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- Network Working Group D. Johnson
- Request for Comments: 2526 Carnegie Mellon University
- Category: Standards Track S. Deering
- Cisco Systems, Inc.
- March 1999
-
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- Reserved IPv6 Subnet Anycast Addresses
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
- Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
- improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
- Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
- and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
-
- Copyright Notice
-
- Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
-
- Abstract
-
- The IP Version 6 addressing architecture defines an "anycast" address
- as an IPv6 address that is assigned to one or more network interfaces
- (typically belonging to different nodes), with the property that a
- packet sent to an anycast address is routed to the "nearest"
- interface having that address, according to the routing protocols'
- measure of distance. This document defines a set of reserved anycast
- addresses within each subnet prefix, and lists the initial allocation
- of these reserved subnet anycast addresses.
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- IP Version 6 (IPv6) defines a new type of address, known as an
- "anycast" address, that allows a packet to be routed to one of a
- number of different nodes all responding to the same address [2, 3].
- The anycast address may be assigned to one or more network interfaces
- (typically on different nodes), with the network delivering each
- packet addressed to this address to the "nearest" interface based on
- the notion of "distance" determined by the routing protocols in use.
-
- The uses of anycast addresses are still evolving, but such addresses
- offer the potential for a number of important services [5, 6]. For
- example, an anycast address may be used to allow nodes to access one
- of a collection of servers providing a well-known service, without
- manual configuration in each node of the list of servers; or an
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- Johnson & Deering Standards Track [Page 1]
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- RFC 2526 Reserved IPv6 Subnet Anycast Addresses March 1999
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- anycast address may be used in a source route to force routing
- through a specific internet service provider, without limiting
- routing to a single specific router providing access to that ISP.
-
- IPv6 defines a required Subnet-Router anycast address [3] for all
- routers within a subnet prefix, and allows additional anycast
- addresses to be taken from the unicast address space. This document
- defines an additional set of reserved anycast addresses within each
- subnet prefix, and lists the initial allocation of these reserved
- subnet anycast addresses.
-
- The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
- "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
- document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [1].
-
- 2. Format of Reserved Subnet Anycast Addresses
-
- Within each subnet, the highest 128 interface identifier values are
- reserved for assignment as subnet anycast addresses.
-
- The construction of a reserved subnet anycast address depends on the
- type of IPv6 addresses used within the subnet, as indicated by the
- format prefix in the addresses. In particular, for IPv6 address
- types required to have 64-bit interface identifiers in EUI-64 format,
- the universal/local bit MUST be set to 0 (local) in all reserved
- subnet anycast addresses, to indicate that the interface identifier
- in the address is not globally unique. IPv6 addresses of this type
- are currently specified to be those having format prefixes 001
- through 111, except for Multicast Addresses (1111 1111) [3].
-
- Specifically, for IPv6 address types required to have to have 64-bit
- interface identifiers in EUI-64 format, these reserved subnet anycast
- addresses are constructed as follows:
-
- | 64 bits | 57 bits | 7 bits |
- +---------------------------------+------------------+------------+
- | subnet prefix | 1111110111...111 | anycast ID |
- +---------------------------------+------------------+------------+
- | interface identifier field |
-
- For other IPv6 address types (that is, with format prefixes other
- than those listed above), the interface identifier is not in EUI-64
- format and may be other than 64 bits in length; these reserved subnet
- anycast addresses for such address types are constructed as follows:
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- RFC 2526 Reserved IPv6 Subnet Anycast Addresses March 1999
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- | n bits | 121-n bits | 7 bits |
- +---------------------------------+------------------+------------+
- | subnet prefix | 1111111...111111 | anycast ID |
- +---------------------------------+------------------+------------+
- | interface identifier field |
-
- The subnet prefix here consists of all fields of the IPv6 address
- except the interface identifier field. The interface identifier
- field in these reserved subnet anycast addresses is formed from a
- 7-bit anycast identifier ("anycast ID"), with the remaining (highest
- order) bits filled with all one's; however, for interface identifiers
- in EUI-64 format, the universal/local bit in the interface identifier
- MUST be set to 0. The anycast identifier identifies a particular
- reserved anycast address within the subnet prefix, from the set of
- reserved subnet anycast addresses.
-
- The motivation for reserving the highest addresses from each subnet
- rather than the lowest addresses, is to avoid conflicting with some
- existing official and unofficial uses of the low-numbered addresses
- in a subnet. For example, these low-numbered addresses are often
- used for the ends of a point-to-point link, for tunnel endpoints, for
- manually configured unicast addresses when a hardware token is not
- available for the network interface, and even for manually configured
- static addresses for the routers on a link. Reserving only 128
- values for anycast identifiers (rather than perhaps 256) means that
- the minimum possible size of interface identifiers in an IPv6 address
- is 8 bits (including room in the subnet for unicast addresses as well
- as reserved subnet anycast addresses), allowing the division between
- subnet prefix and interface identifier in this case to be
- byte-aligned.
-
- As with all IPv6 anycast addresses [3], these reserved subnet anycast
- addresses are allocated from the IPv6 unicast address space. All
- reserved subnet anycast addresses as defined in this document are
- reserved on all links, with all subnet prefixes. They MUST NOT be
- used for unicast addresses assigned to any interface.
-
- 3. List of Reserved Subnet Anycast Addresses
-
- Currently, the following anycast identifiers for these reserved
- subnet anycast addresses are defined:
-
- Decimal Hexadecimal Description
- ------- ----------- -----------
- 127 7F Reserved
- 126 7E Mobile IPv6 Home-Agents anycast [4]
- 0-125 00-7D Reserved
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- Johnson & Deering Standards Track [Page 3]
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- RFC 2526 Reserved IPv6 Subnet Anycast Addresses March 1999
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- Additional anycast identifiers are expected to be defined in the
- future.
-
- 4. Examples
-
- To illustrate the construction of reserved subnet anycast addresses,
- this section details the construction of the reserved Mobile IPv6
- Home-Agents subnet anycast address [4]. As noted in Section 3, the
- 7-bit anycast identifier for the Mobile IPv6 Home-Agents anycast
- address is 126 (decimal) or 7E (hexadecimal).
-
- For IPv6 addresses containing a format prefix indicating that
- interface identifiers are required to be 64 bits in length and are
- required to be in EUI-64 format (currently format prefixes 001
- through 111, except for 1111 1111 [3]), the reserved Mobile IPv6
- Home-Agents subnet anycast address consists of the 64-bit subnet
- prefix followed by the 64-bit interface identifier shown below:
-
- |0 1|1 3|3 4|4 6|
- |0 5|6 1|2 7|8 3|
- +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
- |1111110111111111|1111111111111111|1111111111111111|1111111111111110|
- +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
- ^ ^^^^^^^
- +--- universal/local bit anycast identifier ---+-----+
-
- For other IPv6 address types, the interface identifier may be other
- than 64 bits in length and is not in EUI-64 format. In this example,
- assume that the length of the interface identifier is 64 bits, to
- allow clear comparison with the example given above (although
- interface identifiers of lengths other than 64 bits follow the same
- general construction of the interface identifier shown here). In
- this case, the reserved Mobile IPv6 Home-Agents subnet anycast
- address consists of the 64-bit subnet prefix followed by the 64-bit
- interface identifier shown below:
-
- |0 1|1 3|3 4|4 6|
- |0 5|6 1|2 7|8 3|
- +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
- |1111111111111111|1111111111111111|1111111111111111|1111111111111110|
- +----------------+----------------+----------------+----------------+
- ^^^^^^^
- anycast identifier ---+-----+
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- Johnson & Deering Standards Track [Page 4]
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- RFC 2526 Reserved IPv6 Subnet Anycast Addresses March 1999
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- 5. IANA Considerations
-
- This document defines a set of reserved subnet anycast addresses,
- based on a set of anycast identifiers within each subnet prefix in
- the IPv6 unicast address space. As future needs arise, new anycast
- identifiers may be defined. Such anycast identifiers MUST be
- reserved within all subnet prefixes, and so the assignment of these
- anycast identifiers requires centralized administration. New values
- SHOULD be assigned in descending numerical order and are expected to
- be assigned only with IESG approval.
-
- 6. Security Considerations
-
- The use of any type of reserved anycast addresses poses a security
- concern only in allowing potential attackers a well-known address to
- attack. By designating certain services to be located at specific
- reserved anycast addresses, an attacker may more profitably focus an
- attack against such a specific service. Any such attack, however, is
- best dealt with in each service that uses a reserved anycast address.
-
- RFC 1546, which originally proposed the idea of anycasting in IP,
- also points out a number of security considerations with the use of
- anycasting in general [6].
-
- References
-
- [1] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to indicate requirement
- levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
-
- [2] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
- Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998.
-
- [3] Hinden, R. and S. Deering, "IP Version 6 Addressing
- Architecture", RFC 2373, July 1998.
-
- [4] David B. Johnson and Charles Perkins, "Mobility Support in IPv6",
- Work in Progress.
-
- [5] Steve King et al, "The Case for IPv6", Work in Progress.
-
- [6] Partridge, C., Mendez, T. and W. Milliken, "Host Anycasting
- Service", RFC 1546, November 1993.
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- Johnson & Deering Standards Track [Page 5]
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- RFC 2526 Reserved IPv6 Subnet Anycast Addresses March 1999
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- Authors' Addresses
-
- David B. Johnson
- Carnegie Mellon University
- Computer Science Department
- 5000 Forbes Avenue
- Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3891
- USA
-
- Phone: +1 412 268-7399
- Fax: +1 412 268-5576
- EMail: dbj@cs.cmu.edu
-
-
- Stephen E. Deering
- Cisco Systems, Inc.
- 170 West Tasman Drive
- San Jose, CA 95134-1706
- USA
-
- Phone: +1 408 527-8213
- Fax: +1 408 527-8254
- EMail: deering@cisco.com
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- Johnson & Deering Standards Track [Page 6]
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- RFC 2526 Reserved IPv6 Subnet Anycast Addresses March 1999
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- Full Copyright Statement
-
- Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
-
- This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
- others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
- or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
- and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
- kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
- included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
- document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
- the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
- Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
- developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
- copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
- followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
- English.
-
- The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
- revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
-
- This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
- "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
- TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
- BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
- HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
- MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
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