home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Network Working Group B. Carpenter
- Request for Comments: 2529 IBM
- Category: Standards Track C. Jung
- 3Com
- March 1999
-
-
- Transmission of IPv6 over IPv4 Domains without Explicit Tunnels
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
- Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
- improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
- Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
- and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
-
- Copyright Notice
-
- Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
-
- Abstract
-
- This memo specifies the frame format for transmission of IPv6 [IPV6]
- packets and the method of forming IPv6 link-local addresses over IPv4
- domains. It also specifies the content of the Source/Target Link-
- layer Address option used in the Router Solicitation, Router
- Advertisement, Neighbor Solicitation, and Neighbor Advertisement and
- Redirect messages, when those messages are transmitted on an IPv4
- multicast network.
-
- The motivation for this method is to allow isolated IPv6 hosts,
- located on a physical link which has no directly connected IPv6
- router, to become fully functional IPv6 hosts by using an IPv4 domain
- that supports IPv4 multicast as their virtual local link. It uses
- IPv4 multicast as a "virtual Ethernet".
-
- Table of Contents
-
- 1. Introduction....................................................2
- 2. Maximum Transmission Unit.......................................2
- 3. Frame Format....................................................3
- 4. Stateless Autoconfiguration and Link-Local Addresses............3
- 5. Address Mapping -- Unicast......................................4
- 6. Address Mapping -- Multicast....................................4
- 7. Scaling and Transition Isues....................................5
- 8. IANA Considerations.............................................6
- 9. Security Considerations.........................................6
-
-
-
- Carpenter & Jung Standards Track [Page 1]
-
- RFC 2529 Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IPv4 March 1999
-
-
- Acknowledgements...................................................7
- References.........................................................7
- APPENDIX A: IPv4 Multicast Addresses for Neighbor Discovery........8
- Authors' Addresses.................................................9
- Full Copyright Notice.............................................10
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- This memo specifies the frame format for transmission of IPv6 [IPV6]
- packets and the method of forming IPv6 link-local addresses over IPv4
- multicast "domains". For the purposes of this document, an IPv4
- domain is a fully interconnected set of IPv4 subnets, within the same
- local multicast scope, on which there are at least two IPv6 nodes
- conforming to this specification. This IPv4 domain could form part
- of the globally-unique IPv4 address space, or could form part of a
- private IPv4 network [RFC 1918].
-
- This memo also specifies the content of the Source/Target Link-layer
- Address option used in the Router Solicitation, Router Advertisement,
- Neighbor Solicitation, Neighbor Advertisement and Redirect messages
- described in [DISC], when those messages are transmitted on an IPv4
- multicast domain.
-
- The motivation for this method is to allow isolated IPv6 hosts,
- located on a physical link which has no directly connected IPv6
- router, to become fully functional IPv6 hosts by using an IPv4
- multicast domain as their virtual local link. Thus, at least one
- IPv6 router using the same method must be connected to the same IPv4
- domain if IPv6 routing to other links is required.
-
- IPv6 hosts connected using this method do not require IPv4-compatible
- addresses or configured tunnels. In this way IPv6 gains considerable
- independence of the underlying links and can step over many hops of
- IPv4 subnets. The mechanism is known formally as "IPv6 over IPv4" or
- "6over4" and colloquially as "virtual Ethernet".
-
- The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
- "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
- document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
-
- 2. Maximum Transmission Unit
-
- The default MTU size for IPv6 packets on an IPv4 domain is 1480
- octets. This size may be varied by a Router Advertisement [DISC]
- containing an MTU option which specifies a different MTU, or by
- manual configuration of each node.
-
-
-
-
-
- Carpenter & Jung Standards Track [Page 2]
-
- RFC 2529 Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IPv4 March 1999
-
-
- Note that if by chance the IPv6 MTU size proves to be too large for
- some intermediate IPv4 subnet, IPv4 fragmentation will ensue. While
- undesirable, this is not disastrous. However, the IPv4 "do not
- fragment" bit MUST NOT be set in the encapsulating IPv4 header.
-
- 3. Frame Format
-
- IPv6 packets are transmitted in IPv4 packets [RFC 791] with an IPv4
- protocol type of 41, the same as has been assigned in [RFC 1933] for
- IPv6 packets that are tunneled inside of IPv4 frames. The IPv4
- header contains the Destination and Source IPv4 addresses. The IPv4
- packet body contains the IPv6 header followed immediately by the
- payload.
-
- 0 1 2 3
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- |Version| IHL |Type of Service| Total Length |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Identification |Flags| Fragment Offset |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Time to Live | Protocol 41 | Header Checksum |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Source Address |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Destination Address |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | Options | Padding |
- +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
- | IPv6 header and payload ... /
- +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+
-
- If there are IPv4 options, then padding SHOULD be added to the IPv4
- header such that the IPv6 header starts on a boundary that is a 32-
- bit offset from the end of the datalink header.
-
- The Time to Live field SHOULD be set to a low value, to prevent such
- packets accidentally leaking from the IPv4 domain. This MUST be a
- configurable parameter, with a recommended default of 8.
-
- 4. Stateless Autoconfiguration and Link-Local Addresses
-
- The Interface Identifier [AARCH] of an IPv4 interface is the 32-bit
- IPv4 address of that interface, with the octets in the same order in
- which they would appear in the header of an IPv4 packet, padded at
- the left with zeros to a total of 64 bits. Note that the "Universal/
- Local" bit is zero, indicating that the Interface Identifer is not
- globally unique. When the host has more than one IPv4 address in use
-
-
-
- Carpenter & Jung Standards Track [Page 3]
-
- RFC 2529 Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IPv4 March 1999
-
-
- on the physical interface concerned, an administrative choice of one
- of these IPv4 addresses is made.
-
- An IPv6 address prefix used for stateless autoconfiguration [CONF] of
- an IPv4 interface MUST have a length of 64 bits except for a special
- case mentioned in Section 7.
-
- The IPv6 Link-local address [AARCH] for an IPv4 virtual interface is
- formed by appending the Interface Identifier, as defined above, to
- the prefix FE80::/64.
-
- +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+
- | FE 80 00 00 00 00 00 00 |
- +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+
- | 00 00 | 00 | 00 | IPv4 Address |
- +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+------+------+
-
- 5. Address Mapping -- Unicast
-
- The procedure for mapping IPv6 addresses into IPv4 virtual link-layer
- addresses is described in [DISC]. The Source/Target Link-layer
- Address option has the following form when the link layer is IPv4.
- Since the length field is in units of 8 bytes, the value below is 1.
-
- +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
- | Type |Length | must be zero | IPv4 Address |
- +-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+-------+
-
-
- Type:
- 1 for Source Link-layer address.
- 2 for Target Link-layer address.
-
- Length:
- 1 (in units of 8 octets).
-
- IPv4 Address:
-
- The 32 bit IPv4 address, in network byte order. This is the address
- the interface currently responds to, and may be different from the
- Interface Identifier for stateless autoconfiguration.
-
- 6. Address Mapping -- Multicast
-
- IPv4 multicast MUST be available. An IPv6 packet with a multicast
- destination address DST MUST be transmitted to the IPv4 multicast
- address of Organization-Local Scope using the mapping below. These
- IPv4 multicast addresses SHOULD be taken from the block
-
-
-
- Carpenter & Jung Standards Track [Page 4]
-
- RFC 2529 Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IPv4 March 1999
-
-
- 239.192.0.0/16, a sub-block of the Organization-Local Scope address
- block, or, if all of those are not available, from the expansion
- blocks defined in [ADMIN]. Note that when they are formed using the
- expansion blocks, they use only a /16 sized block.
-
- +-------+-------+-------+-------+
- | 239 | OLS | DST14 | DST15 |
- +-------+-------+-------+-------+
-
- DST14, DST15 last two bytes of IPv6 multicast address.
-
- OLS from the configured Organization-Local
- Scope address block. SHOULD be 192,
- see [ADMIN] for details.
-
- No new IANA registration procedures are required for the above. See
- appendix A. for a list of all the multicast groups that must be
- joined to support Neighbor Discovery.
-
- 7. Scaling and Transition Issues
-
- The multicast mechanism described in Section 6 above appears to have
- essentially the same scaling properties as native IPv6 over most
- media, except for the slight reduction in MTU size which will
- slightly reduce bulk throughput. On an ATM network, where IPv4
- multicast relies on relatively complex mechanisms, it is to be
- expected that IPv6 over IPv4 over ATM will perform less well than
- native IPv6 over ATM.
-
- The "IPv6 over IPv4" mechanism is intended to take its place in the
- range of options available for transition from IPv4 to IPv6. In
- particular it allows a site to run both IPv4 and IPv6 in coexistence,
- without having to configure IPv6 hosts either with IPv4-compatible
- addresses or with tunnels. Interfaces of the IPv6 router and hosts
- will of course need to be enabled in "6over4" mode.
-
- A site may choose to start its IPv6 transition by configuring one
- IPv6 router to support "6over4" on an interface connected to the
- site's IPv4 domain, and another IPv6 format on an interface connected
- to the IPv6 Internet. Any enabled "6over4" hosts in the IPv4 domain
- will then be able to communicate both with the router and with the
- IPv6 Internet, without manual configuration of a tunnel and without
- the need for an IPv4-compatible IPv6 address, either stateless or
- stateful address configuration providing the IPv6 address to the IPv6
- host.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Carpenter & Jung Standards Track [Page 5]
-
- RFC 2529 Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IPv4 March 1999
-
-
- During transition, routers may need to advertise at least two IPv6
- prefixes, one for the native LAN (e.g. Ethernet) and one for
- "6over4". As with any IPv6 prefix assigned to an IPv6 subnet, the
- latter MUST be unique within its scope, whether site-local or global
- addressing is used.
-
- Also note that when a router is handling both native LAN and "6over4"
- on the same physical interface, during stateless autoconfiguration,
- there is a period when IPv6 link-local addresses are used, in both
- cases with the prefix FE80::/64. Note that the prefix-length for
- these link-local adddress MUST then be 128 so that the two cases can
- be distinguished.
-
- As the site installs additional IPv6 routers, "6over4" hosts which
- become physically adjacent to IPv6 routers can be changed to run as
- native IPv6 hosts, with the the only impact on IPv6 applications
- being a slight increase in MTU size. At some stage during transition,
- it might be convenient to dual home hosts in both native LAN and
- "6over4" mode, but this is not required.
-
- 8. IANA Considerations
-
- No assignments by the IANA are required beyond those in [ADMIN].
-
- 9. Security Considerations
-
- Implementors should be aware that, in addition to posssible attacks
- against IPv6, security attacks against IPv4 must also be considered.
- Use of IP security at both IPv4 and IPv6 levels should nevertheless
- be avoided, for efficiency reasons. For example, if IPv6 is running
- encrypted, encryption of IPv4 would be redundant except if traffic
- analysis is felt to be a threat. If IPv6 is running authenticated,
- then authentication of IPv4 will add little. Conversely, IPv4
- security will not protect IPv6 traffic once it leaves the IPv6-over-
- IPv4 domain. Therefore, implementing IPv6 security is required even
- if IPv4 security is available.
-
- There is a possible spoofing attack in which spurious 6over4 packets
- are injected into a 6over4 domain from outside. Thus, boundary
- routers MUST discard multicast IPv4 packets with source or
- destination multicast addresses of organisation local scope as
- defined in section 6 above, if they arrive on physical interfaces
- outside that scope. To defend against spurious unicast 6over4
- packets, boundary routers MUST discard incoming IPv4 packets with
- protocol type 41 from unknown sources, i.e. IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnels
- must only be accepted from trusted sources. Unless IPSEC
-
-
-
-
-
- Carpenter & Jung Standards Track [Page 6]
-
- RFC 2529 Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IPv4 March 1999
-
-
- authentication is available, the RECOMMENDED technique for this is to
- configure the boundary router only to accept protocol type 41 packets
- from source addresses within a trusted range or ranges.
-
- Acknowledgements
-
- The basic idea presented above is not original, and we have had
- invaluable comments from Matt Crawford, Steve Deering, Dan
- Harrington, Rich Draves, Erik Nordmark, Quang Nguyen, Thomas Narten,
- and other members of the IPNG and NGTRANS working groups.
-
- This document is seriously ripped off from RFC 1972 written by Matt
- Crawford. Brian Carpenter was at CERN when the work was started.
-
- References
-
- [AARCH] Hinden, R., and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
- Architecture", RFC 2373, July 1998.
-
- [ADMIN] Meyer, D., "Administratively Scoped IP Multicast", BCP 23,
- RFC 2365, July 1998.
-
- [CONF] Thomson, S. and T. Narten, "IPv6 Stateless Address
- Autoconfiguration", RFC 2462, December 1998.
-
- [DISC] Narten, T., Nordmark, E. and W. Simpson, "Neighbor
- Discovery for IP Version 6 (IPv6)", RFC 2461, December
- 1998.
-
- [IPV6] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
- (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
-
- [RFC 791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, September
- 1981.
-
- [RFC 1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, R., Karrenberg, D., de Groot, G.
- and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
- RFC 1918, February 1996.
-
- [RFC 1933] Gilligan, R. and E. Nordmark, "Transition Mechanisms for
- IPv6 Hosts and Routers", RFC 1933, April 1996.
-
- [RFC 2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
- Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
-
- [RFC 1972] Crawford, M., "A Method for the Transmission of IPv6
- Packets over Ethernet Networks", RFC 1972, August 1996.
-
-
-
-
- Carpenter & Jung Standards Track [Page 7]
-
- RFC 2529 Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IPv4 March 1999
-
-
- APPENDIX A: IPv4 Multicast Addresses for Neighbor Discovery
-
- The following IPv4 multicast groups are used to support Neighbor
- Discovery with this specification. The IPv4 addresses listed in this
- section were obtained by looking at the IPv6 multicast addresses that
- Neigbour Discovery uses, and deriving the resulting IPv4 "virtual
- link-layer" addresses that are generated from them using the
- algorithm given in Section 6.
-
- all-nodes multicast address
- - the administratively-scoped IPv4 multicast address used to
- reach all nodes in the local IPv4 domain supporting this
- specification. 239.OLS.0.1
-
- all-routers multicast address
- - the administratively-scoped IPv4 multicast address to reach
- all routers in the local IPv4 domain supporting this
- specification. 239.OLS.0.2
-
- solicited-node multicast address
- - an administratively scoped multicast address that is computed
- as a function of the solicited target's address by taking the
- low-order 24 bits of the IPv4 address used to form the IPv6
- address, and prepending the prefix FF02:0:0:0:0:1:FF00::/104
- [AARCH]. This is then mapped to the IPv4 multicast address by
- the method described in this document. For example, if the
- IPv4 address used to form the IPv6 address is W.X.Y.Z, then
- the IPv6 solicited node multicast address is
- FF02::1:255.X.Y.Z and the corresponding IPv4 multicast
- address is 239.OLS.Y.Z
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Carpenter & Jung Standards Track [Page 8]
-
- RFC 2529 Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IPv4 March 1999
-
-
- Authors' Addresses
-
- Brian E. Carpenter
- Internet Division
- IBM United Kingdom Laboratories
- MP 185, Hursley Park
- Winchester, Hampshire S021 2JN, UK
-
- EMail: brian@hursley.ibm.com
-
-
- Cyndi Jung
- 3Com Corporation
- 5400 Bayfront Plaza, Mailstop 3219
- Santa Clara, California 95052-8145
-
- EMail: cmj@3Com.com
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Carpenter & Jung Standards Track [Page 9]
-
- RFC 2529 Transmission of IPv6 Packets over IPv4 March 1999
-
-
- Full Copyright Statement
-
- Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
-
- This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
- others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
- or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
- and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
- kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
- included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
- document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
- the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
- Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
- developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
- copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
- followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
- English.
-
- The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
- revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
-
- This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
- "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
- TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
- BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
- HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
- MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Carpenter & Jung Standards Track [Page 10]
-
-