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- Network Working Group C. Brown
- Request for Comments: 2427 Consultant
- STD: 55 A. Malis
- Obsoletes: 1490, 1294 Ascend Communications, Inc.
- Category: Standards Track September 1998
-
-
- Multiprotocol Interconnect over Frame Relay
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
- Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
- improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
- Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
- and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
-
- Copyright Notice
-
- Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
-
- Abstract
-
- This memo describes an encapsulation method for carrying network
- interconnect traffic over a Frame Relay backbone. It covers aspects
- of both Bridging and Routing.
-
- Systems with the ability to transfer both the encapsulation method
- described in this document, and others must have a priori knowledge
- of which virtual circuits will carry which encapsulation method and
- this encapsulation must only be used over virtual circuits that have
- been explicitly configured for its use.
-
- Acknowledgments
-
- This document could not have been completed without the support of
- Terry Bradley of Avici Systems, Inc.. Comments and contributions
- from many sources, especially those from Ray Samora of Proteon, Ken
- Rehbehn of Visual Networks, Fred Baker and Charles Carvalho of Cisco
- Systems, and Mostafa Sherif of AT&T have been incorporated into this
- document. Special thanks to Dory Leifer of University of Michigan for
- his contributions to the resolution of fragmentation issues (though
- it was deleted in the final version) and Floyd Backes and Laura
- Bridge of 3Com for their contributions to the bridging descriptions.
- This document could not have been completed without the expertise of
- the IP over Large Public Data Networks and the IP over NBMA working
- groups of the IETF.
-
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- Brown & Malis Standards Track [Page 1]
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- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
-
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- 1. Conventions and Acronyms
-
- The keywords MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD,
- SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL, when they appear in this
- document, are to be interpreted as described in [16].
-
- All drawings in this document are drawn with the left-most bit as the
- high order bit for transmission. For example, the drawings might be
- labeled as:
-
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 bits
- +---+---+---+---+---+---+---+
-
- +---------------------------+
- | flag (7E hexadecimal) |
- +---------------------------+
- | Q.922 Address* |
- +-- --+
- | |
- +---------------------------+
- : :
- : :
- +---------------------------+
-
- Drawings that would be too large to fit onto one page if each octet
- were presented on a single line are drawn with two octets per line.
- These are also drawn with the left-most bit as the high order bit for
- transmission. There will be a "+" to distinguish between octets as
- in the following example.
-
- |--- octet one ---|--- octet two ---|
- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
- +--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
-
- +--------------------------------------------+
- | Organizationally Unique |
- +-- +--------------------+
- | Identifier | Protocol |
- +-----------------------+--------------------+
- | Identifier |
- +-----------------------+
-
- The following are common acronyms used throughout this document.
-
- BECN - Backward Explicit Congestion Notification
- BPDU - Bridge Protocol Data Unit
- C/R - Command/Response bit
- DCE - Data Communication Equipment
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- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
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- DE - Discard Eligibility bit
- DTE - Data Terminal Equipment
- FECN - Forward Explicit Congestion Notification
- PDU - Protocol Data Unit
- PTT - Postal Telephone & Telegraph
- SNAP - Subnetwork Access Protocol
-
- 2. Introduction
-
- The following discussion applies to those devices which serve as end
- stations (DTEs) on a public or private Frame Relay network (for
- example, provided by a common carrier or PTT. It will not discuss
- the behavior of those stations that are considered a part of the
- Frame Relay network (DCEs) other than to explain situations in which
- the DTE must react.
-
- The Frame Relay network provides a number of virtual circuits that
- form the basis for connections between stations attached to the same
- Frame Relay network. The resulting set of interconnected devices
- forms a private Frame Relay group which may be either fully
- interconnected with a complete "mesh" of virtual circuits, or only
- partially interconnected. In either case, each virtual circuit is
- uniquely identified at each Frame Relay interface by a Data Link
- Connection Identifier (DLCI). In most circumstances, DLCIs have
- strictly local significance at each Frame Relay interface.
-
- The specifications in this document are intended to apply to both
- switched and permanent virtual circuits.
-
- 3. Frame Format
-
- All protocols must encapsulate their packets within a Q.922 Annex A
- frame [1]. Additionally, frames shall contain information necessary
- to identify the protocol carried within the protocol data unit (PDU),
- thus allowing the receiver to properly process the incoming packet.
- The format shall be as follows:
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- +---------------------------+
- | flag (7E hexadecimal) |
- +---------------------------+
- | Q.922 Address* |
- +-- --+
- | |
- +---------------------------+
- | Control (UI = 0x03) |
- +---------------------------+
- | Pad (when required) (0x00)|
- +---------------------------+
- | NLPID |
- +---------------------------+
- | . |
- | . |
- | . |
- | Data |
- | . |
- | . |
- +---------------------------+
- | Frame Check Sequence |
- +-- . --+
- | (two octets) |
- +---------------------------+
- | flag (7E hexadecimal) |
- +---------------------------+
-
- * Q.922 addresses, as presently defined, are two octets and
- contain a 10-bit DLCI. In some networks Q.922 addresses
- may optionally be increased to three or four octets.
-
- The control field is the Q.922 control field. The UI (0x03) value is
- used unless it is negotiated otherwise. The use of XID (0xAF or
- 0xBF) is permitted and is discussed later.
-
- The pad field is used to align the data portion (beyond the
- encapsulation header) of the frame to a two octet boundary. If
- present, the pad is a single octet and must have a value of zero.
- Explicit directions of when to use the pad field are discussed later
- in this document.
-
- The Network Level Protocol ID (NLPID) field is administered by ISO
- and the ITU. It contains values for many different protocols
- including IP, CLNP, and IEEE Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP)[10].
- This field tells the receiver what encapsulation or what protocol
- follows. Values for this field are defined in ISO/IEC TR 9577 [3]. A
- NLPID value of 0x00 is defined within ISO/IEC TR 9577 as the Null
- Network Layer or Inactive Set. Since it cannot be distinguished from
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- a pad field, and because it has no significance within the context of
- this encapsulation scheme, a NLPID value of 0x00 is invalid under the
- Frame Relay encapsulation. Appendix A contains a list of some of the
- more commonly used NLPID values.
-
- There is no commonly implemented minimum maximum frame size for Frame
- Relay. A network must, however, support at least a 262 octet
- maximum. Generally, the maximum will be greater than or equal to
- 1600 octets, but each Frame Relay provider will specify an
- appropriate value for its network. A Frame Relay DTE, therefore,
- must allow the maximum acceptable frame size to be configurable.
-
- The minimum frame size allowed for Frame Relay is five octets between
- the opening and closing flags assuming a two octet Q.922 address
- field. This minimum increases to six octets for three octet Q.922
- address and seven octets for the four octet Q.922 address format.
-
- 4. Interconnect Issues
-
- There are two basic types of data packets that travel within the
- Frame Relay network: routed packets and bridged packets. These
- packets have distinct formats and therefore, must contain an
- indicator that the destination may use to correctly interpret the
- contents of the frame. This indicator is embedded within the NLPID
- and SNAP header information.
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- For those protocols that do not have a NLPID already assigned, it is
- necessary to provide a mechanism to allow easy protocol
- identification. There is a NLPID value defined indicating the
- presence of a SNAP header.
-
- A SNAP header is of the form:
-
- +--------------------------------------------+
- | Organizationally Unique |
- +-- +--------------------+
- | Identifier | Protocol |
- +-----------------------+--------------------+
- | Identifier |
- +-----------------------+
-
- The three-octet Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) identifies
- an organization which administers the meaning of the Protocol
- Identifier (PID) which follows. Together they identify a distinct
- protocol. Note that OUI 0x00-00-00 specifies that the following PID
- is an Ethertype.
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- 4.1. Routed Frames
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- Some protocols will have an assigned NLPID, but because the NLPID
- numbering space is limited, not all protocols have specific NLPID
- values assigned to them. When packets of such protocols are routed
- over Frame Relay networks, they are sent using the NLPID 0x80 (which
- indicates the presence of a SNAP header) followed by SNAP. If the
- protocol has an Ethertype assigned, the OUI is 0x00-00-00 (which
- indicates an Ethertype follows), and PID is the Ethertype of the
- protocol in use.
-
- When a SNAP header is present as described above, a one octet pad is
- used to align the protocol data on a two octet boundary as shown
- below.
-
- Format of Routed Frames
- with a SNAP Header
- +-------------------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | Control 0x03 | pad 0x00 |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | NLPID 0x80 | Organization- |
- +---------------+ |
- | ally Unique Identifier (OUI) |
- +-------------------------------+
- | Protocol Identifier (PID) |
- +-------------------------------+
- | |
- | Protocol Data |
- | |
- +-------------------------------+
- | FCS |
- +-------------------------------+
-
- In the few cases when a protocol has an assigned NLPID (see Appendix
- A), 48 bits can be saved using the format below:
-
- Format of Routed NLPID Protocol
- +-------------------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | Control 0x03 | NLPID |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | Protocol Data |
- +-------------------------------+
- | FCS |
- +-------------------------------+
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- When using the NLPID encapsulation format as described above, the pad
- octet is not used.
-
- In the case of ISO protocols, the NLPID is considered to be the first
- octet of the protocol data. It is unnecessary to repeat the NLPID in
- this case. The single octet serves both as the demultiplexing value
- and as part of the protocol data (refer to "Other Protocols over
- Frame Relay for more details). Other protocols, such as IP, have a
- NLPID defined (0xCC), but it is not part of the protocol itself.
-
- Format of Routed IP Datagram
- +-------------------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | Control 0x03 | NLPID 0xCC |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | IP Datagram |
- +-------------------------------+
- | FCS |
- +-------------------------------+
-
- 4.2. Bridged Frames
-
- The second type of Frame Relay traffic is bridged packets. These
- packets are encapsulated using the NLPID value of 0x80 indicating
- SNAP. As with other SNAP encapsulated protocols, there will be one
- pad octet to align the data portion of the encapsulated frame. The
- SNAP header which follows the NLPID identifies the format of the
- bridged packet. The OUI value used for this encapsulation is the
- 802.1 organization code 0x00-80-C2. The PID portion of the SNAP
- header (the two bytes immediately following the OUI) specifies the
- form of the MAC header, which immediately follows the SNAP header.
- Additionally, the PID indicates whether the original FCS is preserved
- within the bridged frame.
-
- Following the precedent in RFC 1638 [4], non-canonical MAC
- destination addresses are used for encapsulated IEEE 802.5 and FDDI
- frames, and canonical MAC destination addresses are used for the
- remaining encapsulations defined in this section.
-
- The 802.1 organization has reserved the following values to be used
- with Frame Relay:
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- PID Values for OUI 0x00-80-C2
-
- with preserved FCS w/o preserved FCS Media
- ------------------ ----------------- ----------------
- 0x00-01 0x00-07 802.3/Ethernet
- 0x00-02 0x00-08 802.4
- 0x00-03 0x00-09 802.5
- 0x00-04 0x00-0A FDDI
- 0x00-0B 802.6
-
- In addition, the PID value 0x00-0E, when used with OUI 0x00-80-C2,
- identifies Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs) as defined by
- 802.1(d) or 802.1(g) [12], and the PID value 0x00-0F identifies
- Source Routing BPDUs.
-
- A packet bridged over Frame Relay will, therefore, have one of the
- following formats:
-
- Format of Bridged Ethernet/802.3 Frame
- +-------------------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | Control 0x03 | pad 0x00 |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | NLPID 0x80 | OUI 0x00 |
- +---------------+ --+
- | OUI 0x80-C2 |
- +-------------------------------+
- | PID 0x00-01 or 0x00-07 |
- +-------------------------------+
- | MAC destination address |
- : :
- | |
- +-------------------------------+
- | (remainder of MAC frame) |
- +-------------------------------+
- | LAN FCS (if PID is 0x00-01) |
- +-------------------------------+
- | FCS |
- +-------------------------------+
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- Format of Bridged 802.4 Frame
- +-------------------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | Control 0x03 | pad 0x00 |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | NLPID 0x80 | OUI 0x00 |
- +---------------+ --+
- | OUI 0x80-C2 |
- +-------------------------------+
- | PID 0x00-02 or 0x00-08 |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | pad 0x00 | Frame Control |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | MAC destination address |
- : :
- | |
- +-------------------------------+
- | (remainder of MAC frame) |
- +-------------------------------+
- | LAN FCS (if PID is 0x00-02) |
- +-------------------------------+
- | FCS |
- +-------------------------------+
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- Format of Bridged 802.5 Frame
- +-------------------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | Control 0x03 | pad 0x00 |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | NLPID 0x80 | OUI 0x00 |
- +---------------+ --+
- | OUI 0x80-C2 |
- +-------------------------------+
- | PID 0x00-03 or 0x00-09 |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | pad 0x00 | Frame Control |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | MAC destination address |
- : :
- | |
- +-------------------------------+
- | (remainder of MAC frame) |
- +-------------------------------+
- | LAN FCS (if PID is 0x00-03) |
- | |
- +-------------------------------+
- | FCS |
- +-------------------------------+
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- Format of Bridged FDDI Frame
- +-------------------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | Control 0x03 | pad 0x00 |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | NLPID 0x80 | OUI 0x00 |
- +---------------+ --+
- | OUI 0x80-C2 |
- +-------------------------------+
- | PID 0x00-04 or 0x00-0A |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | pad 0x00 | Frame Control |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | MAC destination address |
- : :
- | |
- +-------------------------------+
- | (remainder of MAC frame) |
- +-------------------------------+
- | LAN FCS (if PID is 0x00-04) |
- | |
- +-------------------------------+
- | FCS |
- +-------------------------------+
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- Format of Bridged 802.6 Frame
- +-------------------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | Control 0x03 | pad 0x00 |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | NLPID 0x80 | OUI 0x00 |
- +---------------+ --+
- | OUI 0x80-C2 |
- +-------------------------------+
- | PID 0x00-0B |
- +---------------+---------------+ -------
- | Reserved | BEtag | Common
- +---------------+---------------+ PDU
- | BAsize | Header
- +-------------------------------+ -------
- | MAC destination address |
- : :
- | |
- +-------------------------------+
- | (remainder of MAC frame) |
- +-------------------------------+
- | |
- +- Common PDU Trailer -+
- | |
- +-------------------------------+
- | FCS |
- +-------------------------------+
-
- Note that in bridge 802.6 PDUs, there is only one choice for the PID
- value, since the presence of a CRC-32 is indicated by the CIB bit in
- the header of the MAC frame.
-
- The Common Protocol Data Unit (CPDU) Header and Trailer are conveyed
- to allow pipelining at the egress bridge to an 802.6 subnetwork.
- Specifically, the CPDU Header contains the BAsize field, which
- contains the length of the PDU. If this field is not available to
- the egress 802.6 bridge, then that bridge cannot begin to transmit
- the segmented PDU until it has received the entire PDU, calculated
- the length, and inserted the length into the BAsize field. If the
- field is available, the egress 802.6 bridge can extract the length
- from the BAsize field of the Common PDU Header, insert it into the
- corresponding field of the first segment, and immediately transmit
- the segment onto the 802.6 subnetwork. Thus, the bridge can begin
- transmitting the 802.6 PDU before it has received the complete PDU.
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- One should note that the Common PDU Header and Trailer of the
- encapsulated frame should not be simply copied to the outgoing 802.6
- subnetwork because the encapsulated BEtag value may conflict with the
- previous BEtag value transmitted by that bridge.
-
- Format of BPDU Frame
- +-------------------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +-------------------------------+
- | Control 0x03 |
- +-------------------------------+
- | PAD 0x00 |
- +-------------------------------+
- | NLPID 0x80 |
- +-------------------------------+
- | OUI 0x00-80-C2 |
- +-------------------------------+
- | PID 0x00-0E |
- +-------------------------------+
- | |
- | BPDU as defined by |
- | 802.1(d) or 802.1(g)[12] |
- | |
- +-------------------------------+
- | FCS |
- +-------------------------------+
-
- Format of Source Routing BPDU Frame
- +-------------------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +-------------------------------+
- | Control 0x03 |
- +-------------------------------+
- | PAD 0x00 |
- +-------------------------------+
- | NLPID 0x80 |
- +-------------------------------+
- | OUI 0x00-80-C2 |
- +-------------------------------+
- | PID 0x00-0F |
- +-------------------------------+
- | |
- | Source Routing BPDU |
- | |
- | |
- +-------------------------------+
- | FCS |
- +-------------------------------+
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- 5. Data Link Layer Parameter Negotiation
-
- Frame Relay stations may choose to support the Exchange
- Identification (XID) specified in Appendix III of Q.922 [1]. This
- XID exchange allows the following parameters to be negotiated at the
- initialization of a Frame Relay circuit: maximum frame size N201,
- retransmission timer T200, and the maximum number of outstanding
- Information (I) frames K.
-
- A station may indicate its unwillingness to support acknowledged mode
- multiple frame operation by specifying a value of zero for the
- maximum window size, K.
-
- If this exchange is not used, these values must be statically
- configured by mutual agreement of Data Link Connection (DLC)
- endpoints, or must be defaulted to the values specified in Section
- 5.9 of Q.922:
-
- N201: 260 octets
-
- K: 3 for a 16 Kbps link,
- 7 for a 64 Kbps link,
- 32 for a 384 Kbps link,
- 40 for a 1.536 Mbps or above link
-
- T200: 1.5 seconds [see Q.922 for further details]
-
- If a station supporting XID receives an XID frame, it shall respond
- with an XID response. In processing an XID, if the remote maximum
- frame size is smaller than the local maximum, the local system shall
- reduce the maximum size it uses over this DLC to the remotely
- specified value. Note that this shall be done before generating a
- response XID.
-
- The following diagram describes the use of XID to specify non-use of
- acknowledged mode multiple frame operation.
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- Non-use of Acknowledged Mode Multiple Frame Operation
- +---------------+
- | Address | (2,3 or 4 octets)
- | |
- +---------------+
- | Control 0xAF |
- +---------------+
- | format 0x82 |
- +---------------+
- | Group ID 0x80 |
- +---------------+
- | Group Length | (2 octets)
- | 0x00-0E |
- +---------------+
- | 0x05 | PI = Frame Size (transmit)
- +---------------+
- | 0x02 | PL = 2
- +---------------+
- | Maximum | (2 octets)
- | Frame Size |
- +---------------+
- | 0x06 | PI = Frame Size (receive)
- +---------------+
- | 0x02 | PL = 2
- +---------------+
- | Maximum | (2 octets)
- | Frame Size |
- +---------------+
- | 0x07 | PI = Window Size
- +---------------+
- | 0x01 | PL = 1
- +---------------+
- | 0x00 |
- +---------------+
- | 0x09 | PI = Retransmission Timer
- +---------------+
- | 0x01 | PL = 1
- +---------------+
- | 0x00 |
- +---------------+
- | FCS | (2 octets)
- | |
- +---------------+
-
- 6. Address Resolution for PVCs
-
- This document only describes address resolution as it applies to
- PVCs. SVC operation will be discussed in future documents.
-
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- There are situations in which a Frame Relay station may wish to
- dynamically resolve a protocol address over PVCs. This may be
- accomplished using the standard Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) [6]
- encapsulated within a SNAP encoded Frame Relay packet as follows:
-
- +-----------------------+-----------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +-----------------------+-----------------------+
- | Control (UI) 0x03 | pad 0x00 |
- +-----------------------+-----------------------+
- | NLPID 0x80 | | SNAP Header
- +-----------------------+ OUI 0x00-00-00 + Indicating
- | | ARP
- +-----------------------+-----------------------+
- | PID 0x0806 |
- +-----------------------+-----------------------+
- | ARP packet |
- | . |
- | . |
- | . |
- +-----------------------+-----------------------+
-
-
- Where the ARP packet has the following format and values:
-
-
- Data:
- ar$hrd 16 bits Hardware type
- ar$pro 16 bits Protocol type
- ar$hln 8 bits Octet length of hardware address (n)
- ar$pln 8 bits Octet length of protocol address (m)
- ar$op 16 bits Operation code (request or reply)
- ar$sha noctets source hardware address
- ar$spa moctets source protocol address
- ar$tha noctets target hardware address
- ar$tpa moctets target protocol address
-
- ar$hrd - assigned to Frame Relay is 15 decimal
- (0x000F) [7].
-
- ar$pro - see assigned numbers for protocol ID number for
- the protocol using ARP. (IP is 0x0800).
-
- ar$hln - length in bytes of the address field (2, 3, or 4)
-
- ar$pln - protocol address length is dependent on the
- protocol (ar$pro) (for IP ar$pln is 4).
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- ar$op - 1 for request and 2 for reply.
-
- ar$sha - Q.922 source hardware address, with C/R, FECN,
- BECN, and DE set to zero.
-
- ar$tha - Q.922 target hardware address, with C/R, FECN,
- BECN, and DE set to zero.
-
- Because DLCIs within most Frame Relay networks have only local
- significance, an end station will not have a specific DLCI assigned
- to itself. Therefore, such a station does not have an address to put
- into the ARP request or reply. Fortunately, the Frame Relay network
- does provide a method for obtaining the correct DLCIs. The solution
- proposed for the locally addressed Frame Relay network below will
- work equally well for a network where DLCIs have global significance.
-
- The DLCI carried within the Frame Relay header is modified as it
- traverses the network. When the packet arrives at its destination,
- the DLCI has been set to the value that, from the standpoint of the
- receiving station, corresponds to the sending station. For example,
- in figure 1 below, if station A were to send a message to station B,
- it would place DLCI 50 in the Frame Relay header. When station B
- received this message, however, the DLCI would have been modified by
- the network and would appear to B as DLCI 70.
-
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- ( )
- +-----+ ( ) +-----+
- | |-50------(--------------------)---------70-| |
- | A | ( ) | B |
- | |-60-----(---------+ ) | |
- +-----+ ( | ) +-----+
- ( | )
- ( | ) <---Frame Relay
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ network
- 80
- |
- +-----+
- | |
- | C |
- | |
- +-----+
-
- Figure 1
-
- Lines between stations represent data link connections (DLCs).
- The numbers indicate the local DLCI associated with each
- connection.
-
-
-
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-
- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
-
-
- DLCI to Q.922 Address Table for Figure 1
-
- DLCI (decimal) Q.922 address (hex)
- 50 0x0C21
- 60 0x0CC1
- 70 0x1061
- 80 0x1401
-
- For authoritative description of the correlation between DLCI and
- Q.922 [1] addresses, the reader should consult that specification.
- A summary of the correlation is included here for convenience. The
- translation between DLCI and Q.922 address is based on a two byte
- address length using the Q.922 encoding format. The format is:
-
- 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
- +------------------------+---+--+
- | DLCI (high order) |C/R|EA|
- +--------------+----+----+---+--+
- | DLCI (lower) |FECN|BECN|DE |EA|
- +--------------+----+----+---+--+
-
- For ARP and its variants, the FECN, BECN, C/R and DE bits are
- assumed to be 0.
-
- When an ARP message reaches a destination, all hardware addresses
- will be invalid. The address found in the frame header will,
- however, be correct. Though it does violate the purity of layering,
- Frame Relay may use the address in the header as the sender hardware
- address. It should also be noted that the target hardware address,
- in both ARP request and reply, will also be invalid. This should not
- cause problems since ARP does not rely on these fields and in fact,
- an implementation may zero fill or ignore the target hardware address
- field entirely.
-
- As an example of how this address replacement scheme may work, refer
- to figure 1. If station A (protocol address pA) wished to resolve
- the address of station B (protocol address pB), it would format an
- ARP request with the following values:
-
- ARP request from A
- ar$op 1 (request)
- ar$sha unknown
- ar$spa pA
- ar$tha undefined
- ar$tpa pB
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Brown & Malis Standards Track [Page 18]
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- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
-
-
- Because station A will not have a source address associated with it,
- the source hardware address field is not valid. Therefore, when the
- ARP packet is received, it must extract the correct address from the
- Frame Relay header and place it in the source hardware address field.
- This way, the ARP request from A will become:
-
- ARP request from A as modified by B
- ar$op 1 (request)
- ar$sha 0x1061 (DLCI 70) from Frame Relay header
- ar$spa pA
- ar$tha undefined
- ar$tpa pB
-
- Station B's ARP will then be able to store station A's protocol
- address and Q.922 address association correctly. Next, station B
- will form a reply message. Many implementations simply place the
- source addresses from the ARP request into the target addresses and
- then fills in the source addresses with its addresses. In this case,
- the ARP response would be:
-
- ARP response from B
- ar$op 2 (response)
- ar$sha unknown
- ar$spa pB
- ar$tha 0x1061 (DLCI 70)
- ar$tpa pA
-
- Again, the source hardware address is unknown and when the response
- is received, station A will extract the address from the Frame Relay
- header and place it in the source hardware address field. Therefore,
- the response will become:
-
- ARP response from B as modified by A
- ar$op 2 (response)
- ar$sha 0x0C21 (DLCI 50)
- ar$spa pB
- ar$tha 0x1061 (DLCI 70)
- ar$tpa pA
-
- Station A will now correctly recognize station B having protocol
- address pB associated with Q.922 address 0x0C21 (DLCI 50).
-
- Reverse ARP (RARP) [8] works in exactly the same way. Still using
- figure 1, if we assume station C is an address server, the following
- RARP exchanges will occur:
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Brown & Malis Standards Track [Page 19]
-
- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
-
-
- RARP request from A RARP request as modified by C
- ar$op 3 (RARP request) ar$op 3 (RARP request)
- ar$sha unknown ar$sha 0x1401 (DLCI 80)
- ar$spa undefined ar$spa undefined
- ar$tha 0x0CC1 (DLCI 60) ar$tha 0x0CC1 (DLCI 60)
- ar$tpa pC ar$tpa pC
-
- Station C will then look up the protocol address corresponding to
- Q.922 address 0x1401 (DLCI 80) and send the RARP response.
-
- RARP response from C RARP response as modified by A
- ar$op 4 (RARP response) ar$op 4 (RARP response)
- ar$sha unknown ar$sha 0x0CC1 (DLCI 60)
- ar$spa pC ar$spa pC
- ar$tha 0x1401 (DLCI 80) ar$tha 0x1401 (DLCI 80)
- ar$tpa pA ar$tpa pA
-
- This means that the Frame Relay interface must only intervene in the
- processing of incoming packets.
-
- In the absence of suitable multicast, ARP may still be implemented.
- To do this, the end station simply sends a copy of the ARP request
- through each relevant DLC, thereby simulating a broadcast.
-
- The use of multicast addresses in a Frame Relay environment, as
- specified by [19], is presently being considered by Frame Relay
- providers. In time, multicast addressing may become useful in
- sending ARP requests and other "broadcast" messages.
-
- Because of the inefficiencies of emulating broadcasting in a Frame
- Relay environment, a new address resolution variation was developed.
- It is called Inverse ARP [11] and describes a method for resolving a
- protocol address when the hardware address is already known. In
- Frame Relay's case, the known hardware address is the DLCI. Support
- for Inverse ARP is not required to implement this specification, but
- it has proven useful for Frame Relay interface autoconfiguration.
- See [11] for its description and an example of its use with Frame
- Relay.
-
- Stations must be able to map more than one IP address in the same IP
- subnet (CIDR address prefix) to a particular DLCI on a Frame Relay
- interface. This need arises from applications such as remote access,
- where servers must act as ARP proxies for many dial-in clients, each
- assigned a unique IP address while sharing bandwidth on the same DLC.
- The dynamic nature of such applications result in frequent address
- association changes with no affect on the DLC's status as reported by
- Frame Relay PVC Status Signaling.
-
-
-
-
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-
- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
-
-
- As with any other interface that utilizes ARP, stations may learn the
- associations between IP addresses and DLCIs by processing unsolicited
- ("gratuitous") ARP requests that arrive on the DLC. If one station
- (perhaps a terminal server or remote access server) wishes to inform
- its peer station on the other end of a Frame Relay DLC of a new
- association between an IP address and that PVC, it should send an
- unsolicited ARP request with the source IP address equal to the
- destination IP address, and both set to the new IP address being used
- on the DLC. This allows a station to "announce" new client
- connections on a particular DLCI. The receiving station must store
- the new association, and remove any old existing association, if
- necessary, from any other DLCI on the interface.
-
- 7. IP over Frame Relay
-
- Internet Protocol [9] (IP) datagrams sent over a Frame Relay network
- conform to the encapsulation described previously. Within this
- context, IP could be encapsulated in two different ways.
-
- 1. NLPID value indicating IP
-
- +-----------------------+-----------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +-----------------------+-----------------------+
- | Control (UI) 0x03 | NLPID 0xCC |
- +-----------------------+-----------------------+
- | IP packet |
- | . |
- | . |
- | . |
- +-----------------------+-----------------------+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Brown & Malis Standards Track [Page 21]
-
- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
-
-
- 2. NLPID value indicating SNAP
-
- +-----------------------+-----------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +-----------------------+-----------------------+
- | Control (UI) 0x03 | pad 0x00 |
- +-----------------------+-----------------------+
- | NLPID 0x80 | | SNAP Header
- +-----------------------+ OUI = 0x00-00-00 + Indicating
- | | IP
- +-----------------------+-----------------------+
- | PID 0x0800 |
- +-----------------------+-----------------------+
- | IP packet |
- | . |
- | . |
- | . |
- +-----------------------+-----------------------+
-
- Although both of these encapsulations are supported under the given
- definitions, it is advantageous to select only one method as the
- appropriate mechanism for encapsulating IP data. Therefore, IP data
- shall be encapsulated using the NLPID value of 0xCC indicating IP as
- shown in option 1 above. This (option 1) is more efficient in
- transmission (48 fewer bits), and is consistent with the
- encapsulation of IP in X.25.
-
- 8. Other Protocols over Frame Relay
-
- As with IP encapsulation, there are alternate ways to transmit
- various protocols within the scope of this definition. To eliminate
- the conflicts, the SNAP encapsulation is only used if no NLPID value
- is defined for the given protocol.
-
- As an example of how this works, ISO CLNP has a NLPID defined (0x81).
- Therefore, the NLPID field will indicate ISO CLNP and the data packet
- will follow immediately. The frame would be as follows:
-
- +---------------------------------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +----------------------+----------------------+
- | Control (UI) 0x03 | NLPID 0x81 (CLNP) |
- +----------------------+----------------------+
- | remainder of CLNP packet |
- | . |
- | . |
- +---------------------------------------------+
-
-
-
-
- Brown & Malis Standards Track [Page 22]
-
- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
-
-
- In this example, the NLPID is used to identify the data packet as
- CLNP. It is also considered part of the CLNP packet and as such, the
- NLPID should not be removed before being sent to the upper layers for
- processing. The NLPID is not duplicated.
-
- Other protocols, such as IPX, do not have a NLPID value defined. As
- mentioned above, IPX would be encapsulated using the SNAP header. In
- this case, the frame would be as follows:
-
- +---------------------------------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +----------------------+----------------------+
- | Control (UI) 0x03 | pad 0x00 |
- +----------------------+----------------------+
- | NLPID 0x80 (SNAP) | OUI - 0x00 00 00 |
- +----------------------+ |
- | |
- +---------------------------------------------+
- | PID 0x8137 |
- +---------------------------------------------+
- | IPX packet |
- | . |
- | . |
- +---------------------------------------------+
-
- 9. Bridging Model for Frame Relay
-
- The model for bridging in a Frame Relay network is identical to the
- model for remote bridging as described in IEEE P802.1g "Remote MAC
- Bridging" [13] and supports the concept of "Virtual Ports". Remote
- bridges with LAN ports receive and transmit MAC frames to and from
- the LANs to which they are attached. They may also receive and
- transmit MAC frames through virtual ports to and from other remote
- bridges. A virtual port may represent an abstraction of a remote
- bridge's point of access to one, two or more other remote bridges.
-
- Remote Bridges are statically configured as members of a remote
- bridge group by management. All members of a remote bridge group are
- connected by one or more virtual ports. The set of remote MAC bridges
- in a remote bridge group provides actual or *potential* MAC layer
- interconnection between a set of LANs and other remote bridge groups
- to which the remote bridges attach.
-
- In a Frame Relay network there must be a full mesh of Frame Relay VCs
- between bridges of a remote bridge group. If the frame relay network
- is not a full mesh, then the bridge network must be divided into
- multiple remote bridge groups.
-
-
-
-
- Brown & Malis Standards Track [Page 23]
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- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
-
-
- The frame relay VCs that interconnect the bridges of a remote bridge
- group may be combined or used individually to form one or more
- virtual bridge ports. This gives flexibility to treat the Frame
- Relay interface either as a single virtual bridge port, with all VCs
- in a group, or as a collection of bridge ports (individual or grouped
- VCs).
-
- When a single virtual bridge port provides the interconnectivity for
- all bridges of a given remote bridge group (i.e. all VCs are combined
- into a single virtual port), the standard Spanning Tree Algorithm may
- be used to determine the state of the virtual port. When more than
- one virtual port is configured within a given remote bridge group
- then an "extended" Spanning Tree Algorithm is required. Such an
- extended algorithm is defined in IEEE 802.1g [13]. The operation of
- this algorithm is such that a virtual port is only put into backup if
- there is a loop in the network external to the remote bridge group.
-
- The simplest bridge configuration for a Frame Relay network is the
- LAN view where all VCs are combined into a single virtual port.
- Frames, such as BPDUs, which would be broadcast on a LAN, must be
- flooded to each VC (or multicast if the service is developed for
- Frame Relay services). Flooding is performed by sending the packet to
- each relevant DLC associated with the Frame Relay interface. The VCs
- in this environment are generally invisible to the bridge. That is,
- the bridge sends a flooded frame to the frame relay interface and
- does not "see" that the frame is being forwarded to each VC
- individually. If all participating bridges are fully connected (full
- mesh) the standard Spanning Tree Algorithm will suffice in this
- configuration.
-
- Typically LAN bridges learn which interface a particular end station
- may be reached on by associating a MAC address with a bridge port.
- In a Frame Relay network configured for the LAN-like single bridge
- port (or any set of VCs grouped together to form a single bridge
- port), however, the bridge must not only associated a MAC address
- with a bridge port, but it must also associate it with a connection
- identifier. For Frame Relay networks, this connection identifier is
- a DLCI. It is unreasonable and perhaps impossible to require bridges
- to statically configure an association of every possible destination
- MAC address with a DLC. Therefore, Frame Relay LAN-modeled bridges
- must provide a mechanism to allow the Frame Relay bridge port to
- dynamically learn the associations. To accomplish this dynamic
- learning, a bridged packet shall conform to the encapsulation
- described within section 4.2. In this way, the receiving Frame Relay
- interface will know to look into the bridged packet to gather the
- appropriate information.
-
-
-
-
-
- Brown & Malis Standards Track [Page 24]
-
- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
-
-
- A second Frame Relay bridging approach, the point-to-point view,
- treats each Frame Relay VC as a separate bridge port. Flooding and
- forwarding packets are significantly less complicated using the
- point-to-point approach because each bridge port has only one
- destination. There is no need to perform artificial flooding or to
- associate DLCIs with destination MAC addresses. Depending upon the
- interconnection of the VCs, an extended Spanning Tree algorithm may
- be required to permit all virtual ports to remain active as long as
- there are no true loops in the topology external to the remote bridge
- group.
-
- It is also possible to combine the LAN view and the point-to-point
- view on a single Frame Relay interface. To do this, certain VCs are
- combined to form a single virtual bridge port while other VCs are
- independent bridge ports.
-
- The following drawing illustrates the different possible bridging
- configurations. The dashed lines between boxes represent virtual
- circuits.
-
- +-------+
- -------------------| B |
- / -------| |
- / / +-------+
- / |
- +-------+/ \ +-------+
- | A | -------| C |
- | |-----------------------| |
- +-------+\ +-------+
- \
- \ +-------+
- \ | D |
- -------------------| |
- +-------+
-
- Since there is less than a full mesh of VCs between the bridges in
- this example, the network must be divided into more than one remote
- bridge group. A reasonable configuration is to have bridges A, B,
- and C in one group, and have bridges A and D in a second.
-
- Configuration of the first bridge group combines the VCs
- interconnection the three bridges (A, B, and C) into a single virtual
- port. This is an example of the LAN view configuration. The second
- group would also be a single virtual port which simply connects
- bridges A and D. In this configuration the standard Spanning Tree
- Algorithm is sufficient to detect loops.
-
-
-
-
-
- Brown & Malis Standards Track [Page 25]
-
- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
-
-
- An alternative configuration has three individual virtual ports in
- the first group corresponding to the VCs interconnecting bridges A, B
- and C. Since the application of the standard Spanning Tree Algorithm
- to this configuration would detect a loop in the topology, an
- extended Spanning Tree Algorithm would have to be used in order for
- all virtual ports to be kept active. Note that the second group
- would still consist of a single virtual port and the standard
- Spanning Tree Algorithm could be used in this group.
-
- Using the same drawing, one could construct a remote bridge scenario
- with three bridge groups. This would be an example of the point-to-
- point case. Here, the VC connecting A and B, the VC connecting A and
- C, and the VC connecting A and D are all bridge groups with a single
- virtual port.
-
- 10. Security Considerations
-
- This document defines mechanisms for identifying the multiprotocol
- encapsulation of datagrams over Frame Relay. There is obviously an
- element in trust in any encapsulation protocol - a receiver must
- trust that the sender has correctly identified the protocol being
- encapsulated. In general, there is no way for a receiver to try to
- ascertain that the sender did indeed use the proper protocol
- identification, nor would this be desired functionality.
-
- It also specifies the use of ARP and RARP with Frame Relay, and is
- subject to the same security constraints that affect ARP and similar
- address resolution protocols. Because authentication is not a part
- of ARP, there are known security issues relating to its use (e.g.,
- host impersonation). No additional security mechanisms have been
- added to ARP or RARP for use with Frame Relay networks.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Brown & Malis Standards Track [Page 26]
-
- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
-
-
- 11. Appendix A - NLPIDS and PIDs
-
- List of Commonly Used NLPIDs
-
- 0x00 Null Network Layer or Inactive Set
- (not used with Frame Relay)
- 0x08 Q.933 [2]
- 0x80 SNAP
- 0x81 ISO CLNP
- 0x82 ISO ESIS
- 0x83 ISO ISIS
- 0x8E IPv6
- 0xB0 FRF.9 Data Compression [14]
- 0xB1 FRF.12 Fragmentation [18]
- 0xCC IPv4
- 0xCF PPP in Frame Relay [17]
-
- List of PIDs of OUI 00-80-C2
-
- with preserved FCS w/o preserved FCS Media
- ------------------ ----------------- --------------
- 0x00-01 0x00-07 802.3/Ethernet
- 0x00-02 0x00-08 802.4
- 0x00-03 0x00-09 802.5
- 0x00-04 0x00-0A FDDI
- 0x00-0B 802.6
- 0x00-0D Fragments
- 0x00-0E BPDUs as defined by
- 802.1(d) or
- 802.1(g)[12].
- 0x00-0F Source Routing BPDUs
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Brown & Malis Standards Track [Page 27]
-
- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
-
-
- 12. Appendix B - Connection Oriented Procedures
-
- This Appendix contains additional information and instructions for
- using ITU Recommendation Q.933 [2] and other ITU standards for
- encapsulating data over frame relay. The information contained here
- is similar (and in some cases identical) to that found in Annex E to
- ITU Q.933. The authoritative source for this information is in Annex
- E and is repeated here only for convenience.
-
- The Network Level Protocol ID (NLPID) field is administered by ISO
- and the ITU. It contains values for many different protocols
- including IP, CLNP (ISO 8473), ITU Q.933, and ISO 8208. A figure
- summarizing a generic encapsulation technique over frame relay
- networks follows. The scheme's flexibility consists in the
- identification of multiple alternative to identify different
- protocols used either by
-
- - end-to-end systems or
- - LAN to LAN bride and routers or
- - a combination of the above.
-
- over frame relay networks.
-
- Q.922 control
- |
- |
- --------------------------------------------
- | |
- UI I Frame
- | |
- --------------------------------- --------------
- | 0x08 | 0x81 |0xCC | 0x80 |..01.... |..10....
- | | | | | |
- Q.933 CLNP IP SNAP ISO 8208 ISO 8208
- | | Modulo 8 Modulo 128
- | |
- -------------------- OUI
- | | |
- L2 ID L3 ID -------
- | User | |
- | Specified | |
- | 0x70 802.3 802.6
- |
- ---------------------------
- |0x51 |0x4E | |0x4C |0x50
- | | | | |
- 7776 Q.922 Others 802.2 User
- Specified
-
-
-
- Brown & Malis Standards Track [Page 28]
-
- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
-
-
- For those protocols which do not have a NLPID assigned or do not have
- a SNAP encapsulation, the NLPID value of 0x08, indicating ITU
- Recommendation Q.933 should be used. The four octets following the
- NLPID include both layer 2 and layer 3 protocol identification. The
- code points for most protocols are currently defined in ITU Q.933 low
- layer compatibility information element. The code points for "User
- Specified" are described in Frame Relay Forum FRF.3.1 [15]. There is
- also an escape for defining non-standard protocols.
-
- Format of Other Protocols
- using Q.933 NLPID
- +-------------------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | Control 0x03 | NLPID 0x08 |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | L2 Protocol ID |
- | octet 1 | octet 2 |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | L3 Protocol ID |
- | octet 1 | octet 2 |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | Protocol Data |
- +-------------------------------+
- | FCS |
- +-------------------------------+
-
-
- ISO 8802/2 with user specified
- layer 3
- +-------------------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | Control 0x03 | NLPID 0x08 |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | 802/2 0x4C | 0x80 |
- +---------------+---------------+
- |User Spec. 0x70| Note 1 |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | DSAP | SSAP |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | Control (Note 2) |
- +-------------------------------+
- | Remainder of PDU |
- +-------------------------------+
- | FCS |
- +-------------------------------+
-
-
-
-
- Brown & Malis Standards Track [Page 29]
-
- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
-
-
- Note 1: Indicates the code point for user specified
- layer 3 protocol.
-
- Note 2: Control field is two octets for I-format and
- S-format frames (see 88002/2)
-
- Encapsulations using I frame (layer 2)
-
- The Q.922 I frame is for supporting layer 3 protocols which require
- acknowledged data link layer (e.g., ISO 8208). The C/R bit will be
- used for command and response indications.
-
- Format of ISO 8208 frame
- Modulo 8
- +-------------------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | ....Control I frame |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | 8208 packet (modulo 8) Note 3 |
- | |
- +-------------------------------+
- | FCS |
- +-------------------------------+
-
- Note 3: First octet of 8208 packet also identifies the
- NLPID which is "..01....".
-
-
- Format of ISO 8208 frame
- Modulo 128
- +-------------------------------+
- | Q.922 Address |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | ....Control I frame |
- +---------------+---------------+
- | 8208 packet (modulo 128) |
- | Note 4 |
- +-------------------------------+
- | FCS |
- +-------------------------------+
-
- Note 4: First octet of 8208 packet also identifies the
- NLPID which is "..10....".
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Brown & Malis Standards Track [Page 30]
-
- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
-
-
- 13. Appendix C - Modifications from RFC 1490
-
- RFC 1490 has been widely implemented and used, and has been adopted
- by the Frame Relay Forum in FRF.3.1 [15] and by the ITU in Q.933 [2].
- This section describes updates to RFC 1490 that have been made as a
- result of this implementation and interoperability experience, and
- which reflect current implementation practice.
-
- Some language changes were necessary to clarify RFC 1490. None of
- these changes impacted the technical aspects of this document, but
- were required to keep diagrams and language specific and consistent.
- Specifics of these changes will not be listed here. Below are listed
- those changes which were significant.
-
- a) The requirement for stations to accept SNAP encapsulated protocols
- for which a NLPID was available, was removed. RFC 1490 indicated
- that, if a protocol, such as IP, had a designated NLPID value, it
- must be used. Later the document required stations to accept a
- SNAP encapsulated version of this same protocol. This is clearly
- inconsistent. A compliant station must send and accept the NLPID
- encapsulated version of such a protocol. It MAY accept the SNAP
- encapsulation but should not be required to do so as these frames
- are noncompliant.
-
- b) Fragmentation was removed. To date there are no interoperable
- implementations of the fragmentation algorithm presented in RFC
- 1490. Additionally, there have been several suggestions that the
- proposed mechanisms are insufficient for some frame relay
- applications. To this end, fragmentation was removed from this
- document, and has been replaced by the fragmentation specified in
- FRF.12 [18].
-
- c) The address resolution presented in RFC 1490 referred only to PVC
- environments and is insufficient for SVC environments. Therefore
- the section title was changed to reflect this. Further work on
- SVC address resolution will take place in the ION working group.
-
- d) The encapsulation for Source Routing BPDUs was added, and the
- lists in Appendix A were augmented.
-
- e) The use of canonical and non-canonical MAC destination addresses
- in the bridging encapsulations was clarified.
-
- f) The Inverse ARP description was moved to the Inverse ARP
- specification [11].
-
- g) A new security section was added.
-
-
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- Brown & Malis Standards Track [Page 31]
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- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
-
-
- 14. References
-
- [1] International Telecommunication Union, "ISDN Data Link Layer
- Specification for Frame Mode Bearer Services", ITU-T
- Recommendation Q.922, 1992.
-
- [2] International Telecommunication Union, "Signalling Specifications
- for Frame Mode Switched and Permanent Virtual Connection Control
- and Status Monitoring", ITU-T Recommendation Q.933, 1995.
-
- [3] Information technology - Telecommunications and Information
- Exchange between systems - Protocol Identification in the Network
- Layer, ISO/IEC TR 9577: 1992.
-
- [4] Baker, F., and R. Bowen, "PPP Bridging Control Protocol (BCP)",
- RFC 1638, June 1994.
-
- [5] International Standard, Information Processing Systems - Local
- Area Networks - Logical Link Control, ISO 8802-2, ANSI/IEEE,
- Second Edition, 1994-12-30.
-
- [6] Plummer, D., "An Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol - or -
- Converting Network Protocol Addresses to 48.bit Ethernet Address
- for Transmission on Ethernet Hardware", STD 37, RFC 826, November
- 1982.
-
- [7] Reynolds, J., and J. Postel, "Assigned Numbers", STD 2, RFC 1700,
- October 1994. See also: http://www.iana.org/numbers.html
-
- [8] Finlayson, R., Mann, R., Mogul, J., and M. Theimer, "A Reverse
- Address Resolution Protocol", STD 38, RFC 903, June 1984.
-
- [9] Postel, J., and J. Reynolds, "A Standard for the Transmission of
- IP Datagrams over IEEE 802 Networks", RFC 1042, February 1988.
-
- [10] IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks:
- Overview and architecture", IEEE Standard 802-1990.
-
- [11] Bradley, T., Brown, C., and A. Malis, "Inverse Address
- Resolution Protocol", RFC 2390, September 1998.
-
- [12] IEEE, "IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Networks: Media
- Access Control (MAC) Bridges", IEEE Standard 802.1D-1990.
-
- [13] ISO/IEC 15802-5 : 1998 (IEEE Standard 802.1G), Remote Media
- Access Control (MAC) Bridging, March 12, 1997.
-
-
-
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- Brown & Malis Standards Track [Page 32]
-
- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
-
-
- [14] Frame Relay Forum, "Data Compression Over Frame Relay
- Implementation Agreement", FRF.9, January 22, 1996.
-
- [15] Frame Relay Forum, "Multiprotocol Encapsulation Implementation
- Agreement", FRF.3.1, June 22, 1995.
-
- [16] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
- Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
-
- [17] Simpson, W., "PPP in Frame Relay", RFC 1973, June 1996.
-
- [18] Frame Relay Forum, "Frame Relay Fragmentation Implementation
- Agreement", FRF.12, December 1997.
-
- [19] Frame Relay Forum, "Frame Relay PVC Multicast Service and
- Protocol Implementation Agreement", FRF.7, October 21, 1994.
-
- 15. Authors' Addresses
-
- Caralyn Brown
- Consultant
-
- EMail: cbrown@juno.com
-
-
- Andrew Malis
- Ascend Communications, Inc.
- 1 Robbins Road
- Westford, MA 01886
-
- Phone: (978) 952-7414
- EMail: malis@ascend.com
-
-
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- RFC 2427 Multiprotocol over Frame Relay September 1998
-
-
- 16. Full Copyright Statement
-
- Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
-
- This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
- others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
- or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
- and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
- kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
- included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
- document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
- the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
- Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
- developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
- copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
- followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
- English.
-
- The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
- revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
-
- This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
- "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
- TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
- BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
- HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
- MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
-
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