])472 541 y(Exits)g(immediately)h(with)f(the)h
  4263. (value)g(of)g Fi(EXPR)p Fj(,)i(which)d(defaults)h(to)f
  4264. Fi(0)i Fj(\(zero\).)g(Calls)472 598 y Fi(END)h Fj(routines)c(and)i
  4265. (object)g(destructors)f(before)h(exiting.)354 668 y Fd(f)o(ork)41
  4266. b Fj(Does)11 b(a)h Fc(fork)q Fj(\(2\))e(system)h(call.)g(Returns)g(the)
  4267. g(child)f(pid)g(to)h(the)g(parent)g(process)g(and)472
  4268. 724 y(zero)h(to)f(the)g(child)f(process.)354 794 y Fd(getlogin)472
  4269. 851 y Fj(Returns)h(the)g(current)g(login)f(name)i(as)f(known)f(by)h
  4270. (the)g(system.)354 921 y Fd(getpgrp)j Fj([)d Ff(PID)g
  4271. Fj(])472 977 y(Returns)g(the)g(process)g(group)f(for)i(process)e
  4272. Ff(PID)h Fj(\(0,)g(or)h(omitted,)e(means)i(the)f(current)472
  4273. 1034 y(process\).)354 1104 y Fd(getppid)472 1160 y Fj(Returns)g(the)g
  4274. (process)g(id)g(of)g(the)g(parent)g(process.)354 1230
  4275. y Fd(getpriority)h Ff(WHICH)p Fd(,)f Ff(WHO)472 1287
  4276. y Fj(Returns)g(the)g(current)g(priority)f(for)h(a)h(process,)f(process)
  4277. g(group,)f(or)i(user)n(.)354 1357 y Fd(glob)g Ff(P)m(A)m(T)472
  4278. 1413 y Fj(Returns)f(a)h(list)e(of)h(\256lenames)h(that)e(match)i(the)e
  4279. (shell)h(pattern)f Ff(P)m(A)m(T)p Fj(.)354 1483 y Fd(kill)g
  4280. Ff(LIST)472 1540 y Fj(Sends)h(a)h(signal)e(to)h(a)g(list)f(of)h
  4281. (processes.)g(The)g(\256rst)g(element)h(of)f(the)g(list)f(must)h(be)g
  4282. (the)472 1596 y(signal)f(to)h(send)g(\(numeric,)h(or)f(its)f(name)i(as)
  4283. f(a)h(string\).)354 1666 y Fd(setpgrp)h Ff(PID)p Fd(,)d
  4284. Ff(PGRP)472 1723 y Fj(Sets)i(the)e(process)h(group)g(for)g(the)g
  4285. Ff(PID)f Fj(\(0)i(=)f(current)g(process\).)354 1793 y
  4286. Fd(setpriority)h Ff(WHICH)p Fd(,)e Ff(WHO)p Fd(,)i Ff(PRIO)472
  4287. 1849 y Fj(Sets)g(the)e(current)i(priority)d(for)j(a)f(process,)g
  4288. (process)g(group,)g(or)g(a)g(user)n(.)354 1919 y Fd(sleep)h
  4289. Fj([)f Ff(EXPR)g Fj(])472 1976 y(Causes)h(the)e(script)h(to)g(sleep)f
  4290. (for)i Ff(EXPR)e Fj(seconds,)h(or)g(forever)h(if)f(no)g
  4291. Ff(EXPR)p Fj(.)f(Returns)472 2032 y(the)h(number)h(of)f(seconds)f
  4292. (actually)g(slept.)354 2102 y Fd(syscall)h Ff(LIST)472
  4293. 2159 y Fj(Calls)g(the)g(system)g(call)g(speci\256ed)g(in)f(the)h
  4294. (\256rst)g(element)h(of)f(the)g(list,)f(passing)g(the)h(rest)472
  4295. 2215 y(of)h(the)f(list)f(as)h(ar)o(guments)g(to)f(the)h(call.)354
  4296. 2285 y Fd(system)h Ff(LIST)472 2342 y Fj(Does)f(exactly)g(the)g(same)h
  4297. (thing)d(as)j Fd(e)o(xec)f Ff(LIST)g Fj(except)g(that)g(a)h(fork)f(is)f
  4298. (performed)472 2398 y(\256rst,)i(and)f(the)g(parent)g(process)f(waits)h
  4299. (for)g(the)g(child)f(process)h(to)g(complete.)354 2468
  4300. y Fd(times)472 2524 y Fj(Returns)g(a)h(4-element)f(array)h(\(0:)p
  4301. Fi($)o Fj(user)n(,)g(1:)p Fi($)p Fj(system,)f(2:)p Fi($)o
  4302. Fj(cuser)n(,)h(3:)p Fi($)p Fj(csystem\))472 2581 y(giving)e(the)h(user)
  4303. g(and)g(system)g(times,)g(in)g(seconds,)f(for)i(this)e(process)g(and)h
  4304. (the)472 2637 y(children)g(of)g(this)f(process.)354 2707
  4305. y Fd(umask)i Fj([)g Ff(EXPR)e Fj(])472 2764 y(Sets)i(the)e(umask)i(for)
  4306. f(the)g(process)f(and)h(returns)g(the)g(old)f(one.)i(If)f
  4307. Ff(EXPR)g Fj(is)g(omitted,)472 2820 y(returns)g(current)g(umask)g
  4308. (value.)354 2890 y Fd(wait)37 b Fj(W)l(aits)11 b(for)h(a)f(child)f
  4309. (process)h(to)g(terminate)g(and)g(returns)f(the)h(pid)g(of)g(the)g
  4310. (deceased)472 2947 y(process)g(\(-1)g(if)h(none\).)f(The)g(status)f(is)
  4311. g(returned)h(in)g Fi($?)p Fj(.)p 354 3018 V 1811 3065
  4312. a Fg(17)p eop
  4313. %%Page: 18 19
  4314. 18 18 bop 354 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  4315. 354 -89 1512 3 v 354 -7 a Fd(waitpid)g Ff(PID)p Fd(,)e
  4316. Ff(FLAGS)472 49 y Fj(Performs)i(the)f(same)h(function)e(as)h(the)g
  4317. (corresponding)f(system)g(call.)354 115 y Fd(warn)j Fj([)e
  4318. Ff(LIST)g Fj(])472 172 y(Prints)g(the)g(message)g(on)g
  4319. Fi(STDERR)i Fj(like)e Fd(die)p Fj(,)g(but)g(does)f(not)h(exit.)472
  4320. 228 y Ff(LIST)g Fj(defaults)g(to)f Fi("Warning:)30 b(something's)g
  4321. (wrong")p Fj(.)355 396 y Fl(21.)19 b(Netw)o(orking)p
  4322. 355 417 1512 2 v 354 519 a Fd(accept)12 b Ff(NEWSOCKET)p
  4323. Fd(,)f Ff(GENERICSOCKET)472 575 y Fj(Accepts)g(a)h(new)f(socket.)354
  4324. 641 y Fd(bind)h Ff(SOCKET)p Fd(,)f Ff(NAME)472 698 y
  4325. Fj(Binds)g(the)g Ff(NAME)f Fj(to)h(the)g Ff(SOCKET)p
  4326. Fj(.)354 764 y Fd(connect)i Ff(SOCKET)p Fd(,)d Ff(NAME)472
  4327. 821 y Fj(Connects)h(the)g Ff(NAME)f Fj(to)h(the)g Ff(SOCKET)p
  4328. Fj(.)354 887 y Fd(getpeername)i Ff(SOCKET)472 944 y Fj(Returns)e(the)g
  4329. (socket)g(address)f(of)i(the)e(other)h(end)g(of)g(the)g
  4330. Ff(SOCKET)p Fj(.)354 1010 y Fd(getsoc)o(kname)j Ff(SOCKET)472
  4331. 1066 y Fj(Returns)d(the)g(name)h(of)f(the)g(socket.)354
  4332. 1133 y Fd(getsoc)o(k)o(opt)j Ff(SOCKET)p Fd(,)d Ff(LEVEL)p
  4333. Fd(,)f Ff(OPTNAME)472 1189 y Fj(Returns)h(the)g(socket)g(options.)354
  4334. 1255 y Fd(listen)g Ff(SOCKET)p Fd(,)g Ff(QUEUESIZE)472
  4335. 1312 y Fj(Starts)g(listening)e(on)i(the)g(speci\256ed)g
  4336. Ff(SOCKET)p Fj(.)354 1378 y Fd(recv)h Ff(SOCKET)p Fd(,)f
  4337. Ff(SCALAR)p Fd(,)f Ff(LENGTH)p Fd(,)h Ff(FLAGS)472 1435
  4338. y Fj(Receives)h(a)f(message)h(on)f Ff(SOCKET)p Fj(.)354
  4339. 1501 y Fd(send)i Ff(SOCKET)p Fd(,)d Ff(MSG)p Fd(,)h Ff(FLAGS)g([)g
  4340. Fd(,)g Ff(T)o(O)i Fj(])472 1558 y(Sends)e(a)h(message)f(on)g(the)g
  4341. Ff(SOCKET)p Fj(.)354 1624 y Fd(setsoc)o(k)o(opt)i Ff(SOCKET)p
  4342. Fd(,)e Ff(LEVEL)p Fd(,)f Ff(OPTNAME)p Fd(,)g Ff(OPTV)m(AL)472
  4343. 1680 y Fj(Sets)i(the)e(requested)h(socket)g(option.)354
  4344. 1747 y Fd(shutdo)o(wn)j Ff(SOCKET)p Fd(,)d Ff(HOW)472
  4345. 1803 y Fj(Shuts)g(down)f(a)i Ff(SOCKET)p Fj(.)354 1870
  4346. y Fd(soc)o(ket)g Ff(SOCKET)p Fd(,)f Ff(DOMAIN)p Fd(,)f
  4347. Ff(TYPE)p Fd(,)g Ff(PROT)o(OCOL)472 1926 y Fj(Creates)i(a)g
  4348. Ff(SOCKET)f Fj(in)f Ff(DOMAIN)h Fj(with)f Ff(TYPE)h Fj(and)g
  4349. Ff(PROT)o(OCOL)p Fj(.)354 1992 y Fd(soc)o(ketpair)h Ff(SOCKET1)p
  4350. Fd(,)f Ff(SOCKET2)p Fd(,)g Ff(DOMAIN)p Fd(,)f Ff(TYPE)p
  4351. Fd(,)g Ff(PROT)o(OCOL)472 2049 y Fj(As)h(socket,)g(but)g(creates)g(a)h
  4352. (pair)f(of)g(bi-directional)e(sockets.)355 2220 y Fl(22.)19
  4353. b(SystemV)i(IPC)p 355 2241 V 354 2343 a Fd(msgctl)11
  4354. b Ff(ID)p Fd(,)g Ff(CMD)p Fd(,)f Ff(ARGS)472 2399 y Fj(Calls)h
  4355. Fc(msgctl)p Fj(\(2\).)g(If)g Ff(CMD)g Fj(is)g Fi(&IPC_STAT)j
  4356. Fj(then)c Ff(ARG)i Fj(must)e(be)i(a)f(variable.)354 2466
  4357. y Fd(msgget)h Ff(KEY)p Fd(,)e Ff(FLAGS)472 2522 y Fj(Creates)i(a)g
  4358. (message)f(queue)g(for)g Ff(KEY)p Fj(.)g(Returns)g(the)g(message)g
  4359. (queue)g(identi\256er)n(.)354 2588 y Fd(msgsnd)i Ff(ID)p
  4360. Fd(,)d Ff(MSG)p Fd(,)h Ff(FLAGS)472 2645 y Fj(Sends)g
  4361. Ff(MSG)g Fj(to)g(queue)g Ff(ID)p Fj(.)354 2711 y Fd(msgr)o(cv)i
  4362. Ff(ID)p Fd(,)d Fi($)p Ff(V)m(AR)p Fd(,)g Ff(SIZE)p Fd(,)h
  4363. Ff(TYPE)p Fd(,)f Ff(FLAGS)472 2768 y Fj(Receives)i(a)f(message)h(from)g
  4364. (queue)e Ff(ID)h Fj(into)f Ff(V)m(AR)p Fj(.)354 2834
  4365. y Fd(semctl)h Ff(ID)p Fd(,)g Ff(SEMNUM)p Fd(,)e Ff(CMD)p
  4366. Fd(,)h Ff(ARG)472 2890 y Fj(Calls)h Fc(semctl)p Fj(\(2\).)472
  4367. 2947 y(If)h Ff(CMD)f Fj(is)g Fi(&IPC_STAT)i Fj(of)f Fi(&GETALL)h
  4368. Fj(then)e Ff(ARG)g Fj(must)g(be)g(a)g(variable.)p 354
  4369. 3018 1512 3 v 354 3065 a Fg(18)p eop
  4370. %%Page: 19 20
  4371. 19 19 bop 1364 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  4372. 354 -89 1512 3 v 354 -7 a Fd(semget)g Ff(KEY)p Fd(,)e
  4373. Ff(NSEMS)p Fd(,)g Ff(SIZE)p Fd(,)g Ff(FLAGS)472 49 y
  4374. Fj(Creates)i(a)g(set)f(of)g(semaphores)g(for)g Ff(KEY)p
  4375. Fj(.)g(Returns)g(the)g(message)g(semaphore)472 105 y(identi\256er)n(.)
  4376. 354 170 y Fd(semop)h Ff(KEY)p Fd(,)e Fj(...)472 227 y(Performs)i
  4377. (semaphore)g(operations.)354 291 y Fd(shmctl)f Ff(ID)p
  4378. Fd(,)g Ff(CMD)p Fd(,)f Ff(ARG)472 348 y Fj(Calls)h Fc(shmctl)p
  4379. Fj(\(2\).)g(If)g Ff(CMD)g Fj(is)g Fi(&IPC_STAT)j Fj(then)c
  4380. Ff(ARG)i Fj(must)e(be)i(a)f(variable.)354 413 y Fd(shmget)i
  4381. Ff(KEY)p Fd(,)d Ff(SIZE)p Fd(,)g Ff(FLAGS)472 469 y Fj(Creates)i
  4382. (shared)f(memory)m(.)h(Returns)f(the)g(shared)g(memory)h(segment)f
  4383. (identi\256er)n(.)354 534 y Fd(shmread)i Ff(ID)p Fd(,)d
  4384. Fi($)p Ff(V)m(AR)p Fd(,)h Ff(POS)p Fd(,)f Ff(SIZE)472
  4385. 590 y Fj(Reads)i(at)f(most)g Ff(SIZE)f Fj(bytes)h(of)g(the)g(contents)f
  4386. (of)h(shared)g(memory)h(segment)f Ff(ID)472 647 y Fj(starting)f(at)h
  4387. (of)o(fset)g Ff(POS)g Fj(into)g Ff(V)m(AR)p Fj(.)354
  4388. 711 y Fd(shmwrite)h Ff(ID)p Fd(,)e Ff(STRING)p Fd(,)h
  4389. Ff(POS)p Fd(,)g Ff(SIZE)472 768 y Fj(W)n(rites)g(at)g(most)g
  4390. Ff(SIZE)g Fj(bytes)f(of)h Ff(STRING)g Fj(into)g(the)f(contents)g(of)i
  4391. (shared)f(memory)472 824 y(segment)g Ff(ID)g Fj(at)g(of)o(fset)g
  4392. Ff(POS)p Fj(.)355 993 y Fl(23.)19 b(Miscellaneous)p 355
  4393. 1014 1512 2 v 354 1114 a Fd(de\256ned)13 b Ff(EXPR)472
  4394. 1171 y Fj(T)m(ests)e(whether)f(the)h(lvalue)g Ff(EXPR)f
  4395. Fj(has)h(an)g(actual)g(value.)354 1235 y Fd(do)h Ff(FILENAME)472
  4396. 1292 y Fj(Executes)f Ff(FILENAME)f Fj(as)h(a)h(Perl)f(script.)g(See)h
  4397. (also)f Fd(require)h Fj(in)e(section)472 1348 y(`Subroutines,)g
  4398. (packages)h(and)g(modules'.)354 1413 y Fd(dump)i Fj([)e
  4399. Ff(LABEL)g Fj(])472 1470 y(Immediate)h(core)g(dump.)f(When)g
  4400. (reincarnated,)g(starts)g(at)g Ff(LABEL)p Fj(.)354 1534
  4401. y Fd(e)o(v)o(al)p Fa({)q Ff(EXPR)p Fd(;)f Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t
  4402. Fi(})472 1591 y Fj(Executes)h(the)g(code)g(between)g
  4403. Fi({)g Fj(and)g Fi(})q Fj(.)g(T)n(raps)h(run-time)f(errors)g(as)g
  4404. (described)g(with)472 1647 y Fd(e)o(v)o(al\()p Ff(EXPR)p
  4405. Fd(\))p Fj(,)g(section)f(`String)h(functions'.)354 1712
  4406. y Fd(local)g Ff(LIST)472 1768 y Fj(Creates)h(a)g(scope)f(for)g(the)g
  4407. (listed)f(variables)g(local)h(to)g(the)f(enclosing)g(block,)472
  4408. 1825 y(subroutine)g(or)h(eval.)354 1890 y Fd(m)o(y)g
  4409. Ff(LIST)472 1946 y Fj(Creates)h(a)g(scope)f(for)g(the)g(listed)f
  4410. (variables)g(lexically)g(local)h(to)f(the)h(enclosing)f(block,)472
  4411. 2003 y(subroutine)g(or)h(eval.)354 2067 y Fd(ref)h Ff(EXPR)p
  4412. Fe(y)472 2124 y Fj(Returns)f(a)h Fk(true)g Fj(value)f(if)g
  4413. Ff(EXPR)f Fj(is)h(a)g(reference.)i(Returns)e(the)g(package)g(name)h(if)
  4414. 472 2180 y Ff(EXPR)f Fj(has)g(been)g(blessed)f(into)g(a)i(package.)354
  4415. 2245 y Fd(reset)g Fj([)f Ff(EXPR)g Fj(])472 2301 y(Resets)g
  4416. Fi(??)h Fj(searches)g(so)e(that)h(they)g(work)f(again.)i
  4417. Ff(EXPR)e Fj(is)h(a)g(list)f(of)h(single)f(letters.)472
  4418. 2358 y(All)h(variables)f(and)h(arrays)h(beginning)d(with)h(one)h(of)g
  4419. (those)g(letters)f(are)i(reset)f(to)g(their)472 2414
  4420. y(pristine)f(state.)h(Only)f(af)o(fects)i(the)f(current)g(package.)354
  4421. 2479 y Fd(scalar)h Ff(EXPR)472 2536 y Fj(Forces)g(evaluation)e(of)h
  4422. Ff(EXPR)f Fj(in)h(scalar)g(context.)354 2600 y Fd(undef)i
  4423. Fj([)e Ff(L)m(V)m(ALUE)g Fj(])472 2657 y(Unde\256nes)g(the)g
  4424. Ff(L)m(V)m(ALUE)p Fj(.)g(Always)f(returns)h(the)g(unde\256ned)f(value.)
  4425. 354 2722 y Fd(wantarra)o(y)472 2778 y Fj(Returns)h Fk(true)h
  4426. Fj(if)f(the)g(current)g(context)g(expects)f(an)i(array)f(value.)p
  4427. 354 3018 1512 3 v 1811 3065 a Fg(19)p eop
  4428. %%Page: 20 21
  4429. 20 20 bop 354 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  4430. 354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -2 a Fl(24.)19 b(Inf)o(ormation)i(fr)o(om)f
  4431. (system)h(\256les)p 355 19 1512 2 v 354 120 a Fj(See)12
  4432. b(the)f(manual)g(about)g(return)g(values)f(in)h(scalar)g(context.)354
  4433. 185 y Fg(pass)o(wd)354 242 y Fj(Returns)g(\()p Fi($)q
  4434. Fj(name,)h Fi($)p Fj(passwd,)f Fi($)p Fj(uid,)g Fi($)p
  4435. Fj(gid,)g Fi($)p Fj(quota,)g Fi($)p Fj(comment,)h Fi($)p
  4436. Fj(gcos,)f Fi($)p Fj(dir)n(,)h Fi($)p Fj(shell\).)354
  4437. 307 y Fd(endpwent)517 b Fj(Ends)10 b(look-up)g(processing.)354
  4438. 373 y Fd(getpwent)528 b Fj(Gets)11 b(next)f(user)h(information.)354
  4439. 438 y Fd(getpwnam)i Ff(NAME)371 b Fj(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g
  4440. (name.)354 503 y Fd(getpwuid)j Ff(UID)443 b Fj(Gets)11
  4441. b(information)f(by)g(user)i(ID.)354 568 y Fd(setpwent)530
  4442. b Fj(Resets)11 b(look-up)f(processing.)354 659 y Fg(gr)o(oup)354
  4443. 715 y Fj(Returns)h(\()p Fi($)q Fj(name,)h Fi($)p Fj(passwd,)f
  4444. Fi($)p Fj(gid,)g Fi($)p Fj(members\).)354 781 y Fd(endgrent)533
  4445. b Fj(Ends)10 b(look-up)g(processing.)354 846 y Fd(getgr)o(gid)k
  4446. Ff(GID)457 b Fj(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g(group)h(ID.)354
  4447. 911 y Fd(getgrnam)i Ff(NAME)387 b Fj(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g
  4448. (name.)354 977 y Fd(getgrent)544 b Fj(Gets)11 b(next)f(group)h
  4449. (information.)354 1042 y Fd(setgrent)546 b Fj(Resets)11
  4450. b(look-up)f(processing.)354 1132 y Fg(hosts)354 1189
  4451. y Fj(Returns)h(\()p Fi($)q Fj(name,)h Fi($)p Fj(aliases,)f
  4452. Fi($)p Fj(addrtype,)g Fi($)p Fj(length,)g(@addrs\).)354
  4453. 1254 y Fd(endhostent)487 b Fj(Ends)10 b(look-up)g(processing.)354
  4454. 1320 y Fd(gethostb)o(y)o(addr)k Ff(ADDR)p Fd(,)c Ff(ADDR)o(TYPE)45
  4455. b Fj(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g(IP)i(address.)354 1385
  4456. y Fd(gethostb)o(yname)i Ff(NAME)270 b Fj(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g
  4457. (host)h(name.)354 1450 y Fd(gethostent)498 b Fj(Gets)11
  4458. b(next)f(host)g(information.)354 1516 y Fd(sethostent)j
  4459. Ff(ST)m(A)m(YOPEN)266 b Fj(Resets)11 b(look-up)f(processing.)354
  4460. 1606 y Fg(netw)o(orks)354 1663 y Fj(Returns)h(\()p Fi($)q
  4461. Fj(name,)h Fi($)p Fj(aliases,)f Fi($)p Fj(addrtype,)g
  4462. Fi($)p Fj(net\).)354 1728 y Fd(endnetent)512 b Fj(Ends)10
  4463. b(look-up)g(processing.)354 1793 y Fd(getnetb)o(y)o(addr)k
  4464. Ff(ADDR)p Fd(,)c Ff(TYPE)187 b Fj(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g(address)
  4465. h(and)g(type.)354 1859 y Fd(getnetb)o(yname)j Ff(NAME)295
  4466. b Fj(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g(network)h(name.)354
  4467. 1924 y Fd(getnetent)523 b Fj(Gets)11 b(next)f(network)h(information.)
  4468. 354 1989 y Fd(setnetent)h Ff(ST)m(A)m(YOPEN)292 b Fj(Resets)11
  4469. b(look-up)f(processing.)354 2080 y Fg(services)354 2136
  4470. y Fj(Returns)h(\()p Fi($)q Fj(name,)h Fi($)p Fj(aliases,)f
  4471. Fi($)p Fj(port,)g Fi($)p Fj(proto\).)354 2202 y Fd(endservent)489
  4472. b Fj(Ends)10 b(look-up)g(processing.)354 2267 y Fd(getservb)o(yname)k
  4473. Ff(NAME)p Fd(,)c Ff(PROT)o(O)104 b Fj(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g
  4474. (service)i(name.)354 2332 y Fd(getservb)o(ypor)q(t)i
  4475. Ff(POR)o(T)p Fd(,)e Ff(PROT)o(O)136 b Fj(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g
  4476. (service)i(port.)354 2398 y Fd(getservent)500 b Fj(Gets)11
  4477. b(next)f(service)h(information.)354 2463 y Fd(setservent)i
  4478. Ff(ST)m(A)m(YOPEN)268 b Fj(Resets)11 b(look-up)f(processing.)354
  4479. 2553 y Fg(pr)o(otocols)354 2610 y Fj(Returns)h(\()p Fi($)q
  4480. Fj(name,)h Fi($)p Fj(aliases,)f Fi($)p Fj(proto\).)354
  4481. 2675 y Fd(endpr)o(otoent)470 b Fj(Ends)10 b(look-up)g(processing.)354
  4482. 2741 y Fd(getpr)o(otob)o(yname)15 b Ff(NAME)252 b Fj(Gets)11
  4483. b(information)f(by)g(protocol)g(name.)354 2806 y Fd(getpr)o(otob)o
  4484. (ynumbe)q(r)k Ff(NUMBER)149 b Fj(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g(protocol)
  4485. g(number)n(.)354 2871 y Fd(getpr)o(otoent)481 b Fj(Gets)11
  4486. b(next)f(protocol)g(information.)354 2937 y Fd(setpr)o(otoent)j
  4487. Ff(ST)m(A)m(YOPEN)249 b Fj(Resets)11 b(look-up)f(processing.)p
  4488. 354 3018 1512 3 v 354 3065 a Fg(20)p eop
  4489. %%Page: 21 22
  4490. 21 21 bop 1364 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  4491. 354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -1 a Fl(25.)19 b(Special)h(v)o(ariab)o(les)p
  4492. 355 20 1512 2 v 354 121 a Fj(The)11 b(following)f(variables)g(are)i
  4493. (global)e(and)h(should)e(be)j(localized)e(in)h(subroutines:)354
  4494. 188 y Fi($_)64 b Fj(The)11 b(default)g(input)f(and)h(pattern-searching)
  4495. f(space.)354 254 y Fi($.)64 b Fj(The)11 b(current)h(input)d(line)i
  4496. (number)g(of)g(the)g(last)g(\256lehandle)f(that)h(was)g(read.)354
  4497. 321 y Fi($/)64 b Fj(The)11 b(input)f(record)i(separator)n(,)f(newline)g
  4498. (by)f(default.)h(May)h(be)f(multi-character)n(.)354 387
  4499. y Fi($,)64 b Fj(The)11 b(output)f(\256eld)h(separator)g(for)h(the)e
  4500. (print)h(operator)n(.)354 453 y Fi($")64 b Fj(The)11
  4501. b(separator)g(which)g(joins)f(elements)h(of)g(arrays)g(interpolated)f
  4502. (in)g(strings.)354 519 y Fi($\\)64 b Fj(The)11 b(output)f(record)h
  4503. (separator)g(for)h(the)f(print)f(operator)n(.)354 585
  4504. y Fi($#)64 b Fj(The)11 b(output)f(format)i(for)f(printed)f(numbers.)h
  4505. (Deprecated.)354 651 y Fi($*)64 b Fj(Set)12 b(to)e(1)h(to)g(do)g
  4506. (multiline)e(matching)h(within)g(strings.)g(Deprecated,)h(see)g(the)g
  4507. Fd(m)g Fj(and)g Fd(s)472 708 y Fj(modi\256ers)h(in)e(section)g(`Search)
  4508. j(and)e(replace)g(functions'.)354 774 y Fi($?)64 b Fj(The)11
  4509. b(status)f(returned)h(by)g(the)g(last)f Fi(`)p Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t
  4510. Fi(`)j Fj(command,)f(pipe)e Fd(c)o(lose)i Fj(or)f Fd(system)472
  4511. 830 y Fj(operator)n(.)354 897 y Fi($])64 b Fj(The)11
  4512. b(Perl)h(version)e(number)n(,)i(e.g.)g Fi(5.001)p Fj(.)354
  4513. 963 y Fi($[)64 b Fj(The)11 b(index)g(of)g(the)g(\256rst)g(element)g(in)
  4514. g(an)g(array)m(,)h(and)f(of)h(the)f(\256rst)g(character)h(in)e(a)472
  4515. 1019 y(substring.)g(Default)h(is)f(0.)i(Deprecated.)354
  4516. 1085 y Fi($;)64 b Fj(The)11 b(subscript)f(separator)h(for)g
  4517. (multi-dimensional)e(array)j(emulation.)e(Default)h(is)472
  4518. 1142 y Fi("\\034")p Fj(.)354 1208 y Fi($!)64 b Fj(If)12
  4519. b(used)f(in)f(a)i(numeric)f(context,)g(yields)f(the)h(current)g(value)g
  4520. (of)g Fi(errno)p Fj(.)i(If)f(used)e(in)h(a)472 1264 y(string)f
  4521. (context,)h(yields)f(the)h(corresponding)e(error)j(string.)354
  4522. 1331 y Fi($@)64 b Fj(The)11 b(Perl)h(error)g(message)f(from)h(the)f
  4523. (last)f Fd(e)o(v)o(al)i Fj(or)f Fd(do)h Ff(EXPR)f Fj(command.)354
  4524. 1397 y Fi($:)64 b Fj(The)11 b(set)g(of)h(characters)f(after)h(which)e
  4525. (a)i(string)e(may)h(be)h(broken)e(to)h(\256ll)g(continuation)472
  4526. 1453 y(\256elds)g(\(starting)f(with)g(`)p Fi(\303)p Fj('\))i(in)f(a)h
  4527. (format.)354 1519 y Fi($0)64 b Fj(The)11 b(name)h(of)g(the)e(\256le)i
  4528. (containing)d(the)i(Perl)h(script)e(being)g(executed.)i(May)f(be)472
  4529. 1576 y(assigned)f(to.)354 1642 y Fi($$)64 b Fj(The)11
  4530. b(process)f(number)h(of)g(the)f(Perl)h(interpreter)f(running)f(this)h
  4531. (script.)g(Altered)g(\(in)h(the)472 1698 y(child)g(process\))g(by)f
  4532. Fd(f)o(ork)p Fj(.)354 1764 y Fi($<)64 b Fj(The)11 b(real)h(user)f(ID)g
  4533. (of)h(this)e(process.)354 1831 y Fi($>)64 b Fj(The)11
  4534. b(ef)o(fective)h(user)f(ID)g(of)h(this)e(process.)354
  4535. 1897 y Fi($\()64 b Fj(The)11 b(real)h(group)e(ID)i(of)f(this)f
  4536. (process.)354 1963 y Fi($\))64 b Fj(The)11 b(ef)o(fective)h(group)e(ID)
  4537. i(of)f(this)f(process.)354 2029 y Fi($\303A)37 b Fj(The)11
  4538. b(accumulator)h(for)f Fd(f)o(ormline)g Fj(and)g Fd(write)g
  4539. Fj(operations.)354 2095 y Fi($\303D)37 b Fj(The)11 b(debug)g(\257ags)g
  4540. (as)g(passed)g(to)g(Perl)g(using)f(`)p Fi(-D)p Fj('.)354
  4541. 2161 y Fi($\303F)37 b Fj(The)11 b(highest)f(system)h(\256le)g
  4542. (descriptor)n(,)g(ordinarily)f(2.)354 2228 y Fi($\303I)37
  4543. b Fj(In-place)12 b(edit)e(extension)g(as)h(passed)g(to)f(Perl)i(using)e
  4544. (`)p Fi(-i)p Fj('.)354 2294 y Fi($\303L)37 b Fj(Formfeed)13
  4545. b(character)e(used)g(in)g(formats.)354 2360 y Fi($\303P)37
  4546. b Fj(Internal)11 b(debugging)e(\257ag.)354 2426 y Fi($\303T)37
  4547. b Fj(The)11 b(time)g(\(as)f(delivered)g(by)h Fd(time)p
  4548. Fj(\))f(when)g(the)h(program)f(started.)h(This)e(value)i(is)f(used)472
  4549. 2482 y(by)h(the)g(\256le)h(test)e(operators)h(`)p Fi(-M)p
  4550. Fj(',)h(`)p Fi(-A)p Fj(')g(and)f(`)p Fi(-C)p Fj('.)354
  4551. 2549 y Fi($\303W)37 b Fj(The)11 b(value)g(of)h(the)e(`)p
  4552. Fi(-w)p Fj(')j(option)c(as)i(passed)g(to)g(Perl.)354
  4553. 2615 y Fi($\303X)37 b Fj(The)11 b(name)h(by)f(which)g(this)f(Perl)h
  4554. (interpreter)g(was)g(invoked.)354 2682 y(The)g(following)f(variables)g
  4555. (are)i(context)e(dependent)g(and)h(need)g(not)g(be)g(localized:)354
  4556. 2748 y Fi($\045)64 b Fj(The)11 b(current)h(page)f(number)g(of)g(the)g
  4557. (currently)g(selected)f(output)g(channel.)354 2815 y
  4558. Fi($=)64 b Fj(The)11 b(page)h(length)e(of)h(the)g(current)g(output)e
  4559. (channel.)j(Default)e(is)h(60)g(lines.)354 2881 y Fi($-)64
  4560. b Fj(The)11 b(number)h(of)f(lines)f(remaining)h(on)g(the)g(page.)354
  4561. 2947 y Fi($\304)64 b Fj(The)11 b(name)h(of)g(the)e(current)i(report)e
  4562. (format.)p 354 3018 1512 3 v 1811 3065 a Fg(21)p eop
  4563. %%Page: 22 23
  4564. 22 22 bop 354 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  4565. 354 -89 1512 3 v 354 -7 a Fi($\303)64 b Fj(The)11 b(name)h(of)g(the)e
  4566. (current)i(top-of-page)e(format.)354 59 y Fi($|)64 b
  4567. Fj(If)12 b(set)f(to)g(nonzero,)g(forces)g(a)h(\257ush)f(after)g(every)g
  4568. (write)g(or)g(print)g(on)g(the)f(output)472 115 y(channel)h(currently)g
  4569. (selected.)g(Default)f(is)h(0.)354 181 y Fi($ARGV)22
  4570. b Fj(The)11 b(name)h(of)g(the)e(current)i(\256le)f(when)g(reading)f
  4571. (from)i Fi(<)c(>)k Fj(.)354 248 y(The)f(following)f(variables)g(are)i
  4572. (always)e(local)h(to)g(the)g(current)g(block:)354 314
  4573. y Fi($&)64 b Fj(The)11 b(string)f(matched)i(by)f(the)f(last)h
  4574. (successful)f(pattern)h(match.)354 380 y Fi($`)64 b Fj(The)11
  4575. b(string)f(preceding)h(what)g(was)g(matched)g(by)g(the)g(last)f
  4576. (successful)h(match.)354 446 y Fi($')64 b Fj(The)11 b(string)f
  4577. (following)g(what)g(was)h(matched)h(by)e(the)h(last)g(successful)f
  4578. (match.)354 512 y Fi($+)64 b Fj(The)11 b(last)g(bracket)g(matched)g(by)
  4579. g(the)g(last)g(search)g(pattern.)354 578 y Fi($)q(1)p
  4580. Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t Fi($)q(9)p Fj(.)t(.)t(.)25 b(Contain)10
  4581. b(the)h(subpatterns)f(from)h(the)g(corresponding)f(sets)g(of)h
  4582. (parentheses)g(in)472 635 y(the)g(last)g(pattern)f(successfully)g
  4583. (matched.)i Fi($10)p Fj(.)t(.)t(.)t(and)g(up)f(are)h(only)e(available)g
  4584. (if)h(the)472 691 y(match)h(contained)e(that)h(many)g(subpatterns.)355
  4585. 862 y Fl(26.)19 b(Special)h(arra)o(ys)p 355 883 1512
  4586. 2 v 354 984 a Fi(@ARGV)42 b Fj(Contains)10 b(the)h(command)h(line)f(ar)
  4587. o(guments)f(for)i(the)f(script)f(\(not)h(including)e(the)531
  4588. 1041 y(command)j(name\).)354 1107 y Fi(@EXPORT)531 1163
  4589. y Fj(Names)g(the)f(methods)f(a)i(package)f(exports)f(by)h(default.)354
  4590. 1229 y Fi(@EXPORT_)s(OK)531 1286 y Fj(Names)h(the)f(methods)f(a)i
  4591. (package)f(can)h(export)e(upon)g(explicit)g(request.)354
  4592. 1352 y Fi(@INC)69 b Fj(Contains)10 b(the)h(list)f(of)i(places)f(to)f
  4593. (look)g(for)i(Perl)f(scripts)f(to)h(be)g(evaluated)g(by)g(the)531
  4594. 1408 y Fd(do)i Ff(FILENAME)d Fj(and)h Fd(require)h Fj(commands.)354
  4595. 1474 y Fi(@ISA)69 b Fj(List)11 b(of)g Fc(base)f(classes)h
  4596. Fj(of)g(a)g(package.)354 1540 y Fi(@_)123 b Fj(Parameter)12
  4597. b(array)f(for)f(subroutines.)e(Also)h(used)h(by)g Fd(split)f
  4598. Fj(if)h(not)g(in)f(array)i(context.)354 1606 y Fi(\045ENV)69
  4599. b Fj(Contains)10 b(the)h(current)g(environment.)354 1672
  4600. y Fi(\045INC)69 b Fj(List)11 b(of)g(\256les)g(that)f(have)i(been)f
  4601. (included)f(with)g Fd(require)i Fj(or)f Fd(do)p Fj(.)354
  4602. 1738 y Fi(\045OVERLOAD)531 1795 y Fj(Can)h(be)f(used)g(to)g(overload)f
  4603. (operators)h(in)f(a)i(package.)354 1861 y Fi(\045SIG)69
  4604. b Fj(Used)11 b(to)g(set)g(signal)f(handlers)g(for)i(various)e(signals.)
  4605. 355 2031 y Fl(27.)19 b(En)m(vir)o(onment)i(v)o(ariab)o(les)p
  4606. 355 2052 V 354 2153 a Fj(Perl)12 b(uses)f(the)f(following)g
  4607. (environment)g(variables.)354 2220 y Fi(HOME)69 b Fj(Used)11
  4608. b(if)g Fd(chdir)h Fj(has)f(no)g(ar)o(gument.)354 2286
  4609. y Fi(LOGDIR)531 2342 y Fj(Used)g(if)g Fd(chdir)h Fj(has)f(no)g(ar)o
  4610. (gument)g(and)g Fi(HOME)h Fj(is)f(not)f(set.)354 2408
  4611. y Fi(PATH)69 b Fj(Used)11 b(in)g(executing)f(subprocesses,)g(and)h(in)g
  4612. (\256nding)f(the)h(Perl)h(script)e(if)h(`)p Fi(-S)p Fj(')h(is)531
  4613. 2465 y(used.)354 2531 y Fi(PERL5LIB)531 2587 y Fj(A)g(colon-separated)e
  4614. (list)g(of)h(directories)f(to)h(look)f(in)h(for)g(Perl)h(library)e
  4615. (\256les)h(before)531 2643 y(looking)f(in)g(the)h(standard)g(library)f
  4616. (and)h(the)g(current)g(directory)m(.)354 2709 y Fi(PERL5DB)531
  4617. 2766 y Fj(The)h(command)f(to)g(get)g(the)g(debugger)f(code.)531
  4618. 2822 y(Defaults)h(to)g Fi(BEGIN)28 b({)g(require)h('perl5db.pl')h(})q
  4619. Fj(.)354 2888 y Fi(PERLLIB)531 2945 y Fj(Used)11 b(instead)f(of)i
  4620. Fi(PERL5LIB)h Fj(if)e(the)g(latter)g(is)g(not)f(de\256ned.)p
  4621. 354 3018 1512 3 v 354 3065 a Fg(22)p eop
  4622. %%Page: 23 24
  4623. 23 23 bop 1364 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  4624. 354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -3 a Fl(28.)19 b(The)i(perl)f(deb)o(ug)o(g)q(er)p
  4625. 355 18 1512 2 v 354 119 a Fj(The)11 b(Perl)h(symbolic)e(debugger)h(is)f
  4626. (invoked)g(with)g(`)p Fi(perl)29 b(-d)p Fj('.)354 184
  4627. y Fi(h)269 b Fj(Prints)10 b(out)h(a)g(help)g(message.)354
  4628. 249 y Fi(T)269 b Fj(Prints)10 b(a)i(stack)e(trace.)354
  4629. 313 y Fi(s)269 b Fj(Single)10 b(steps.)354 378 y Fi(n)269
  4630. b Fj(Single)10 b(steps)g(around)h(subroutine)e(call.)p
  4631. 354 400 112 2 v 354 455 2 56 v 368 443 a Ff(RET)p 464
  4632. 455 V 354 457 112 2 v 199 w Fj(Repeats)i(last)f(`)p Fi(s)p
  4633. Fj(')i(or)g(`)p Fi(n)p Fj('.)354 508 y Fi(r)269 b Fj(Returns)10
  4634. b(from)i(the)f(current)g(subroutine.)354 572 y Fi(c)h
  4635. Fj([)f Ff(LINE)g Fj(])112 b(Continues)9 b(\(until)h Ff(LINE)p
  4636. Fj(,)h(or)g(another)g(breakpoint,)f(or)h(exit\).)354
  4637. 637 y Fi(p)h Ff(EXPR)p Fe(y)123 b Fj(Prints)10 b Ff(EXPR)p
  4638. Fj(.)354 702 y Fi(l)i Fj([)f Ff(RANGE)g Fj(])57 b(Lists)9
  4639. b(a)j(range)f(of)g(lines.)g Ff(RANGE)g Fj(may)h(be)f(a)g(number)n(,)h
  4640. (start\261end,)650 758 y(start+amount,)e(or)h(a)g(subroutine)f(name.)i
  4641. (If)f(omitted,)g(lists)f(next)g(window)m(.)354 823 y
  4642. Fi(-)269 b Fj(Lists)9 b(previous)h(window)m(.)354 888
  4643. y Fi(w)269 b Fj(Lists)9 b(window)h(around)h(current)g(line.)354
  4644. 953 y Fi(f)h Ff(FILE)169 b Fj(Switches)10 b(to)h Ff(FILE)g
  4645. Fj(and)g(start)f(listing)g(it.)354 1017 y Fi(l)i Ff(SUB)171
  4646. b Fj(Lists)9 b(the)i(named)h Ff(SUB)p Fj(routine.)354
  4647. 1082 y Fi(S)269 b Fj(List)10 b(the)h(names)g(of)g(all)g(subroutines.)
  4648. 354 1147 y Fi(/)p Ff(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p Fi(/)54 b Fj(Searches)12
  4649. b(forwards)e(for)i Ff(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p Fj(.)354 1212 y
  4650. Fi(?)p Ff(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p Fi(?)54 b Fj(Searches)12 b(backwards)e(for)i
  4651. Ff(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p Fj(.)354 1276 y Fi(b)g Fj([)f Ff(LINE)g
  4652. Fj([)h Ff(CONDITION)f Fj(]])650 1333 y(Sets)g(breakpoint)f(at)h
  4653. Ff(LINE)p Fj(,)g(default:)f(current)h(line.)354 1398
  4654. y Fi(b)h Ff(SUBNAME)e Fj([)h Ff(CONDITION)g Fj(])650
  4655. 1454 y(Sets)g(breakpoint)f(at)h(the)g(subroutine.)354
  4656. 1519 y Fi(d)h Fj([)f Ff(LINE)g Fj(])112 b(Deletes)10
  4657. b(breakpoint)g(at)h(the)g(given)g(line.)354 1584 y Fi(D)269
  4658. b Fj(Deletes)10 b(all)h(breakpoints.)354 1648 y Fi(L)269
  4659. b Fj(Lists)9 b(lines)i(that)f(have)h(breakpoints)f(or)h(actions.)354
  4660. 1713 y Fi(a)h Ff(LINE)f(COMMAND)650 1769 y Fj(Sets)g(an)g(action)f(for)
  4661. i(line.)354 1834 y Fi(A)269 b Fj(Deletes)10 b(all)h(line)g(actions.)354
  4662. 1899 y Fi(<)h Ff(COMMAND)37 b Fj(Sets)11 b(an)g(action)f(to)h(be)g
  4663. (executed)g(before)h(every)f(debugger)g(prompt.)354 1964
  4664. y Fi(>)h Ff(COMMAND)37 b Fj(Sets)11 b(an)g(action)f(to)h(be)g(executed)
  4665. g(before)h(every)f(`)p Fi(s)p Fj(',)h(`)p Fi(c)p Fj(')g(or)g(`)p
  4666. Fi(n)p Fj(')650 2020 y(command.)354 2085 y Fi(V)g Fj([)f
  4667. Ff(P)m(ACKAGE)f Fj([)i Ff(V)m(ARS)e Fj(])i(])650 2141
  4668. y(Lists)d(all)i(variables)g(in)f(a)i(package.)g(Default)e(package)i(is)
  4669. e(main.)354 2206 y Fi(X)i Fj([)f Ff(V)m(ARS)g Fj(])94
  4670. b(Like)10 b(`)p Fi(V)p Fj(',)j(but)d(assumes)h(the)g(current)g
  4671. (package.)354 2271 y Fi(!)h Fj([)f([-])p Ff(NUMBER)g
  4672. Fj(])650 2327 y(Re-executes)g(a)h(command.)g(Default)e(is)h(the)g
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  4675. Fj(commands)g(of)g(more)h(than)f(one)g(letter)n(.)354
  4676. 2513 y Fi(t)269 b Fj(T)m(oggles)9 b(trace)j(mode.)354
  4677. 2578 y Fi(=)24 b Fj([)11 b Ff(ALIAS)f(V)m(ALUE)h Fj(])650
  4678. 2635 y(Sets)g(alias,)g(or)g(lists)f(current)h(aliases.)354
  4679. 2699 y Fi(q)269 b Fj(Quits.)10 b(Y)-5 b(ou)11 b(may)h(also)e(use)h
  4680. (your)p 1197 2656 114 2 v 1197 2713 2 57 v 25 w Ff(EOF)p
  4681. 1309 2713 V 1197 2715 114 2 v 26 w Fj(character)n(.)354
  4682. 2764 y Ff(COMMAND)76 b Fj(Executes)10 b Ff(COMMAND)g
  4683. Fj(as)i(a)f(Perl)h(statement.)p 354 3018 1512 3 v 1811
  4684. 3065 a Fg(23)p eop
  4685. %%Page: 24 25
  4686. 24 24 bop 354 -101 a Fg(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
  4687. 354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -3 a Fl(Notes)p 355 18 1512 2 v
  4688. 354 2938 a Fj(Perl)g(Reference)h(Guide)d(Revision)g(5.001.0)1347
  4689. 2937 y(c)1335 2938 y Fe(\015)p Fj(1989,1995)g(Johan)g(V)m(romans)p
  4690. 354 3018 1512 3 v 354 3065 a Fg(24)p eop
  4691. %%Trailer
  4692. end
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  4694. %%EOF
  4695.  
  4696.  
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  4818. psf$llx psf$lly psf$urx psf$ury currentpoint 6 2 roll newpath 4 copy 4 2
  4819. roll moveto 6 -1 roll S lineto S lineto S lineto closepath clip newpath
  4820. moveto}N /endTexFig{end psf$SavedState restore}N /@beginspecial{SDict
  4821. begin /SpecialSave save N gsave normalscale currentpoint TR
  4822. @SpecialDefaults count /ocount X /dcount countdictstack N}N /@setspecial
  4823. {CLIP 1 eq{newpath 0 0 moveto hs 0 rlineto 0 vs rlineto hs neg 0 rlineto
  4824. closepath clip}if ho vo TR hsc vsc scale ang rotate rwiSeen{rwi urx llx
  4825. sub div rhiSeen{rhi ury lly sub div}{dup}ifelse scale llx neg lly neg TR
  4826. }{rhiSeen{rhi ury lly sub div dup scale llx neg lly neg TR}if}ifelse
  4827. CLIP 2 eq{newpath llx lly moveto urx lly lineto urx ury lineto llx ury
  4828. lineto closepath clip}if /showpage{}N /erasepage{}N /copypage{}N newpath
  4829. }N /@endspecial{count ocount sub{pop}repeat countdictstack dcount sub{
  4830. end}repeat grestore SpecialSave restore end}N /@defspecial{SDict begin}
  4831. N /@fedspecial{end}B /li{lineto}B /rl{rlineto}B /rc{rcurveto}B /np{
  4832. /SaveX currentpoint /SaveY X N 1 setlinecap newpath}N /st{stroke SaveX
  4833. SaveY moveto}N /fil{fill SaveX SaveY moveto}N /ellipse{/endangle X
  4834. /startangle X /yrad X /xrad X /savematrix matrix currentmatrix N TR xrad
  4835. yrad scale 0 0 1 startangle endangle arc savematrix setmatrix}N end
  4836. %%EndProcSet
  4837. TeXDict begin 39158280 55380996 1000 300 300 (refcbase.dvi)
  4838. @start /Fa 1 14 df<EC7FC0903803FFF890380F803E90393C0007800170EB01C001C0
  4839. EB006048488048C87E0006814881A24881A248ED0180A248ED00C0A3481660AB006016C0
  4840. A36CED0180A26CED0300A26C1506A26C5D6C5D6C6C5C6C6C5C0170495A013CEB07809026
  4841. 0F803EC7FC903803FFF89038007FC02B2F7DA332>13 D E /Fb 134[25
  4842. 1[36 25 25 14 19 17 1[25 25 25 39 14 25 1[14 25 25 17
  4843. 22 25 22 25 22 10[36 36 30 1[33 1[28 36 4[19 17 1[36
  4844. 5[36 7[25 25 2[25 3[25 25 1[12 1[12 4[17 39 38[{}41 50.000001
  4845. /Times-Roman rf end
  4846. %%EndProlog
  4847. %%BeginSetup
  4848. %%Feature: *Resolution 300dpi
  4849. TeXDict begin
  4850. %%PaperSize: a4
  4851. %%BeginPaperSize: a4
  4852. a4
  4853. %%EndPaperSize
  4854.  
  4855. %%EndSetup
  4856. %%Page: 1 1
  4857. 1 0 bop 413 2917 a @beginspecial -4 @llx 165 @lly 305
  4858. @urx 813 @ury 3399 @rwi @setspecial
  4859. %%BeginDocument: coverpage.eps
  4860. %
  4861. %    Due to bugs in Transcript, the 'PS-Adobe-' stuff is omitted from line 1
  4862. %
  4863.  
  4864. /tgifdict 132 dict def
  4865. tgifdict begin
  4866.  
  4867. %
  4868. %    Using a zero value radius for an ellipse or an arc would result
  4869. %        in a non-invertible CTM matrix which causes problem when this
  4870. %        when this PostScript is wrapped inside other routines, such as
  4871. %        the multi.ps package from
  4872. %        ftp.ucc.su.oz.au:/pub/ps_printing/multi.  You can overcome such
  4873. %        error by uncommenting the sole line of the procedure below:
  4874. %
  4875. /tgif_min_radius
  4876.  {
  4877. %    dup 0.01 lt { pop 0.01 } if
  4878.  } bind def
  4879.  
  4880. /tgifellipsedict 6 dict def
  4881. tgifellipsedict /mtrx matrix put
  4882.  
  4883. /tgifellipse
  4884.  { tgifellipsedict begin
  4885.       /yrad exch def
  4886.       /xrad exch def
  4887.       /y exch def
  4888.       /x exch def
  4889.       /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def
  4890.       x y translate
  4891.       xrad yrad scale
  4892.       0 0 1 0 360 arc
  4893.       savematrix setmatrix
  4894.    end
  4895.  } def
  4896.  
  4897. /tgifarrowtipdict 8 dict def
  4898. tgifarrowtipdict /mtrx matrix put
  4899.  
  4900. /tgifarrowtip
  4901.  { tgifarrowtipdict begin
  4902.       /dy exch def
  4903.       /dx exch def
  4904.       /h exch def
  4905.       /w exch def
  4906.       /y exch def
  4907.       /x exch def
  4908.       /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def
  4909.       x y translate
  4910.       dy dx atan rotate
  4911.       0 0 moveto
  4912.       w neg h lineto
  4913.       w neg h neg lineto
  4914.       savematrix setmatrix
  4915.    end
  4916.  } def
  4917.  
  4918. /tgifarcdict 8 dict def
  4919. tgifarcdict /mtrx matrix put
  4920.  
  4921. /tgifarcn
  4922.  { tgifarcdict begin
  4923.       /endangle exch def
  4924.       /startangle exch def
  4925.       /yrad exch def
  4926.       /xrad exch def
  4927.       /y exch def
  4928.       /x exch def
  4929.       /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def
  4930.       x y translate
  4931.       xrad yrad scale
  4932.       0 0 1 startangle endangle arc
  4933.       savematrix setmatrix
  4934.    end
  4935.  } def
  4936.  
  4937. /tgifarc
  4938.  { tgifarcdict begin
  4939.       /endangle exch def
  4940.       /startangle exch def
  4941.       /yrad exch def
  4942.       /xrad exch def
  4943.       /y exch def
  4944.       /x exch def
  4945.       /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def
  4946.       x y translate
  4947.       xrad yrad scale
  4948.       0 0 1 startangle endangle arcn
  4949.       savematrix setmatrix
  4950.    end
  4951.  } def
  4952.  
  4953. /tgifsetuserscreendict 22 dict def
  4954. tgifsetuserscreendict begin
  4955.    /tempctm matrix def
  4956.    /temprot matrix def
  4957.    /tempscale matrix def
  4958.  
  4959.    /concatprocs
  4960.     { /proc2 exch cvlit def
  4961.       /proc1 exch cvlit def
  4962.       /newproc proc1 length proc2 length add array def
  4963.       newproc 0 proc1 putinterval
  4964.       newproc proc1 length proc2 putinterval
  4965.       newproc cvx
  4966.     } def
  4967.    /resmatrix matrix def
  4968.    /findresolution
  4969.     { 72 0 resmatrix defaultmatrix dtransform
  4970.       /yres exch def /xres exch def
  4971.       xres dup mul yres dup mul add sqrt
  4972.     } def
  4973. end
  4974.  
  4975. /tgifsetuserscreen
  4976.  { tgifsetuserscreendict begin
  4977.       /spotfunction exch def
  4978.       /screenangle exch def
  4979.       /cellsize exch def
  4980.  
  4981.       /m tempctm currentmatrix def
  4982.       /rm screenangle temprot rotate def
  4983.       /sm cellsize dup tempscale scale def
  4984.  
  4985.       sm rm m m concatmatrix m concatmatrix pop
  4986.  
  4987.       1 0 m dtransform /y1 exch def /x1 exch def
  4988.  
  4989.       /veclength x1 dup mul y1 dup mul add sqrt def
  4990.       /frequency findresolution veclength div def
  4991.  
  4992.       /newscreenangle y1 x1 atan def
  4993.  
  4994.       m 2 get m 1 get mul m 0 get m 3 get mul sub 0 gt
  4995.  
  4996.       {{neg} /spotfunction load concatprocs
  4997.          /spotfunction exch def
  4998.       } if
  4999.  
  5000.       frequency newscreenangle /spotfunction load setscreen
  5001.    end
  5002.  } def
  5003.  
  5004. /tgifsetpatterndict 18 dict def
  5005. tgifsetpatterndict begin
  5006.    /bitison
  5007.     { /ybit exch def /xbit exch def
  5008.       /bytevalue bstring ybit bwidth mul xbit 8 idiv add get def
  5009.  
  5010.       /mask 1 7 xbit 8 mod sub bitshift def
  5011.       bytevalue mask and 0 ne
  5012.     } def
  5013. end
  5014.  
  5015. /tgifbitpatternspotfunction
  5016.  { tgifsetpatterndict begin
  5017.       /y exch def /x exch def
  5018.  
  5019.       /xindex x 1 add 2 div bpside mul cvi def
  5020.       /yindex y 1 add 2 div bpside mul cvi def
  5021.  
  5022.       xindex yindex bitison
  5023.        { /onbits onbits 1 add def 1 }
  5024.        { /offbits offbits 1 add def 0 }
  5025.        ifelse
  5026.    end
  5027.  } def
  5028.  
  5029. /tgifsetpattern
  5030.  { tgifsetpatterndict begin
  5031.       /cellsz exch def
  5032.       /angle exch def
  5033.       /bwidth exch def
  5034.       /bpside exch def
  5035.       /bstring exch def
  5036.  
  5037.       /onbits 0 def /offbits 0 def
  5038.       cellsz angle /tgifbitpatternspotfunction load tgifsetuserscreen
  5039.       {} settransfer
  5040.       offbits offbits onbits add div setgray
  5041.    end
  5042.  } def
  5043.  
  5044. /tgifxpmdict 4 dict def
  5045. /tgifbwpicstr 1 string def
  5046. /tgifcolorpicstr 3 string def
  5047.  
  5048. /tgifsetpixels { tgifxpmdict begin /pixels exch def end } def
  5049.  
  5050. /tgifsetpix { tgifxpmdict begin pixels 3 1 roll putinterval end } def
  5051.  
  5052. /tgifbwspot
  5053.  { tgifxpmdict begin
  5054.       /index exch def
  5055.       tgifbwpicstr 0
  5056.       pixels index 3 mul 3 getinterval aload pop
  5057.       255 mul .114 mul exch 255 mul .587 mul add exch 255 mul .299 mul add
  5058.       cvi put
  5059.       tgifbwpicstr
  5060.    end
  5061.  } def
  5062.  
  5063. /tgifcolorspot
  5064.  { tgifxpmdict begin
  5065.       /index exch def
  5066.       pixels index 3 mul 3 getinterval aload pop
  5067.       255 mul cvi tgifcolorpicstr 2 3 -1 roll put
  5068.       255 mul cvi tgifcolorpicstr 1 3 -1 roll put
  5069.       255 mul cvi tgifcolorpicstr 0 3 -1 roll put
  5070.       tgifcolorpicstr
  5071.    end
  5072.  } def
  5073.  
  5074. /tgifnewcolorspot
  5075.  { tgifxpmdict begin
  5076.       /index exch def
  5077.       pixels index 3 mul 3 getinterval aload pop setrgbcolor
  5078.    end
  5079.  } def
  5080.  
  5081. /tgifcolordict 4 dict def
  5082.  
  5083. /colorimage where
  5084.  { pop }
  5085.  { /colorimage
  5086.    { tgifcolordict begin
  5087.         pop pop pop pop pop
  5088.         /ih exch def
  5089.         /iw exch def
  5090.         /x 0 def
  5091.         /y 0 def
  5092.         1 1 ih
  5093.          { pop 1 1 iw
  5094.             { pop currentfile
  5095.               tgifbwpicstr readhexstring pop 0 get tgifnewcolorspot
  5096.               x y moveto 1 0 rlineto 0 1 rlineto -1 0 rlineto
  5097.               closepath fill
  5098.               /x x 1 add def
  5099.             } for
  5100.            /y y 1 add def
  5101.            /x 0 def
  5102.          } for
  5103.      end
  5104.    } def
  5105.  } ifelse
  5106.  
  5107. /tgifpatdict 10 dict def
  5108.  
  5109. /tgifpatbyte
  5110.  { currentdict /retstr get exch
  5111.    pat i cellsz mod get put
  5112.  } def
  5113.  
  5114. /tgifpatproc
  5115.  { 0 1 widthlim {tgifpatbyte} for retstr
  5116.    /i i 1 add def
  5117.  } def
  5118.  
  5119. /tgifpatfill
  5120.  { tgifpatdict begin
  5121.       /h exch def
  5122.       /w exch def
  5123.       /lty exch def
  5124.       /ltx exch def
  5125.       /cellsz exch def
  5126.       /pat exch def
  5127.  
  5128.       /widthlim w cellsz div cvi 1 sub def
  5129.       /retstr widthlim 1 add string def
  5130.       /i 0 def
  5131.  
  5132.       ltx lty translate
  5133.       w h true [1 0 0 1 0 0] {tgifpatproc} imagemask
  5134.       ltx neg lty neg translate
  5135.    end
  5136.  } def
  5137.  
  5138. /pat1 <ffffffffffffffff> def
  5139. /pat2 <0000000000000000> def
  5140. /pat3 <8000000008000000> def
  5141. /pat4 <8800000022000000> def
  5142. /pat5 <8800220088002200> def
  5143. /pat6 <8822882288228822> def
  5144. /pat7 <aa55aa55aa55aa55> def
  5145. /pat8 <77dd77dd77dd77dd> def
  5146. /pat9 <77ffddff77ffddff> def
  5147. /pat10 <77ffffff77ffffff> def
  5148. /pat11 <7fffffff7fffffff> def
  5149. /pat12 <8040200002040800> def
  5150. /pat13 <40a00000040a0000> def
  5151. /pat14 <ff888888ff888888> def
  5152. /pat15 <ff808080ff080808> def
  5153. /pat16 <f87422478f172271> def
  5154. /pat17 <038448300c020101> def
  5155. /pat18 <081c22c180010204> def
  5156. /pat19 <8080413e080814e3> def
  5157. /pat20 <8040201008040201> def
  5158. /pat21 <8844221188442211> def
  5159. /pat22 <77bbddee77bbddee> def
  5160. /pat23 <c1e070381c0e0783> def
  5161. /pat24 <7fbfdfeff7fbfdfe> def
  5162. /pat25 <3e1f8fc7e3f1f87c> def
  5163. /pat26 <0102040810204080> def
  5164. /pat27 <1122448811224488> def
  5165. /pat28 <eeddbb77eeddbb77> def
  5166. /pat29 <83070e1c3870e0c1> def
  5167. /pat30 <fefdfbf7efdfbf7f> def
  5168. /pat31 <7cf8f1e3c78f1f3e> def
  5169.  
  5170. /tgifcentertext { dup stringwidth pop 2 div neg 0 rmoveto } def
  5171.  
  5172. /tgifrighttext { dup stringwidth pop neg 0 rmoveto } def
  5173.  
  5174. /tgifreencsmalldict 12 dict def
  5175. /tgifReEncodeSmall
  5176.  { tgifreencsmalldict begin
  5177.       /newcodesandnames exch def
  5178.       /newfontname exch def
  5179.       /basefontname exch def
  5180.  
  5181.       /basefontdict basefontname findfont def
  5182.       /newfont basefontdict maxlength dict def
  5183.  
  5184.       basefontdict
  5185.       { exch dup /FID ne
  5186.          { dup /Encoding eq
  5187.             { exch dup length array copy newfont 3 1 roll put }
  5188.             { exch newfont 3 1 roll put }
  5189.             ifelse
  5190.          }
  5191.          { pop pop }
  5192.          ifelse
  5193.       }
  5194.       forall
  5195.  
  5196.       newfont /FontName newfontname put
  5197.       newcodesandnames aload pop
  5198.  
  5199.       newcodesandnames length 2 idiv
  5200.       { newfont /Encoding get 3 1 roll put}
  5201.       repeat
  5202.  
  5203.       newfontname newfont definefont pop
  5204.    end
  5205.  } def
  5206.  
  5207. /tgifgray { 8 1 0 72 300 32 div div tgifsetpattern } bind def
  5208.  
  5209. /tgifboxdict 6 dict def
  5210. /tgifboxstroke
  5211.  { tgifboxdict begin
  5212.       /pat def /w def /y2 exch def /x2 exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def
  5213.       1.415 setmiterlimit
  5214.       w 1 eq { w setlinewidth } if
  5215.       pat pat1 ne pat pat2 ne and { gsave pat tgifgray } if
  5216.       newpath x1 y1 moveto x2 y1 lineto x2 y2 lineto x1 y2 lineto closepath
  5217.       pat pat2 eq { 1 setgray stroke 0 setgray } { stroke } ifelse
  5218.       pat pat1 ne pat pat2 ne and { grestore } if
  5219.       w 1 eq { 1 setlinewidth } if
  5220.       1 setmiterlimit
  5221.    end
  5222.  } def
  5223. /tgifboxfill
  5224.  { tgifboxdict begin
  5225.       /pat def /y2 exch def /x2 exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def
  5226.       pat pat1 ne pat pat2 ne and { gsave pat tgifgray } if
  5227.       newpath x1 y1 moveto x2 y1 lineto x2 y2 lineto x1 y2 lineto closepath
  5228.       pat pat2 eq { 1 setgray fill 0 setgray } { fill } ifelse
  5229.       pat pat1 ne pat pat2 ne and { grestore } if
  5230.    end
  5231.  } def
  5232.  
  5233. end
  5234.  
  5235. tgifdict begin
  5236. /tgifsavedpage save def
  5237.  
  5238. 1 setmiterlimit
  5239. 1 setlinewidth
  5240.  
  5241. 0 setgray
  5242.  
  5243. 72 0 mul 72 11.70 mul translate
  5244. 72 128 div 100 mul 100 div dup neg scale
  5245.  
  5246. gsave
  5247.  
  5248. % BOX
  5249. newpath
  5250.    21 948 moveto 509 948 lineto 509 959 lineto 21 959 lineto
  5251. closepath fill
  5252. gsave
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  6742.    imagemask
  6743.    grestore
  6744.  
  6745.    gsave
  6746.    512 256 translate
  6747.    256 256 true [1 0 0 1 0 0]
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  9050.    imagemask
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  9084.    imagemask
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  9087.    gsave
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  9118.    imagemask
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  9121.    gsave
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  9152.    imagemask
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  9154.  
  9155.    gsave
  9156.    768 1024 translate
  9157.    152 28 true [1 0 0 1 0 0]
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  9175.    imagemask
  9176.    grestore
  9177. grestore
  9178.  
  9179. % TEXT
  9180. 0 setgray
  9181. /Times-Italic findfont [34 0 0 -34 0 0] makefont setfont
  9182.    gsave
  9183.       20 680 moveto (Programming) show
  9184.    grestore
  9185.  
  9186. % BOX
  9187. newpath
  9188.    253 692 moveto 509 692 lineto 509 702 lineto 253 702 lineto
  9189. closepath fill
  9190. gsave
  9191.    1.415 setmiterlimit
  9192.    newpath
  9193.       253 692 moveto 509 692 lineto 509 702 lineto 253 702 lineto
  9194.    closepath stroke
  9195.    1 setmiterlimit
  9196. grestore
  9197.  
  9198. % TEXT
  9199. 0 setgray
  9200. /Times-Italic findfont [25 0 0 -25 0 0] makefont setfont
  9201.    gsave
  9202.       159 77 moveto (Quick Reference Guide) show
  9203.    grestore
  9204.  
  9205. % TEXT
  9206. 0 setgray
  9207. /Times-Roman findfont [25 0 0 -25 0 0] makefont setfont
  9208.    gsave
  9209.       511 1165 moveto (Johan Vromans) tgifrighttext show
  9210.       511 1193 moveto (Squirrel Design) tgifrighttext show
  9211.    grestore
  9212.  
  9213. % BOX
  9214. newpath
  9215.    34 946 moveto 72 946 lineto 72 962 lineto 34 962 lineto
  9216. closepath 1 setgray fill
  9217. 0 setgray
  9218. gsave
  9219.    1.415 setmiterlimit
  9220.    newpath
  9221.       34 946 moveto 72 946 lineto 72 962 lineto 34 962 lineto
  9222.    closepath 1 setgray stroke 0 setgray
  9223.    1 setmiterlimit
  9224. grestore
  9225.  
  9226. % EPS
  9227. end
  9228. /tgiflevel0 save def
  9229. /tgifdictcount0 countdictstack def
  9230. /tgifopcount0 count 1 sub def
  9231. userdict begin
  9232. /showpage {} def
  9233. /letter {} def
  9234. /legal {} def
  9235. 1 72 128 div 100 mul 100 div div dup neg scale
  9236. 72 0 mul neg 72 11.70 mul neg translate
  9237.  
  9238. -543.929 -2828.572 translate 4.467 4.466 scale 0 rotate
  9239.  
  9240.  
  9241. /tgifdict 132 dict def
  9242. tgifdict begin
  9243.  
  9244. /tgif_min_radius
  9245.  {
  9246.  } bind def
  9247.  
  9248. /tgifellipsedict 6 dict def
  9249. tgifellipsedict /mtrx matrix put
  9250.  
  9251. /tgifellipse
  9252.  { tgifellipsedict begin
  9253.       /yrad exch def
  9254.       /xrad exch def
  9255.       /y exch def
  9256.       /x exch def
  9257.       /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def
  9258.       x y translate
  9259.       xrad yrad scale
  9260.       0 0 1 0 360 arc
  9261.       savematrix setmatrix
  9262.    end
  9263.  } def
  9264.  
  9265. /tgifarrowtipdict 8 dict def
  9266. tgifarrowtipdict /mtrx matrix put
  9267.  
  9268. /tgifarrowtip
  9269.  { tgifarrowtipdict begin
  9270.       /dy exch def
  9271.       /dx exch def
  9272.       /h exch def
  9273.       /w exch def
  9274.       /y exch def
  9275.       /x exch def
  9276.       /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def
  9277.       x y translate
  9278.       dy dx atan rotate
  9279.       0 0 moveto
  9280.       w neg h lineto
  9281.       w neg h neg lineto
  9282.       savematrix setmatrix
  9283.    end
  9284.  } def
  9285.  
  9286. /tgifarcdict 8 dict def
  9287. tgifarcdict /mtrx matrix put
  9288.  
  9289. /tgifarcn
  9290.  { tgifarcdict begin
  9291.       /endangle exch def
  9292.       /startangle exch def
  9293.       /yrad exch def
  9294.       /xrad exch def
  9295.       /y exch def
  9296.       /x exch def
  9297.       /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def
  9298.       x y translate
  9299.       xrad yrad scale
  9300.       0 0 1 startangle endangle arc
  9301.       savematrix setmatrix
  9302.    end
  9303.  } def
  9304.  
  9305. /tgifarc
  9306.  { tgifarcdict begin
  9307.       /endangle exch def
  9308.       /startangle exch def
  9309.       /yrad exch def
  9310.       /xrad exch def
  9311.       /y exch def
  9312.       /x exch def
  9313.       /savematrix mtrx currentmatrix def
  9314.       x y translate
  9315.       xrad yrad scale
  9316.       0 0 1 startangle endangle arcn
  9317.       savematrix setmatrix
  9318.    end
  9319.  } def
  9320.  
  9321. /tgifsetuserscreendict 22 dict def
  9322. tgifsetuserscreendict begin
  9323.    /tempctm matrix def
  9324.    /temprot matrix def
  9325.    /tempscale matrix def
  9326.  
  9327.    /concatprocs
  9328.     { /proc2 exch cvlit def
  9329.       /proc1 exch cvlit def
  9330.       /newproc proc1 length proc2 length add array def
  9331.       newproc 0 proc1 putinterval
  9332.       newproc proc1 length proc2 putinterval
  9333.       newproc cvx
  9334.     } def
  9335.    /resmatrix matrix def
  9336.    /findresolution
  9337.     { 72 0 resmatrix defaultmatrix dtransform
  9338.       /yres exch def /xres exch def
  9339.       xres dup mul yres dup mul add sqrt
  9340.     } def
  9341. end
  9342.  
  9343. /tgifsetuserscreen
  9344.  { tgifsetuserscreendict begin
  9345.       /spotfunction exch def
  9346.       /screenangle exch def
  9347.       /cellsize exch def
  9348.  
  9349.       /m tempctm currentmatrix def
  9350.       /rm screenangle temprot rotate def
  9351.       /sm cellsize dup tempscale scale def
  9352.  
  9353.       sm rm m m concatmatrix m concatmatrix pop
  9354.  
  9355.       1 0 m dtransform /y1 exch def /x1 exch def
  9356.  
  9357.       /veclength x1 dup mul y1 dup mul add sqrt def
  9358.       /frequency findresolution veclength div def
  9359.  
  9360.       /newscreenangle y1 x1 atan def
  9361.  
  9362.       m 2 get m 1 get mul m 0 get m 3 get mul sub 0 gt
  9363.  
  9364.       {{neg} /spotfunction load concatprocs
  9365.          /spotfunction exch def
  9366.       } if
  9367.  
  9368.       frequency newscreenangle /spotfunction load setscreen
  9369.    end
  9370.  } def
  9371.  
  9372. /tgifsetpatterndict 18 dict def
  9373. tgifsetpatterndict begin
  9374.    /bitison
  9375.     { /ybit exch def /xbit exch def
  9376.       /bytevalue bstring ybit bwidth mul xbit 8 idiv add get def
  9377.  
  9378.       /mask 1 7 xbit 8 mod sub bitshift def
  9379.       bytevalue mask and 0 ne
  9380.     } def
  9381. end
  9382.  
  9383. /tgifbitpatternspotfunction
  9384.  { tgifsetpatterndict begin
  9385.       /y exch def /x exch def
  9386.  
  9387.       /xindex x 1 add 2 div bpside mul cvi def
  9388.       /yindex y 1 add 2 div bpside mul cvi def
  9389.  
  9390.       xindex yindex bitison
  9391.        { /onbits onbits 1 add def 1 }
  9392.        { /offbits offbits 1 add def 0 }
  9393.        ifelse
  9394.    end
  9395.  } def
  9396.  
  9397. /tgifsetpattern
  9398.  { tgifsetpatterndict begin
  9399.       /cellsz exch def
  9400.       /angle exch def
  9401.       /bwidth exch def
  9402.       /bpside exch def
  9403.       /bstring exch def
  9404.  
  9405.       /onbits 0 def /offbits 0 def
  9406.       cellsz angle /tgifbitpatternspotfunction load tgifsetuserscreen
  9407.       {} settransfer
  9408.       offbits offbits onbits add div setgray
  9409.    end
  9410.  } def
  9411.  
  9412. /tgifxpmdict 4 dict def
  9413. /tgifbwpicstr 1 string def
  9414. /tgifcolorpicstr 3 string def
  9415.  
  9416. /tgifsetpixels { tgifxpmdict begin /pixels exch def end } def
  9417.  
  9418. /tgifsetpix { tgifxpmdict begin pixels 3 1 roll putinterval end } def
  9419.  
  9420. /tgifbwspot
  9421.  { tgifxpmdict begin
  9422.       /index exch def
  9423.       tgifbwpicstr 0
  9424.       pixels index 3 mul 3 getinterval aload pop
  9425.       255 mul .114 mul exch 255 mul .587 mul add exch 255 mul .299 mul add
  9426.       cvi put
  9427.       tgifbwpicstr
  9428.    end
  9429.  } def
  9430.  
  9431. /tgifcolorspot
  9432.  { tgifxpmdict begin
  9433.       /index exch def
  9434.       pixels index 3 mul 3 getinterval aload pop
  9435.       255 mul cvi tgifcolorpicstr 2 3 -1 roll put
  9436.       255 mul cvi tgifcolorpicstr 1 3 -1 roll put
  9437.       255 mul cvi tgifcolorpicstr 0 3 -1 roll put
  9438.       tgifcolorpicstr
  9439.    end
  9440.  } def
  9441.  
  9442. /tgifnewcolorspot
  9443.  { tgifxpmdict begin
  9444.       /index exch def
  9445.       pixels index 3 mul 3 getinterval aload pop setrgbcolor
  9446.    end
  9447.  } def
  9448.  
  9449. /tgifcolordict 4 dict def
  9450.  
  9451. /colorimage where
  9452.  { pop }
  9453.  { /colorimage
  9454.    { tgifcolordict begin
  9455.         pop pop pop pop pop
  9456.         /ih exch def
  9457.         /iw exch def
  9458.         /x 0 def
  9459.         /y 0 def
  9460.         1 1 ih
  9461.          { pop 1 1 iw
  9462.             { pop currentfile
  9463.               tgifbwpicstr readhexstring pop 0 get tgifnewcolorspot
  9464.               x y moveto 1 0 rlineto 0 1 rlineto -1 0 rlineto
  9465.               closepath fill
  9466.               /x x 1 add def
  9467.             } for
  9468.            /y y 1 add def
  9469.            /x 0 def
  9470.          } for
  9471.      end
  9472.    } def
  9473.  } ifelse
  9474.  
  9475. /tgifpatdict 10 dict def
  9476.  
  9477. /tgifpatbyte
  9478.  { currentdict /retstr get exch
  9479.    pat i cellsz mod get put
  9480.  } def
  9481.  
  9482. /tgifpatproc
  9483.  { 0 1 widthlim {tgifpatbyte} for retstr
  9484.    /i i 1 add def
  9485.  } def
  9486.  
  9487. /tgifpatfill
  9488.  { tgifpatdict begin
  9489.       /h exch def
  9490.       /w exch def
  9491.       /lty exch def
  9492.       /ltx exch def
  9493.       /cellsz exch def
  9494.       /pat exch def
  9495.  
  9496.       /widthlim w cellsz div cvi 1 sub def
  9497.       /retstr widthlim 1 add string def
  9498.       /i 0 def
  9499.  
  9500.       ltx lty translate
  9501.       w h true [1 0 0 1 0 0] {tgifpatproc} imagemask
  9502.       ltx neg lty neg translate
  9503.    end
  9504.  } def
  9505.  
  9506. /pat1 <ffffffffffffffff> def
  9507. /pat2 <0000000000000000> def
  9508. /pat3 <8000000008000000> def
  9509. /pat4 <8800000022000000> def
  9510. /pat5 <8800220088002200> def
  9511. /pat6 <8822882288228822> def
  9512. /pat7 <aa55aa55aa55aa55> def
  9513. /pat8 <77dd77dd77dd77dd> def
  9514. /pat9 <77ffddff77ffddff> def
  9515. /pat10 <77ffffff77ffffff> def
  9516. /pat11 <7fffffff7fffffff> def
  9517. /pat12 <8040200002040800> def
  9518. /pat13 <40a00000040a0000> def
  9519. /pat14 <ff888888ff888888> def
  9520. /pat15 <ff808080ff080808> def
  9521. /pat16 <f87422478f172271> def
  9522. /pat17 <038448300c020101> def
  9523. /pat18 <081c22c180010204> def
  9524. /pat19 <8080413e080814e3> def
  9525. /pat20 <8040201008040201> def
  9526. /pat21 <8844221188442211> def
  9527. /pat22 <77bbddee77bbddee> def
  9528. /pat23 <c1e070381c0e0783> def
  9529. /pat24 <7fbfdfeff7fbfdfe> def
  9530. /pat25 <3e1f8fc7e3f1f87c> def
  9531. /pat26 <0102040810204080> def
  9532. /pat27 <1122448811224488> def
  9533. /pat28 <eeddbb77eeddbb77> def
  9534. /pat29 <83070e1c3870e0c1> def
  9535. /pat30 <fefdfbf7efdfbf7f> def
  9536. /pat31 <7cf8f1e3c78f1f3e> def
  9537.  
  9538. /tgifcentertext { dup stringwidth pop 2 div neg 0 rmoveto } def
  9539.  
  9540. /tgifrighttext { dup stringwidth pop neg 0 rmoveto } def
  9541.  
  9542. /tgifreencsmalldict 12 dict def
  9543. /tgifReEncodeSmall
  9544.  { tgifreencsmalldict begin
  9545.       /newcodesandnames exch def
  9546.       /newfontname exch def
  9547.       /basefontname exch def
  9548.  
  9549.       /basefontdict basefontname findfont def
  9550.       /newfont basefontdict maxlength dict def
  9551.  
  9552.       basefontdict
  9553.       { exch dup /FID ne
  9554.          { dup /Encoding eq
  9555.             { exch dup length array copy newfont 3 1 roll put }
  9556.             { exch newfont 3 1 roll put }
  9557.             ifelse
  9558.          }
  9559.          { pop pop }
  9560.          ifelse
  9561.       }
  9562.       forall
  9563.  
  9564.       newfont /FontName newfontname put
  9565.       newcodesandnames aload pop
  9566.  
  9567.       newcodesandnames length 2 idiv
  9568.       { newfont /Encoding get 3 1 roll put}
  9569.       repeat
  9570.  
  9571.       newfontname newfont definefont pop
  9572.    end
  9573.  } def
  9574.  
  9575. /tgifgray { 8 1 0 72 300 32 div div tgifsetpattern } bind def
  9576.  
  9577. /tgifboxdict 6 dict def
  9578. /tgifboxstroke
  9579.  { tgifboxdict begin
  9580.       /pat def /w def /y2 exch def /x2 exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def
  9581.       1.415 setmiterlimit
  9582.       w 1 eq { w setlinewidth } if
  9583.       pat pat1 ne pat pat2 ne and { gsave pat tgifgray } if
  9584.       newpath x1 y1 moveto x2 y1 lineto x2 y2 lineto x1 y2 lineto closepath
  9585.       pat pat2 eq { 1 setgray stroke 0 setgray } { stroke } ifelse
  9586.       pat pat1 ne pat pat2 ne and { grestore } if
  9587.       w 1 eq { 1 setlinewidth } if
  9588.       1 setmiterlimit
  9589.    end
  9590.  } def
  9591. /tgifboxfill
  9592.  { tgifboxdict begin
  9593.       /pat def /y2 exch def /x2 exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def
  9594.       pat pat1 ne pat pat2 ne and { gsave pat tgifgray } if
  9595.       newpath x1 y1 moveto x2 y1 lineto x2 y2 lineto x1 y2 lineto closepath
  9596.       pat pat2 eq { 1 setgray fill 0 setgray } { fill } ifelse
  9597.       pat pat1 ne pat pat2 ne and { grestore } if
  9598.    end
  9599.  } def
  9600.  
  9601. end
  9602.  
  9603. tgifdict begin
  9604. /tgifsavedpage save def
  9605.  
  9606. 1 setmiterlimit
  9607. 1 setlinewidth
  9608.  
  9609. 0 setgray
  9610.  
  9611. 72 0 mul 72 11.70 mul translate
  9612. 72 128 div 100 mul 100 div dup neg scale
  9613.  
  9614. gsave
  9615.  
  9616. 0 setgray
  9617. /Times-Roman findfont [72 0 0 -72 0 0] makefont setfont
  9618.    gsave
  9619.       220 245 moveto (perl) show
  9620.    grestore
  9621.  
  9622. grestore
  9623. tgifsavedpage restore
  9624. end
  9625. count tgifopcount0 sub {pop} repeat
  9626. countdictstack tgifdictcount0 sub {end} repeat
  9627. tgiflevel0 restore
  9628. tgifdict begin
  9629.  
  9630. grestore
  9631. tgifsavedpage restore
  9632. end
  9633. %MatchingCreationDate: Thu Jan  5 21:44:27 1995
  9634. %%EndDocument
  9635.  @endspecial eop
  9636. %%Page: 1 2
  9637. 1 1 bop 354 2647 1512 2 v 354 2698 a Fb(Perl)12 b(Reference)g(Guide)h
  9638. (Revision)f(5.001.0)368 2752 y(c)354 2754 y Fa(\015)p
  9639. Fb(1989,1995)g(Johan)h(V)m(romans.)354 2811 y(Usage,)h(reproduction)d
  9640. (and)h(distribution)f(is)i(free.)354 2867 y(The)g(camel)g(as)g(an)f
  9641. (image)g(associated)h(with)f(Perl)g(is)h(a)f(trademark)g(of)354
  9642. 2924 y(O'Reilly)g(&)g(Associates,)i(Inc.)f(and)f(is)h(used)g(with)f
  9643. (permission.)p 354 2947 V eop
  9644. %%Trailer
  9645. end
  9646. userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
  9647. %%EOF
  9648.  
  9649.  
  9650.