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- @(#)Theory 7.4
-
- These time and date functions are much like the System V Release 2.0 (SVR2)
- time and date functions; there are a few additions and changes to extend
- the usefulness of the SVR2 functions:
-
- * In SVR2, time display in a process is controlled by the environment
- variable TZ, which "must be a three-letter time zone name, followed
- by a number representing the difference between local time and
- Greenwich Mean Time in hours, followed by an optional three-letter
- name for a daylight time zone;" when the optional daylight time zone is
- present, "standard U.S.A. Daylight Savings Time conversion is applied."
- This means that SVR2 can't deal with other (for example, Australian)
- daylight savings time rules, or situations where more than two
- time zone abbreviations are used in an area.
-
- * In SVR2, time conversion information is compiled into each program
- that does time conversion. This means that when time conversion
- rules change (as in the United States in 1987), all programs that
- do time conversion must be recompiled to ensure proper results.
-
- * In SVR2, time conversion fails for near-minimum or near-maximum
- time_t values when doing conversions for places that don't use GMT.
-
- * In SVR2, there's no tamper-proof way for a process to learn the
- system's best idea of local wall clock. (This is important for
- applications that an administrator wants used only at certain times--
- without regard to whether the user has fiddled the "TZ" environment
- variable. While an administrator can "do everything in GMT" to get
- around the problem, doing so is inconvenient and precludes handling
- daylight savings time shifts--as might be required to limit phone
- calls to off-peak hours.)
-
- * These functions can account for leap seconds, thanks to Bradley White
- (bww@k.cs.cmu.edu).
-
- These are the changes that have been made to the SVR2 functions:
-
- * The "TZ" environment variable is used in generating the name of a file
- from which time zone information is read (or is interpreted a la
- POSIX); "TZ" is no longer constrained to be a three-letter time zone
- name followed by a number of hours and an optional three-letter
- daylight time zone name. The daylight saving time rules to be used
- for a particular time zone are encoded in the time zone file;
- the format of the file allows U.S., Australian, and other rules to be
- encoded, and allows for situations where more than two time zone
- abbreviations are used.
-
- It was recognized that allowing the "TZ" environment variable to
- take on values such as "America/New_York" might cause "old" programs
- (that expect "TZ" to have a certain form) to operate incorrectly;
- consideration was given to using some other environment variable
- (for example, "TIMEZONE") to hold the string used to generate the
- time zone information file name. In the end, however, it was decided
- to continue using "TZ": it is widely used for time zone purposes;
- separately maintaining both "TZ" and "TIMEZONE" seemed a nuisance;
- and systems where "new" forms of "TZ" might cause problems can simply
- use TZ values such as "EST5EDT" which can be used both by
- "new" programs (a la POSIX) and "old" programs (as zone names and
- offsets).
-
- * To handle places where more than two time zone abbreviations are used,
- the functions "localtime" and "gmtime" set tzname[tmp->tm_isdst]
- (where "tmp" is the value the function returns) to the time zone
- abbreviation to be used. This differs from SVR2, where the elements
- of tzname are only changed as a result of calls to tzset.
-
- * Since the "TZ" environment variable can now be used to control time
- conversion, the "daylight" and "timezone" variables are no longer
- needed or supported. (You can use a compile-time option to cause
- these variables to be defined and to be set by "tzset"; however, their
- values will not be used by "localtime.")
-
- * The "localtime" function has been set up to deliver correct results
- for near-minimum or near-maximum time_t values. (A comment in the
- source code tells how to get compatibly wrong results).
-
- * A function "tzsetwall" has been added to arrange for the system's
- best approximation to local wall clock time to be delivered by
- subsequent calls to "localtime." Source code for portable
- applications that "must" run on local wall clock time should call
- "tzsetwall();" if such code is moved to "old" systems that don't
- provide tzsetwall, you won't be able to generate an executable program.
- (These time zone functions also arrange for local wall clock time to be
- used if tzset is called--directly or indirectly--and there's no "TZ"
- environment variable; portable applications should not, however, rely
- on this behavior since it's not the way SVR2 systems behave.)
-
- Points of interest to folks with Version 7 or BSD systems:
-
- * The BSD "timezone" function is not present in this package;
- it's impossible to reliably map timezone's arguments (a "minutes west
- of GMT" value and a "daylight saving time in effect" flag) to a
- time zone abbreviation, and we refuse to guess.
- Programs that in the past used the timezone function may now examine
- tzname[localtime(&clock)->tm_isdst] to learn the correct time
- zone abbreviation to use. Alternatively, use
- localtime(&clock)->tm_zone if this has been enabled.
-
- * The BSD gettimeofday function is not used in this package;
- this lets users control the time zone used in doing time conversions.
- Users who don't try to control things (that is, users who do not set
- the environment variable TZ) get the time conversion specified in the
- file "/etc/zoneinfo/localtime"; see the time zone compiler writeup for
- information on how to initialize this file.
-
- The functions that are conditionally compiled if STD_INSPIRED is defined
- should, at this point, be looked on primarily as food for thought. They are
- not in any sense "standard compatible"--some are not, in fact, specified in
- *any* standard. They do, however, represent responses of various authors to
- standardization proposals.
-
- Other time conversion proposals, in particular the one developed by folks at
- Hewlett Packard, offer a wider selection of functions that provide capabilities
- beyond those provided here. The absence of such functions from this package
- is not meant to discourage the development, standardization, or use of such
- functions. Rather, their absence reflects the decision to make this package
- close to SVR2 (with the exceptions outlined above) to ensure its broad
- acceptability. If more powerful time conversion functions can be standardized,
- so much the better.
-