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-
- Kalkulator How-To (December 14, 1996)
- =====================================
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- NEW TOPICS in the 96/12/14 release: Q-17, Q-18
-
- NEW TOPICS in the 96/11/05 release: Q-15, Q-16
-
- NEW TOPICS in the 96/08/29 release: Q-13, Q-14
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- NOTE: in these examples we assume you are currently in the Kalkulator
- Main Panel and that the Expression line has been cleared (hit Escape to
- clear it if necessary).
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-01: How to compute 2/3-3/7 ??
-
- A: Using the keyboard or mouse, enter
-
- 2/3-3/7
-
- and hit the Return key.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-02: How to show the result of the previous calculation as a fraction?
-
- A: Press Alt-M [Format] and then R [Fraction].
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-03: How to convert 120 watts into horsepower units?
-
- A: Enter 120 and hit Return. Press Alt-N [Convert]. Select "Power" from
- the top selector, then "watts" from the middle one, then
- "horsepower(MKS)" from the bottom one. Click on [OK]. The result
- should be 0.16...
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-04: A box-shaped container is 2 feet 2.5 inches tall, 1 foot 2 1/3
- inches wide and 10 3/8 inches deep. What is its volume in gallons?
-
- A. Thank you for asking. First let us compute the volume in cubic feet;
- type
-
- ft(2,2.5)*ft(1,2+1/3)*ft(0,10+3/8)
-
- and hit the Enter key. The displayed result should be 2.28...
- Next, click on [Convert]. Then click on the "Convert" combo box and
- select "Volume". Click on the "From" combo and select "cu.feet",
- then on "To" and select "gallons(US)". Click on [OK]. The converted
- result will be 17.059...
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- NOTE: if your needs are limited to simple tasks as shown above, you
- may like to shrink the Kalkulator: select [Options | Panel Options]
- from the menu, then select "Minimal" from the top selector and uncheck
- the "Menu and Title Bar" box. This way you get a small, simple and
- friendly calculator, with the more advanced features not getting into
- your way. You may also choose "Basic" instead of "Minimal".
-
- As an alternative, you may consider using Kalkulator's offspring, the
- Midget. It will handle these problems just fine, is smaller and less
- expensive.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-05: How to solve an equation x+exp(x)=2 ?
-
- A: First express the equation as f(t)=0; to do this, enter f(t) as
-
- t+exp t-2
-
- Next, click on [Zero]. When asked for the solution limits and
- accuracy, enter something reasonable, like 0, 100 and 1E-8
- (or .00000001). Click on [OK]. The result should be 0.44...
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-06: How to compute an integral of f(x)=1/(x+4) from 0 to 2?
-
- A: Enter f(t) as
-
- 1/(t+4)
-
- into the Expression Line. Click on [Integ]. When the dialog box
- prompts you for integral limits and accuracy, enter 0, 2 and 1E-6
- (or another accuracy value), respectively. Click on [OK]. The
- result, 0.405..., will be stored in the Temporary Variable, t.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-07: How to graph a function, e.g. f(x)=exp(-abs(x))*sin(1/x) for x
- between -2 and 2 ??
-
- A: Enter the expression using t as the function argument
-
- exp(-abs t)*sin(1/t)
-
- and click on [Graph]. Enter -2 and 2 as x-limits. Click on [Find]
- and [Round], then on [OK].
-
- Note: this is a very unpleasant function to graph. You may want
- to increase the graph precision by selecting the [Options|Graph
- Options] menu and checking the "Fine Detail" box (do it before
- clicking on [Graph], of course). Then find any other function
- graphing program and see what job it will do. Bingo.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-08: How to fit a square regression curve through a series of XY points?
-
- A: Click on [Edit]. If necessary, click on [Mode] to set the buffer
- to the XY mode. Make sure the buffer is clear (use [Clear] if
- necessary). Type your points into the yellow box: X on the
- left, Y on the right; use arrow, Tab and Return keys as needed.
- Click on Exit. In the Main Panel click on [Regr] and select
- "2nd degree". When asked about the plot, click on [Yes].
- In the Graph Range dialog, click on [Find] and [Round]. Done.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-09: How to compare visually a square regression curve from the example
- above with a linear regression line?
-
- A: If the graph generated above is still visible, press Escape.
- Click on [Regr] and select "1st degree", but answer [No] to the
- question on drawing the line. Clear the Expression Line (press
- Escape), and enter
-
- poly t
-
- Click on [Show], then on [Add]. Enjoy.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-10: How to solve a system of three linear equations:
-
- 2*x1 - x2 = 3
- -x1 + 1.5*x2 - 0.3*x3 = -7
- x2 - x3 = 1
-
- A: Click on [Extras | Linear algebra] to bring up the Linear Algebra
- Panel. Click on [Size] and select "3". Click on [Edit] and select
- "a". Enter the matrix so that the input grid contains:
-
- 2 -1 0
- -1 1.5 -0.3
- 0 1 -1
-
- and click on [OK]. Then click on [Edit] again and select "u".
- Enter the vector:
-
- 3
- -7
- 1
-
- and click on [OK] again.
-
- From the keyboard enter "a/u=v".
-
- To view the solution, click on [Edit] and select "v". The result
- will be (-2.64..., -8.28..., -9.28...).
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-11: How do I know that this is the right solution?
-
- A: There are three ways:
-
- (1) Trust me.
-
- (2) In the Linear Algebra Panel, enter "a*v=w", then use [Edit]
- and "w". The vector w should be the same as u.
-
- (3) The hard way: exit the Linear Algebra Panel and
- compute the following three expressions in the Main Panel:
-
- 2v#1-v#2
-
- -v#1+1.5v#2-.3v#3
-
- v#2-v#3
-
- The results should be 3, -7 and 1, respectively.
-
- The recommended method is (1).
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-12: How to solve a cubic equation:
-
- 2*x^3-9*x^2+x+5=0
-
- storing the largest real root as variable U?
-
- A: First, get into the Root Panel by clicking on [Extras | Polynomial
- Roots]. Enter the polynomial coefficients into the yellow data grid
- at the left so that the grid looks like
-
- 5
- 1
- -9
- 2
-
- Click on [Solve]. The solution display at the right will show three
- real roots: t1=-0.649..., t2=4.243... and t3=0.906...
- Click the left mouse button on the largest one (t2) and select U
- from the pop-up menu.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-13: How to compute an integral of f(x)=x^3*exp(-x) over an interval
- from 0 to 8?
-
- A: First enter the function as an expression line, remembering to use
- t as the argument:
-
- t^3*exp(-t)
-
- Then click on [Integ] and type in the limits: 0 and 8, as well as the
- desired accuracy, say, 1E-9. Click on [OK]. The result will be about
- 5.745719...
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-14: The above approach would not work if the "x^3" above is changed
- to "x^3.2": I'm getting an error message, why?
-
- A: Integration of "t^3.2*exp(-t)" over [0,8] involves computing of 0^3.2,
- and this is an illegal arithmetic operation (fractional powers of zero
- are not defined).
-
- On the other hand, we know that the function converges to 0 at 0;
- therefore we may redefine it with use of a conditional function as
-
- ifz(t,0,t^3.2*exp(-t))
-
- Type this expression in and repeat the rest of the previous procedure.
- The result will be 7.35919...
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-15: How do I convert the decimal value of -1200 to binary?
-
- A: Go to the Computer Math Panel by clicking on [Extras | Computer math]
- and click on the mode button (on the right, just under the display)
- to select Signed Decimal. Now you have to choose the word length:
- click on the bit length button (just below the previous one) and
- select 16 bits (32 would be OK too, but the number will not fit into
- an 8-bit word). Type in "1200" and click on the [▒] button. The
- display should read "-1200" now. Click on the mode button again and
- select Binary. Done: the display should say now "11111011 01010000".
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-16: I'm using the Computer Math calculator to multiply 999 by 66. The
- result is 398. What is wrong and how do I fix it?
-
- A: Nothing is wrong. You are obviously working in the Decimal mode
- (signed or not) and with 16-bit words. The multiplication result,
- 65934, does not fit into a 16-bit word, so the program does what a
- computer doing 16-bit math would do: it drops the most significant
- part of the result. If you want this not to happen, switch to 32-bit
- words or, even better, use the Main Panel for "regular" (as opposed
- to "computer") arithmetics.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-17: I would like to define tan(x/4)*(2*sin(x/2)-cos(2x)) as a function
- of x so that it can be easily used in my calculations. How?
-
- A: First, enter the function into the Expression Line, using t (not x!)
- as the argument:
-
- tan(t/4)*(2*sin(t/2)-cos(2*t))
-
- or, using fewer parentheses and multiplication signs
-
- tan .25t*(2 sin .5t-cos 2t)
-
- Click on the [User] tab in the Function Panel at the left and then
- on [Define]. Select a slot from the pop-up menu, for example, 1.
- Type the function name, for example, "trix" into the small box
- asking you for it. Hit Enter.
-
- Note that one of the buttons in the User Function Page will now be
- marked as [trix]. Now you can use trix as a regular function in
- your expression; as in
-
- trix(30.27)-2*trix(15/2A)+sin(27.333)
-
- (obviously, I'm doing this in the Degree mode, but this is not
- necessary).
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-18: Now I would like to define f(x,y) = xy+2*ln(x/y). How do I do it?
-
- A: You don't. At present, Kalkulator allows for user-defined functions
- of just one argument (denoted as t).
-
- But if you really do not need a function, but rather just to evaluate
- the expression a number of times for various x and y, then you can
- do it:
-
- Enter the expression:
-
- XY+2 ln(X/Y)
-
- Then click on the [Browser] tab in the Variable Panel and set
- variables X and Y to the values you need, by clicking on [Put],
- selecting X or Y from the pop-up menu, entering a value and hitting
- Enter. When X and Y are set, just hit Enter again. The expression
- value will be computed. Then use [Put} again to enter other
- combinations of X and Y.
-
- By the way, I'm thinking about introducing two-argument user functions
- in one of the future releases.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Q-99: How do I get the newest version of Kalkulator?
-
- A: Set your browser to my Web page:
-
- http://www.freeflight.com/wrotniak/software.html
-
- This Web page contains both 16- and 32-bit versions of Kalkulator.
- They are virtually identical, except that the 32-bit one is somewhat
- faster under Windows 95.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-