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- 4.8 Sums, Products, Series and Polynomials
-
- You can compute partial, finite or infinite sums and products.
- Sums and products can be differentiated and integrated. You construct
- functions like Taylor polynomials or finite Fourier series. The
- procedure is the same for sums as products so all examples will
- be restricted to sums. The general formats for these functions are:
- sum(expr, x from xmin to xmax)
- sum(expr, x from xmin to xmax step dx)
- prod(expr, x from xmin to xmax)
- prod(expr, x from xmin to xmax step dx)
- The expression expr is evaluated at xmin, xmin+dx, ... up to the last
- entry in the series not greater than xmax, and the resulting values
- are added or multiplied. The part "step dx" is optional and defaults
- to 1. The values of xmin, xmax and dx can be any real number.
-
- Here are some examples:
- sum(j, j from 1 to 10)
- for 1 + 2 + .. + 10.
- sum(3^j, j from 0 to 10 step 2)
- for 1 + 3^2 + ... + 3^10.
- Here are some sample Taylor polynomials:
- sum(x^j/j!, j from 0 to n)
- for exp(x).
- sum((-1)^j*x^(2*j+1)/(2*j+1)!, j from 0 to n)
- for sin(x) of degree 2*n+2.
-
- Remember, the 3 keywords (from, to and step) can be replaced by
- the comma ,.
-
- 4.8.1. Partial Sum
- The function
- partsum(f(x),x)
- finds the partial sum (symbolic sum).
-
- Example 4.8.1.1.
- Find the sum of 1^2 + 2^2 ... + n^2.
-
- IN: partsum(n^2, n)
- OUT: 1/6 n (1 + n) (1 + 2 n)
-
- 4.8.2 Infinite Sum
- The function
- infsum(f(x),x)
- finds the infinite sum, i.e. sum(f(x), x from 0 to inf).
- Example:
-
- IN: infsum(1/n!, n)
- OUT: e
-
- 4.8.3. Series
- The external functions
- series(f(x), x)
- series(f(x), x, order)
- to find the Taylor series at x=0. The arguement (order) is optional and
- defaults to 5.
-
- Example 4.8.3.1.
- Find the power series expansion for cos(x) at x=0.
-
- IN: series(cos(x), x)
- OUT: 1 - 1/2 x^2 + 1/24 x^4
-
- The series expansion of f(x) is useful for numeric calculation
- of f(x). If you can provide derivative of any function of f(x) and f(0),
- even though f(x) is unknown, you may be able to calculate the function
- value at any x, by series expansion. Accurary of calculation depends on
- the order of series expansion. Higher order, more accuracy, but longer
- calculation time.
-
- Example 4.8.3.2.
- calculate f(1), knowing f'(x)=-sin(x) and f(0)=1, where f(x) is unknown.
-
- IN: f'(x_) := -sin(x)
- IN: f(0) := 1
- IN: f(x_) := eval(series(f(x), x)) # must eval()
- OUT: f(x_) := 1 - 1/2 x^2 + 1/24 x^4
- IN: f(1)
- OUT: 13/24
-
- 4.8.4 Polynomials
- Polynomials are automately sorted in order from low to high.
- You can pick up one of coefficient of x in polynomials by
- coef(poly, x^n)
- e.g.
- IN: coef(x^2+5*x+6, x)
- OUT: 5
-
- Note that you cannot pick up the coefficient of x^0 by coef(y,x^0).
- You can pick up one of coefficient of x in polynomials with
- order < 5 by
- coef(poly, x,n)
- e.g.
- IN: coef(x^2+5*x+6, x,0)
- OUT: 6
-
- You can pick up all of coefficients of x in polynomials with
- order < 5 by
- coefall(poly, x)
- e.g.
- IN: coefall(x^2+5*x+6, x)
- OUT: [6, 5, 1] # 6 + 5*x + x^2
- IN: coefall(a*x^2+b*x+c, x)
- OUT: [c, b, a] # symbolic values of coefficients
-
- You can pick up the highest order of x in polynomials with
- order < 5 by
- order(poly, x)
- e.g.
- IN: order(x^2+5*x+6, x)
- OUT: 2
-
- You can factor polynomials in order < 5 with respect with x by
- factor(poly, x)
- e.g.
- IN: factor(x^2+5*x+6, x)
- OUT: (2 + x) (3 + x)
-
- Note that Shareware version of SymbMath cannot do this factor as
- it lacks solve().
-