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- COMPUTER PROGRAM LINELOSS
-
- The program LINELOSS is a versatile program capable of doing
- a variety of calculations related to power, VSWR, and
- transmission line losses. The program, and the following
- explanatory and tutorial information, is excerpted from The
- Meteor Burst Communications Handbook, by Jacob Z. Schanker. This
- handbook was prepared under U.S. Air Force Funding. It is
- expected that it will be available through the N.T.I.S. late in
- 1988.
-
- TRANSMISSION LINES
-
- Losses in coaxial transmission lines can have a significant
- effect on system performance. The losses negatively affect system
- performance in several ways. Therefore, reducing coax loss
- provides multiple benefits. In fact, reducing coax loss is one of
- the easiest, and least expensive, ways to improve communications
- system performance. These are the factors involved:
-
- 1) Loss in the transmission line between transmitter and
- the antenna reduce the power delivered to the antenna,
- thus reducing the effective radiated power.
-
- 2) Loss in the transmission line between receiving antenna
- and receiver increase the effective noise figure of the
- receiver, reducing receiver sensitivity.
-
- 3) Any standing waves on the transmission line will
- increase the losses on the line. That is, the actual
- transmission line loss will be higher than the rated line
- loss. This point is of particular significance since it
- further aggravates the negative effects of the first two
- factors.
-
- It's easy to understand how line loss reduces the power
- delivered at the end of a transmission line, but the effect of
- standing waves in increasing the loss requires some explanation.
- Whenever the load at the end of a transmission line is not
- perfectly matched to the line, that is when ZL is not purely
- resistive and equal in magnitude to the characteristic impedance
- of the line Zo, standing waves will exist. The impedance
- inequality at the load will cause power to be reflected back down
- the transmission line towards the source. This reflected wave
- undergoes the same amount of attenuation (in dB.) that the
- forward wave experienced intitially in travelling towards the
- load. This attenuation increases the overall, actual,
- attenuation. The actual attenuation is always greater than the
- rated line attenuation, except when a line is perfectly
- "flat" (no standing waves).
-
- The load in a communications system is either the antenna,
- or the receiver input. In either case, it is unlikely to be
- perfectly matched to the line, which will normally be coaxial
- cable with 50 ohm nominal characteristic impedance. A multi-
- element Yagi beam antenna carefully tuned to the frequency of
- operation may have a relatively low VSWR, typically less than
- 1.5, and possible as low as 1.1. On the other hand, a wideband
- log-periodic beam antenna may have a VSWR above 2.0. The input
- impedance of a typical receiver is only nominally 50 ohms. The
- actual impedance will vary quite a bit from the nominal, and the
- VSWR is often between 1.5 and 2.0.
-
- The rated attenuation for coaxial cable is normally
- expressed in terms of dB. per 100 feet or dB. per 100 meters. The
- attenuation is a function of frequency of operation, so the
- rating must specify the frequency at which the attenuation is
- given. Manufacturer's literature, handbooks, or MIL specs are
- possible sources of this information. Often the rated attenuation
- will be given at 10 MHz. and at 100 MHz. Unfortunately, important
- communications frequencies lie between these two frequencies, and
- attenuation ratings are unlikely to be specified at the specific
- frequencies of operation. Since the attenuation of coaxial cable
- varies approximately as the square-root of the frequency ratio,
- it is possible to make a useful estimate of rated attenuation at
- specific frequencies from the rated attenuation at other
- frequencies.
-
- Module 7 of the MBC Programs, LINELOSS, may be used to
- calculate the rated line loss at a particular frequency, given
- rated line loss at some other frequency. Once the rated line loss
- is known, the actual line loss can be calculated for whatever
- value of VSWR exists on the line. The program also expresses true
- line loss as an operating efficiency figure. Additional
- calculations provided in LINELOSS are conversion between forward
- and reflected power and VSWR.
-
- It's useful to plug some numbers into LINELOSS and play
- around a bit. The importance of low transmission line loss should
- soon be apparent. Low VSWR is also helpful, but often is not as
- easily controllable. As an example of the considerations
- discussed above, and of the use of the program, consider the
- following:
-
- A meteor burst system operates at 40 MHz. The remote site
- operates in half-duplex with the meteor burst terminal
- (transmitter/receiver) connected to a 5 element Yagi antenna
- through 150 feet of RG8A/U type coaxial cable. The VSWR of the
- antenna is 1.30. Use Module 7 to find the true loss in the line,
- the line operating efficiency, and the apparent VSWR at the
- terminal end of the line.
-
- The rated attenuation of RG8A/U, from manufacturer's data,
- is 0.56 dB. per 100 feet at 10 MHz. From the Main Menu, choose
- selection 2, "FIND RATED LINE LOSS AT OPERATING FREQUENCY FROM
- RATED VALUE AT ANOTHER FREQUENCY." The rated line loss, 0.56 dB.
- is entered first. The actual line length, 150 (feet) is then
- entered in response to the prompt. Next, the frequency at which
- the rating was given, 10 (MHz.) is entered, followed by the
- actual operating frequency of 40 (MHz.). The program then
- calculates the rated attenuation for 150 feet at 40 MHz. using
- the approximation that attenuation is proportional to the square
- root of the actual frequency divided by the rating frequency.
- This is accurate enough for most purposes. Note that the value
- obtained from the program is 1.7 dB. Choose selection 2 to return
- to the Main Menu, we then choose selection 4 "CALCULATIONS, USING
- CONDITIONS AT ANTENNA END", since we know the VSWR at the antenna
- end. The rated line loss for the length of line being used, which
- we just found to be 1.7 dB. is entered first. The program then
- asks us to enter any additional losses in the transmission path.
- These could be due to filters, diplexers, or other accessories
- which exhibit some insertion loss. In this case, we assume there
- is no additional loss and so enter 0. Finally, we enter the known
- VSWR at the antenna, 1.3, in response to the prompt.
-
- The program then calculates that the VSWR at the transmitter
- end is 1.19. This points up the fact that for a lossy
- transmission line, the VSWR at the transmitter (source) end will
- always be less than the VSWR at the antenna (load) end. This is a
- result of: (1) the forward power delivered to the antenna is
- reduced by the line attenuation, and, (2) the resulting reflected
- power caused by the antenna mismatch is further attenuated on its
- return trip to the transmitter end. Since VSWR is proportional to
- the ratio of reflected power/forward power, the transmitter end
- sees a lower reflected power and a higher forward power than the
- antenna end, hence a lower VSWR.
-
- Then program the calculates that the true overall loss in
- the line (accounting for the effect of VSWR on the rated line
- loss) is 1.74 dB., and that the overall transmission line
- operating efficiency is 67.0%. Note that, in this example, the
- VSWR on the line contributed negligible (.04 dB.) additional
- loss. Since the VSWR was relatively low (1.3) this is not too
- surprising. But what if the antenna VSWR was 2.5? This is a value
- which might be seen with a log-periodic type antenna, or with a
- field expedient antenna. It is suggested that the reader go
- through the calculations for this case. The result is that the
- true line loss is 2.20 dB., an increase of 0.5 dB. over the rated
- line loss which would be exhibited for unity VSWR.
-
- As another example, consider that in the previous example we
- did not know the VSWR of the antenna. However, using a BIRD
- wattmeter or similar instrument, the forward power at the
- transmitter end was measured as 300 watts, and the reflected
- power as 20 watts. This may seem pretty good, but it isn't.
- Choose selection 1 "CONVERT BETWEEN VSWR AND REFLECTED POWER",
- from the Main Menu. Entering our values, we find that the VSWR is
- 1.70. Returning to the Main Menu and choosing selection 3
- "CALCULATIONS, USING CONDITIONS AT TRANSMITTER END", the program
- calculates that the true VSWR at the antenna end is 2.24, and
- that the true overall loss is 2.09 dB. This is 0.39 dB greater
- loss than the rated line loss of 1.7 dB. The calculated operating
- efficiency is 61.8%. This means that the actual power delivered
- to the antenna to be radiated is 0.618 X (Forward Power -
- Reflected Power) or 0.618 X (300 - 20) = 173 watts.
-
- Additional reference:
-
- 1 "Program Finds True Transmission Line Loss" EDN, February 18, 1981