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- Network Working Group A. Malis
- Request for Comments: 2615 Ascend Communications, Inc.
- Obsoletes: 1619 W. Simpson
- Category: Standards Track DayDreamer
- June 1999
-
-
- PPP over SONET/SDH
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
- Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
- improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
- Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
- and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
-
- Copyright Notice
-
- Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
-
- Abstract
-
- The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) [1] provides a standard method for
- transporting multi-protocol datagrams over point-to-point links.
- This document describes the use of PPP over Synchronous Optical
- Network (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) circuits.
-
- This document replaces and obsoletes RFC 1619. See section 7 for a
- summary of the changes from RFC 1619.
-
- Table of Contents
-
- 1. Introduction .......................................... 2
- 2. Physical Layer Requirements ........................... 3
- 3. Framing ............................................... 4
- 4. X**43 + 1 Scrambler Description ....................... 4
- 5. Configuration Details ................................. 6
- 6. Security Considerations ............................... 6
- 7. Changes from RFC 1619 ................................. 7
- 8. Intellectual Property ................................. 7
- 9. Acknowledgments ....................................... 8
- 10. References ............................................ 8
- 11. Authors' Addresses .................................... 9
- 12. Full Copyright Statement .............................. 10
-
-
-
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- Malis & Simpson Standards Track [Page 1]
-
- RFC 2615 PPP over SONET/SDH June 1999
-
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- PPP was designed as a standard method of communicating over
- point-to-point links. Initial deployment has been over short local
- lines, leased lines, and plain-old-telephone-service (POTS) using
- modems. As new packet services and higher speed lines are introduced,
- PPP is easily deployed in these environments as well.
-
- This specification is primarily concerned with the use of the PPP
- encapsulation over SONET/SDH links. Since SONET/SDH is by definition
- a point-to-point circuit, PPP is well suited to use over these links.
-
- Real differences between SONET and SDH (other than terminology) are
- minor; for the purposes of encapsulation of PPP over SONET/SDH, they
- are inconsequential or irrelevant.
-
- For the convenience of the reader, we list the equivalent terms below:
-
- SONET SDH
- ---------------------------------------------
- SPE VC
- STS-SPE Higher Order VC (VC-3/4/4-Nc)
- STS-1 frame STM-0 frame (rarely used)
- STS-1-SPE VC-3
- STS-1 payload C-3
- STS-3c frame STM-1 frame, AU-4
- STS-3c-SPE VC-4
- STS-3c payload C-4
- STS-12c/48c/192c frame STM-4/16/64 frame, AU-4-4c/16c/64c
- STS-12c/48c/192c-SPE VC-4-4c/16c/64c
- STS-12c/48c/192c payload C-4-4c/16c/64c
-
- The only currently supported SONET/SDH SPE/VCs are the following:
-
- SONET SDH
- ----------------------------------------
- STS-3c-SPE VC-4
- STS-12c-SPE VC-4-4c
- STS-48c-SPE VC-4-16c
- STS-192c-SPE VC-4-64c
-
- The keywords MUST, MUST NOT, MAY, OPTIONAL, REQUIRED, RECOMMENDED,
- SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD, and SHOULD NOT are to be interpreted as
- defined in [6].
-
-
-
-
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- Malis & Simpson Standards Track [Page 2]
-
- RFC 2615 PPP over SONET/SDH June 1999
-
-
- 2. Physical Layer Requirements
-
- PPP treats SONET/SDH transport as octet oriented synchronous links.
- SONET/SDH links are full-duplex by definition.
-
- Interface Format
-
- PPP in HDLC-like framing presents an octet interface to the
- physical layer. There is no provision for sub-octets to be
- supplied or accepted [3][5].
-
- The octet stream is mapped into the SONET STS-SPE/SDH Higher Order
- VC, with the octet boundaries aligned with the SONET STS-SPE/SDH
- Higher Order VC octet boundaries.
-
- Scrambling is performed during insertion into the SONET STS-
- SPE/SDH Higher Order VC to provide adequate transparency and
- protect against potential security threats (see Section 6). For
- backwards compatibility with RFC 1619 (STS-3c-SPE/VC-4 only), the
- scrambler MAY have an on/off capability where the scrambler is
- bypassed entirely when it is in the off mode. If this capability
- is provided, the default MUST be set to scrambling enabled.
-
- For PPP over SONET/SDH, the entire SONET/SDH payload (SONET STS-
- SPE/SDH Higher Order VC minus the path overhead and any fixed
- stuff) is scrambled using a self-synchronous scrambler of
- polynomial X**43 + 1. See Section 4 for the description of the
- scrambler.
-
- The proper order of operation is:
-
- When transmitting:
-
- IP -> PPP -> FCS generation -> Byte stuffing -> Scrambling ->
- SONET/SDH framing
-
- When receiving:
-
- SONET/SDH framing -> Descrambling -> Byte destuffing -> FCS
- detection -> PPP -> IP
-
- The Path Signal Label (C2) indicates the contents of the SONET STS-
- SPE/SDH Higher Order VC. The value of 22 (16 hex) is used to
- indicate PPP with X^43 + 1 scrambling [4].
-
- For compatibility with RFC 1619 (STS-3c-SPE/VC-4 only), if scrambling
- has been configured to be off, then the value 207 (CF hex) is used
- for the Path Signal Label to indicate PPP without scrambling.
-
-
-
- Malis & Simpson Standards Track [Page 3]
-
- RFC 2615 PPP over SONET/SDH June 1999
-
-
- The Multiframe Indicator (H4) is unused, and MUST be zero.
-
- Control Signals
-
- PPP does not require the use of control signals. When available,
- using such signals can allow greater functionality and
- performance. Implications are discussed in [2].
-
- 3. Framing
-
- The framing for octet-synchronous links is described in "PPP in
- HDLC-like Framing" [2].
-
- The PPP frames are located by row within the SONET STS-SPE/SDH Higher
- Order VC payload. Because frames are variable in length, the frames
- are allowed to cross SONET STS-SPE/SDH Higher Order VC boundaries.
-
- 4. X**43 + 1 Scrambler Description
-
- The X**43 + 1 scrambler transmitter and receiver operation are as
- follows:
-
- Transmitter schematic:
-
- Unscrambled Data
- |
- v
- +-------------------------------------+ +---+
- +->| --> 43 bit shift register --> |--->|xor|
- | +-------------------------------------+ +---+
- | |
- +-----------------------------------------------+
- |
- v
- Scrambled Data
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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- Malis & Simpson Standards Track [Page 4]
-
- RFC 2615 PPP over SONET/SDH June 1999
-
-
- Receiver schematic:
-
- Scrambled Data
- |
- +-----------------------------------------------+
- | |
- | v
- | +-------------------------------------+ +---+
- +->| --> 43 bit shift register --> |--->|xor|
- +-------------------------------------+ +---+
- |
- v
- Unscrambled Data
-
-
- Note: While the HDLC FCS is calculated least significant bit first as
- shown:
-
- <- <- <- <-
- A B C D
-
- (that is, the FCS calculator is fed as follows: A[0], A[1], ... A[7],
- B[0], B[1], etc...), scrambling is done in the opposite manner, most
- significant bit first, as shown:
-
- -> -> -> ->
- A B C D.
-
- That is, the scrambler is fed as follows: A[7], A[6], ... A[0], B[7],
- B[6], etc...
-
- The scrambler operates continuously through the bytes of the SONET
- STS-SPE/SDH Higher Order VC, bypassing bytes of SONET Path Overhead
- and any fixed stuff (see Figure 20 of ANSI T1.105 [3] or Figure 10-17
- of ITU G.707 [5]). The scrambling state at the beginning of a SONET
- STS-SPE/SDH Higher Order VC is the state at the end of the previous
- SONET STS-SPE/SDH Higher Order VC. Thus, the scrambler runs
- continuously and is not reset per frame. The initial seed is randomly
- chosen by transmitter to improve operational security (see Section
- 6). Consequently, the first 43 transmitted bits following startup or
- reframe operation will not be descrambled correctly.
-
-
-
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- Malis & Simpson Standards Track [Page 5]
-
- RFC 2615 PPP over SONET/SDH June 1999
-
-
- 5. Configuration Details
-
- Other than the FCS length (see below), the standard LCP sync
- configuration defaults apply to SONET/SDH links.
-
- The following Configuration Options are RECOMMENDED for STS-3c-
- SPE/VC-4:
-
- Magic Number
- No Address and Control Field Compression
- No Protocol Field Compression
-
- For operation at STS-12c-SPE/VC-4-4c and above, Address and Control
- Field Compression and Protocol Field Compression are NOT RECOMMENDED.
- The Magic Number option remains RECOMMENDED.
-
- Regarding the FCS length, with one exception, the 32-bit FCS MUST be
- used for all SONET/SDH rates. For STS-3c-SPE/VC-4 only, the 16-bit
- FCS MAY be used, although the 32-bit FCS is RECOMMENDED. The FCS
- length is set by provisioning and is not negotiated.
-
- 6. Security Considerations
-
- The major change from RFC 1619 is the addition of payload scrambling
- when inserting the HDLC-like framed PPP packets into the SONET STS-
- SPE/SDH Higher Order VC. RFC 1619 was operationally found to permit
- malicious users to generate packets with bit patterns that could
- create SONET/SDH-layer low-transition-density synchronization
- problems, emulation of the SDH set-reset scrambler pattern, and
- replication of the STM-N frame alignment word.
-
- The use of the x^43 + 1 self-synchronous scrambler was introduced to
- alleviate these potential security problems. Predicting the output
- of the scrambler requires knowledge of the 43-bit state of the
- transmitter as the scrambling of a known input is begun. This
- requires knowledge of both the initial 43-bit state of the scrambler
- when it started and every byte of data scrambled by the device since
- it was started. The odds of guessing correctly are 1/2**43, with the
- additional probability of 1/127 that a correct guess will leave the
- frame properly aligned in the SONET/SDH payload, which results in a
- probability of 9e-16 against being able to deliberately cause
- SONET/SDH-layer problems. This seems reasonably secure for this
- application.
-
- This scrambler is also used when transmitting ATM over SONET/SDH, and
- public network carriers have considerable experience with its use.
-
-
-
-
-
- Malis & Simpson Standards Track [Page 6]
-
- RFC 2615 PPP over SONET/SDH June 1999
-
-
- A known security issue is bandwidth reduction by intentional
- transmission of characters or sequences requiring transparency
- processing by including flag and/or escape characters in user data. A
- user may cause up to a 100% increase in the bandwidth required for
- transmitting his or her packets by filling the packet with flag
- and/or escape characters.
-
- 7. Changes from RFC 1619
-
- As mentioned in the previous section, the major change from RFC 1619
- was the addition of payload scrambling when inserting the HDLC-like
- framed PPP packets into the SONET STS-SPE/SDH Higher Order VC. Other
- changes were:
-
- The terminology was updated to better match that used by ANSI and
- ITU-T.
-
- The specification's applicability is now specifically restricted to:
-
- SONET SDH
- ----------------------------------------
- STS-3c-SPE VC-4
- STS-12c-SPE VC-4-4c
- STS-48c-SPE VC-4-16c
- STS-192c-SPE VC-4-64c
-
- The Path Signal Label (C2) is set to 22 (16 hex) when using X^43 + 1
- scrambling.
-
- The 32-bit FCS is required except for operation with STS-3c-SPE/VC-4,
- in which case the 16-bit FCS is allowed (but the 32-bit FCS is still
- recommended).
-
- The Security Considerations section was added.
-
- 8. Intellectual Property
-
- The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
- intellectual property or other rights that might be claimed to
- pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described in
- this document or the extent to which any license under such rights
- might or might not be available; neither does it represent that it
- has made any effort to identify any such rights. Information on the
- IETF's procedures with respect to rights in standards-track and
- standards-related documentation can be found in BCP-11. Copies of
- claims of rights made available for publication and any assurances of
- licenses to be made available, or the result of an attempt made to
- obtain a general license or permission for the use of such
-
-
-
- Malis & Simpson Standards Track [Page 7]
-
- RFC 2615 PPP over SONET/SDH June 1999
-
-
- proprietary rights by implementors or users of this specification can
- be obtained from the IETF Secretariat.
-
- The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
- copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
- rights which may cover technology that may be required to practice
- this standard. Please address the information to the IETF Executive
- Director.
-
- 9. Acknowledgments
-
- The scrambler description was provided by J. Manchester, S. Davida,
- B. Doshi, and J. Anderson of Lucent Technologies, R. Broberg of Cisco
- Systems, and Peter Lothberg of Sprint Corporation. The security
- analysis was provided by Iain Verigin of PMC-Sierra and Larry McAdams
- of Cisco Systems. The authors would also like to thank the members
- of the IETF's Point-to-Point Protocol Extensions Working Group for
- their many suggestions and improvements to the text.
-
- 10. References
-
- [1] Simpson, W., Editor, "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)", STD
- 51, RFC 1661, Daydreamer, July 1994.
-
- [2] Simpson, W., Editor, "PPP in HDLC-like Framing", STD 51, RFC
- 1662, Daydreamer, July 1994.
-
- [3] American National Standards Institute, "Synchronous Optical
- Network (SONET) - Basic Description including Multiplex
- Structure, Rates and Formats," ANSI T1.105-1995.
-
- [4] American National Standards Institute, "Synchronous Optical
- Network (SONET)--Payload Mappings," T1.105.02-1998.
-
- [5] ITU Recommendation G.707, "Network Node Interface For The
- Synchronous Digital Hierarchy", 1996.
-
- [6] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to indicate Requirement
- Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
-
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- Malis & Simpson Standards Track [Page 8]
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- RFC 2615 PPP over SONET/SDH June 1999
-
-
- 11. Authors' Addresses
-
- Andrew G. Malis
- Ascend Communications, Inc.
- 1 Robbins Road
- Westford, MA 01810 USA
-
- Phone: +1 978 952 7414
- EMail: malis@ascend.com
-
-
- William Allen Simpson
- DayDreamer
- Computer Systems Consulting Services
- 1384 Fontaine
- Madison Heights, Michigan 48071
-
- EMail: wsimpson@GreenDragon.com
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- Malis & Simpson Standards Track [Page 9]
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- RFC 2615 PPP over SONET/SDH June 1999
-
-
- 12. Full Copyright Statement
-
- Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
-
- This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
- others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
- or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
- and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
- kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
- included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
- document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
- the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
- Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
- developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
- copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
- followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
- English.
-
- The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
- revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
-
- This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
- "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
- TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
- BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
- HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
- MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
-
- Acknowledgement
-
- Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
- Internet Society.
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