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- Network Working Group G. Dudley
- Request for Comments: 2353 IBM
- Category: Informational May 1998
-
-
- APPN/HPR in IP Networks
- APPN Implementers' Workshop Closed Pages Document
-
- Status of this Memo
-
- This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
- not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
- memo is unlimited.
-
- Copyright Notice
-
- Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
-
- Table of Contents
-
- 1.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
- 1.1 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
- 2.0 IP as a Data Link Control (DLC) for HPR . . . . . . . . . 3
- 2.1 Use of UDP and IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
- 2.2 Node Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
- 2.3 Logical Link Control (LLC) Used for IP . . . . . . . . . . 8
- 2.3.1 LDLC Liveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
- 2.3.1.1 Option to Reduce Liveness Traffic . . . . . . . . 9
- 2.4 IP Port Activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
- 2.4.1 Maximum BTU Sizes for HPR/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
- 2.5 IP Transmission Groups (TGs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
- 2.5.1 Regular TGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
- 2.5.1.1 Limited Resources and Auto-Activation . . . . . . 19
- 2.5.2 IP Connection Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
- 2.5.2.1 Establishing IP Connection Networks . . . . . . . 20
- 2.5.2.2 IP Connection Network Parameters . . . . . . . . . 22
- 2.5.2.3 Sharing of TGs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
- 2.5.2.4 Minimizing RSCV Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
- 2.5.3 XID Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
- 2.5.4 Unsuccessful IP Link Activation . . . . . . . . . . . 30
- 2.6 IP Throughput Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
- 2.6.1 IP Prioritization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
- 2.6.2 APPN Transmission Priority and COS . . . . . . . . . . 36
- 2.6.3 Default TG Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
- 2.6.4 SNA-Defined COS Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
- 2.6.5 Route Setup over HPR/IP links . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
- 2.6.6 Access Link Queueing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
- 2.7 Port Link Activation Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
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- Dudley Informational [Page 1]
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- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
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- 2.8 Network Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
- 2.9 IPv4-to-IPv6 Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
- 3.0 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
- 4.0 Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
- 5.0 Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
- 6.0 Appendix - Packet Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
- 6.1 HPR Use of IP Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
- 6.1.1 IP Format for LLC Commands and Responses . . . . . . . 45
- 6.1.2 IP Format for NLPs in UI Frames . . . . . . . . . . . 46
- 7.0 Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
-
- 1.0 Introduction
-
- The APPN Implementers' Workshop (AIW) is an industry-wide consortium
- of networking vendors that develops Advanced Peer-to-Peer
- Networking(R) (APPN(R)) standards and other standards related to
- Systems Network Architecture (SNA), and facilitates high quality,
- fully interoperable APPN and SNA internetworking products. The AIW
- approved Closed Pages (CP) status for the architecture in this
- document on December 2, 1997, and, as a result, the architecture was
- added to the AIW architecture of record. A CP-level document is
- sufficiently detailed that implementing products will be able to
- interoperate; it contains a clear and complete specification of all
- necessary changes to the architecture of record. However, the AIW
- has procedures by which the architecture may be modified, and the AIW
- is open to suggestions from the internet community.
-
- The architecture for APPN nodes is specified in "Systems Network
- Architecture Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking Architecture Reference"
- [1]. A set of APPN enhancements for High Performance Routing (HPR)
- is specified in "Systems Network Architecture Advanced Peer-to-Peer
- Networking High Performance Routing Architecture Reference, Version
- 3.0" [2]. The formats associated with these architectures are
- specified in "Systems Network Architecture Formats" [3]. This memo
- assumes the reader is familiar with these specifications.
-
- This memo defines a method with which HPR nodes can use IP networks
- for communication, and the enhancements to APPN required by this
- method. This memo also describes an option set that allows the use
- of the APPN connection network model to allow HPR nodes to use IP
- networks for communication without having to predefine link
- connections.
-
- (R) 'Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking' and 'APPN' are trademarks of
- the IBM Corporation.
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- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
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- 1.1 Requirements
-
- The following are the requirements for the architecture specified in
- this memo:
-
- 1. Facilitate APPN product interoperation in IP networks by
- documenting agreements such as the choice of the logical link
- control (LLC).
-
- 2. Reduce system definition (e.g., by extending the connection
- network model to IP networks) -- Connection network support is an
- optional function.
-
- 3. Use class of service (COS) to retain existing path selection and
- transmission priority services in IP networks; extend
- transmission priority function to include IP networks.
-
- 4. Allow customers the flexibility to design their networks for low
- cost and high performance.
-
- 5. Use HPR functions to improve both availability and scalability
- over existing integration techniques such as Data Link Switching
- (DLSw) which is specified in RFC 1795 [4] and RFC 2166 [5].
-
- 2.0 IP as a Data Link Control (DLC) for HPR
-
- This memo specifies the use of IP and UDP as a new DLC that can be
- supported by APPN nodes with the three HPR option sets: HPR (option
- set 1400), Rapid Transport Protocol (RTP) (option set 1401), and
- Control Flows over RTP (option set 1402). Logical Data Link Control
- (LDLC) Support (option set 2006) is also a prerequisite.
-
- RTP is a connection-oriented, full-duplex protocol designed to
- transport data in high-speed networks. HPR uses RTP connections to
- transport SNA session traffic. RTP provides reliability (i.e., error
- recovery via selective retransmission), in-order delivery (i.e., a
- first-in-first-out [FIFO] service provided by resequencing data that
- arrives out of order), and adaptive rate-based (ARB) flow/congestion
- control. Because RTP provides these functions on an end-to-end basis,
- it eliminates the need for these functions on the link level along
- the path of the connection. The result is improved overall
- performance for HPR. For a more complete description of RTP, see
- Appendix F of [2].
-
- This new DLC (referred to as the native IP DLC) allows customers to
- take advantage of APPN/HPR functions such as class of service (COS)
- and ARB flow/congestion control in the IP environment. HPR links
- established over the native IP DLC are referred to as HPR/IP links.
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- The following sections describe in detail the considerations and
- enhancements associated with the native IP DLC.
-
- 2.1 Use of UDP and IP
-
- The native IP DLC will use the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) defined
- in RFC 768 [6] and the Internet Protocol (IP) version 4 defined in
- RFC 791 [7].
-
- Typically, access to UDP is provided by a sockets API. UDP provides
- an unreliable connectionless delivery service using IP to transport
- messages between nodes. UDP has the ability to distinguish among
- multiple destinations within a given node, and allows port-number-
- based prioritization in the IP network. UDP provides detection of
- corrupted packets, a function required by HPR. Higher-layer
- protocols such as HPR are responsible for handling problems of
- message loss, duplication, delay, out-of-order delivery, and loss of
- connectivity. UDP is adequate because HPR uses RTP to provide end-
- to-end error recovery and in-order delivery; in addition, LDLC
- detects loss of connectivity. The Transmission Control Protocol
- (TCP) was not chosen for the native IP DLC because the additional
- services provided by TCP such as error recovery are not needed.
- Furthermore, the termination of TCP connections would require
- additional node resources (control blocks, buffers, timers, and
- retransmit queues) and would, thereby, reduce the scalability of the
- design.
-
- The UDP header has four two-byte fields. The UDP Destination Port is
- a 16-bit field that contains the UDP protocol port number used to
- demultiplex datagrams at the destination. The UDP Source Port is a
- 16-bit field that contains the UDP protocol port number that
- specifies the port to which replies should be sent when other
- information is not available. A zero setting indicates that no
- source port number information is being provided. When used with the
- native IP DLC, this field is not used to convey a port number for
- replies; moreover, the zero setting is not used. IANA has registered
- port numbers 12000 through 12004 for use in these two fields by the
- native IP DLC; use of these port numbers allows prioritization in the
- IP network. For more details of the use of these fields, see 2.6.1,
- "IP Prioritization" on page 28.
-
- The UDP Checksum is a 16-bit optional field that provides coverage of
- the UDP header and the user data; it also provides coverage of a
- pseudo-header that contains the source and destination IP addresses.
- The UDP checksum is used to guarantee that the data has arrived
- intact at the intended receiver. When the UDP checksum is set to
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- zero, it indicates that the checksum was not calculated and should
- not be checked by the receiver. Use of the checksum is recommended
- for use with the native IP DLC.
-
- IP provides an unreliable, connectionless delivery mechanism. The IP
- protocol defines the basic unit of data transfer through the IP
- network, and performs the routing function (i.e., choosing the path
- over which data will be sent). In addition, IP characterizes how
- "hosts" and "gateways" should process packets, the circumstances
- under which error messages are generated, and the conditions under
- which packets are discarded. An IP version 4 header contains an 8-
- bit Type of Service field that specifies how the datagram should be
- handled. As defined in RFC 1349 [8], the type-of-service byte
- contains two defined fields. The 3-bit precedence field allows
- senders to indicate the priority of each datagram. The 4-bit type of
- service field indicates how the network should make tradeoffs between
- throughput, delay, reliability, and cost. The 8-bit Protocol field
- specifies which higher-level protocol created the datagram. When
- used with the native IP DLC, this field is set to 17 which indicates
- the higher-layer protocol is UDP.
-
- 2.2 Node Structure
-
- Figure 1 on page 6 shows a possible node functional decomposition for
- transport of HPR traffic across an IP network. There will be
- variations in different platforms based on platform characteristics.
-
- The native IP DLC includes a DLC manager, one LDLC component for each
- link, and a link demultiplexor. Because UDP is a connectionless
- delivery service, there is no need for HPR to activate and deactivate
- lower-level connections.
-
- The DLC manager activates and deactivates a link demultiplexor for
- each port and an instance of LDLC for each link established in an IP
- network. Multiple links (e.g., one defined link and one dynamic link
- for connection network traffic) may be established between a pair of
- IP addresses. Each link is identified by the source and destination
- IP addresses in the IP header and the source and destination service
- access point (SAP) addresses in the IEEE 802.2 LLC header (see 6.0,
- "Appendix - Packet Format" on page 37); the link demultiplexor passes
- incoming packets to the correct instance of LDLC based on these
- identifiers. Moreover, the IP address pair associated with an active
- link and used in the IP header may not change.
-
- LDLC also provides other functions (for example, reliable delivery of
- Exchange Identification [XID] commands). Error recovery for HPR RTP
- packets is provided by the protocols between the RTP endpoints.
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- The network control layer (NCL) uses the automatic network routing
- (ANR) information in the HPR network header to either pass incoming
- packets to RTP or an outgoing link.
-
- All components are shown as single entities, but the number of
- logical instances of each is as follows:
-
- o DLC manager -- 1 per node
-
- o LDLC -- 1 per link
-
- o Link demultiplexor -- 1 per port
-
- o NCL -- 1 per node (or 1 per port for efficiency)
-
- o RTP -- 1 per RTP connection
-
- o UDP -- 1 per port
-
- o IP -- 1 per port
-
- Products are free to implement other structures. Products
- implementing other structures will need to make the appropriate
- modifications to the algorithms and protocol boundaries shown in this
- document.
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- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- -*
- *-------------* *-------* |
- |Configuration| | Path | |
- | Services | |Control| |
- *-------------* *-------* |
- A A A |
- | | | |
- | | V |
- | | *-----* | APPN/HPR
- | | | RTP | |
- | | *-----* |
- | | A |
- | | | |
- | | V |
- | | *-----* |
- | | | NCL | |
- | | *-----* |
- | *------------* A -*
- | | |
- V V V -*
- *---------* *---------* |
- | DLC |--->| LDLC | |
- | manager | | | |
- *---------* *---------* |
- | A | | IP DLC
- *-----------* | *----* |
- V | | |
- *---------* | |
- | LINK | | |
- | DEMUX | | |
- *---------* | |
- A *-* -*
- | |
- | V
- *---------*
- | UDP |
- *---------*
- A
- |
- V
- *---------*
- | IP |
- *---------*
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
- Figure 1. HPR/IP Node Structure
-
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- 2.3 Logical Link Control (LLC) Used for IP
-
- Logical Data Link Control (LDLC) is used by the native IP DLC. LDLC
- is defined in [2]. LDLC uses a subset of the services defined by
- IEEE 802.2 LLC type 2 (LLC2). LDLC uses only the TEST, XID, DISC,
- DM, and UI frames.
-
- LDLC was defined to be used in conjunction with HPR (with the HPR
- Control Flows over RTP option set 1402) over reliable links that do
- not require link-level error recovery. Most frame loss in IP
- networks (and the underlying frame networks) is due to congestion,
- not problems with the facilities. When LDLC is used on a link, no
- link-level error recovery is available; as a result, only RTP traffic
- is supported by the native IP DLC. Using LDLC eliminates the need
- for LLC2 and its associated cost (adapter storage, longer path
- length, etc.).
-
- 2.3.1 LDLC Liveness
-
- LDLC liveness (using the LDLC TEST command and response) is required
- when the underlying subnetwork does not provide notification of
- connection outage. Because UDP is connectionless, it does not
- provide outage notification; as a result, LDLC liveness is required
- for HPR/IP links.
-
- Liveness should be sent periodically on active links except as
- described in the following subsection when the option to reduce
- liveness traffic is implemented. The default liveness timer period
- is 10 seconds. When the defaults for the liveness timer and retry
- timer (15 seconds) are used, the period between liveness tests is
- smaller than the time required to detect failure (retry count
- multiplied by retry timer period) and may be smaller than the time
- for liveness to complete successfully (on the order of round-trip
- delay). When liveness is implemented as specified in the LDLC
- finite-state machine (see [2]) this is not a problem because the
- liveness protocol works as follows: The liveness timer is for a
- single link. The timer is started when the link is first activated
- and each time a liveness test completes successfully. When the timer
- expires, a liveness test is performed. When the link is operational,
- the period between liveness tests is on the order of the liveness
- timer period plus the round-trip delay.
-
- For each implementation, it is necessary to check if the liveness
- protocol will work in a satisfactory manner with the default settings
- for the liveness and retry timers. If, for example, the liveness
- timer is restarted immediately upon expiration, then a different
- default for the liveness timer should be used.
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- 2.3.1.1 Option to Reduce Liveness Traffic
-
- In some environments, it is advantageous to reduce the amount of
- liveness traffic when the link is otherwise idle. (For example, this
- could allow underlying facilities to be temporarily deactivated when
- not needed.) As an option, implementations may choose not to send
- liveness when the link is idle (i.e., when data was neither sent nor
- received over the link while the liveness timer was running). (If
- the implementation is not aware of whether data has been received,
- liveness testing may be stopped while data is not being sent.)
- However, the RTP connections also have a liveness mechanism which
- will generate traffic. Some implementations of RTP will allow
- setting a large value for the ALIVE timer, thus reducing the amount
- of RTP liveness traffic.
-
- If LDLC liveness is turned off while the link is idle, one side of
- the link may detect a link failure much earlier than the other. This
- can cause the following problems:
-
- o If a node that is aware of a link failure attempts to reactivate
- the link, the partner node (unaware of the link failure) may
- reject the activation as an unsupported parallel link between the
- two ports.
-
- o If a node that is unaware of an earlier link failure sends data
- (including new session activations) on the link, it may be
- discarded by a node that detected the earlier failure and
- deactivated the link. As a result, session activations would
- fail.
-
- The mechanisms described below can be used to remedy these problems.
- These mechanisms are needed only in a node not sending liveness when
- the link is idle; thus, they would not be required of a node not
- implementing this option that just happened to be adjacent to a node
- implementing the option.
-
- o (Mandatory unless the node supports multiple active defined links
- between a pair of HPR/IP ports and supports multiple active
- dynamic links between a pair of HPR/IP ports.) Anytime a node
- rejects the activation of an HPR/IP link as an unsupported
- parallel link between a pair of HPR/IP ports (sense data
- X'10160045' or X'10160046'), it should perform liveness on any
- active link between the two ports that is using a different SAP
- pair. Thus, if the activation was not for a parallel link but
- rather was a reactivation because one of these active links had
- failed, the failed link will be detected. (If the SAP pair for
- the link being activated matches the SAP pair for an active link,
- a liveness test would succeed because the adjacent node would
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- respond for the link being activated.) A simple way to implement
- this function is for LDLC, upon receiving an activation XID, to
- run liveness on all active links with a matching IP address pair
- and a different SAP pair.
-
- o (Mandatory) Anytime a node receives an activation XID with an IP
- address pair and a SAP pair that match those of an active link,
- it should deactivate the active link and allow it to be
- reestablished. A timer is required to prevent stray XIDs from
- deactivating an active link.
-
- o (Recommended) A node should attempt to reactivate an HPR/IP link
- before acting on an LDLC-detected failure. This mechanism is
- helpful in preventing session activation failures in scenarios
- where the other side detected a link failure earlier, but the
- network has recovered.
-
- 2.4 IP Port Activation
-
- The node operator (NO) creates a native IP DLC by issuing
- DEFINE_DLC(RQ) (containing customer-configured parameters) and
- START_DLC(RQ) commands to the node operator facility (NOF). NOF, in
- turn, passes DEFINE_DLC(RQ) and START_DLC(RQ) signals to
- configuration services (CS), and CS creates the DLC manager. Then,
- the node operator can define a port by issuing DEFINE_PORT(RQ) (also
- containing customer-configured parameters) to NOF with NOF passing
- the associated signal to CS.
-
- A node with adapters attached to multiple IP subnetworks may
- represent the multiple adapters as a single HPR/IP port. However, in
- that case, the node associates a single IP address with that port.
- RFC 1122 [9] requires that a node with multiple adapters be able to
- use the same source IP address on outgoing UDP packets regardless of
- the adapter used for transmission.
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- *----------------------------------------------*
- | NOF CS DLC |
- *----------------------------------------------*
- . DEFINE_DLC(RQ) .
- 1 o----------------->o
- . DEFINE_DLC(RSP) |
- 2 o<-----------------*
- . START_DLC(RQ) . create
- 3 o----------------->o------------------->o
- . START_DLC(RSP) | .
- 4 o<-----------------* .
- . DEFINE_PORT(RQ) . .
- 5 o----------------->o .
- . DEFINE_PORT(RSP) | .
- 6 o<-----------------* .
-
- Figure 2. IP Port Activation
-
- The following parameters are received in DEFINE_PORT(RQ):
-
- o Port name
-
- o DLC name
-
- o Port type (if IP connection networks are supported, set to shared
- access transport facility [SATF]; otherwise, set to switched)
-
- o Link station role (set to negotiable)
-
- o Maximum receive BTU size (default is 1461 [1492 less an allowance
- for the IP, UDP, and LLC headers])
-
- o Maximum send BTU size (default is 1461 [1492 less an allowance
- for the IP, UDP, and LLC headers])
-
- o Link activation limits (total, inbound, and outbound)
-
- o IPv4 supported (set to yes)
-
- o The local IPv4 address (required if IPv4 is supported)
-
- o IPv6 supported (set to no; may be set to yes in the future; see
- 2.9, "IPv4-to-IPv6 Migration" on page 35)
-
- o The local IPv6 address (required if IPv6 is supported)
-
- o Retry count for LDLC (default is 3)
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- o Retry timer period for LDLC (default is 15 seconds; a smaller
- value such as 10 seconds can be used for a campus network)
-
- o LDLC liveness timer period (default is 10 seconds; see 2.3.1,
- "LDLC Liveness" on page 7)
-
- o IP precedence (the setting of the 3-bit field within the Type of
- Service byte of the IP header for the LLC commands such as XID
- and for each of the APPN transmission priorities; the defaults
- are given in 2.6.1, "IP Prioritization" on page 28.)
-
- 2.4.1 Maximum BTU Sizes for HPR/IP
-
- When IP datagrams are larger than the underlying physical links
- support, IP performs fragmentation. When HPR/IP links are
- established, the default maximum basic transmission unit (BTU) sizes
- are 1461 bytes, which corresponds to the typical IP maximum
- transmission unit (MTU) size of 1492 bytes supported by routers on
- token-ring networks. 1461 is 1492 less 20 bytes for the IP header, 8
- bytes for the UDP header, and 3 bytes for the IEEE 802.2 LLC header.
- The IP header is larger than 20 bytes when optional fields are
- included; smaller maximum BTU sizes should be configured if optional
- IP header fields are used in the IP network. For IPv6, the default
- is reduced to 1441 bytes to allow for the typical IPv6 header size of
- 40 bytes. Smaller maximum BTU sizes (but not less than 768) should
- be used to avoid fragmentation when necessary. Larger BTU sizes
- should be used to improve performance when the customer's IP network
- supports a sufficiently large IP MTU size. The maximum receive and
- send BTU sizes are passed to CS in DEFINE_PORT(RQ). These maximum
- BTU sizes can be overridden in DEFINE_CN_TG(RQ) or DEFINE_LS(RQ).
-
- The Flags field in the IP header should be set to allow
- fragmentation. Some products will not be able to control the setting
- of the bit allowing fragmentation; in that case, fragmentation will
- most likely be allowed. Although fragmentation is slow and prevents
- prioritization based on UDP port numbers, it does allow connectivity
- across paths with small MTU sizes.
-
- 2.5 IP Transmission Groups (TGs)
-
- 2.5.1 Regular TGs
-
- Regular HPR TGs may be established in IP networks using the native IP
- DLC architecture. Each of these TGs is composed of one or more
- HPR/IP links. Configuration services (CS) identifies the TG with the
- destination control point (CP) name and TG number; the destination CP
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- name may be configured or learned via XID, and the TG number, which
- may be configured, is negotiated via XID. For auto-activatable
- links, the destination CP name and TG number must be configured.
-
- When multiple links (dynamic or defined) are established between a
- pair of IP ports (each associated with a single IP address), an
- incoming packet can be mapped to its associated link using the IP
- address pair and the service access point (SAP) address pair. If a
- node receives an activation XID for a defined link with an IP address
- pair and a SAP pair that are the same as for an active defined link,
- that node can assume that the link has failed and that the partner
- node is reactivating the link. In such a case as an optimization,
- the node receiving the XID can take down the active link and allow
- the link to be reestablished in the IP network. Because UDP packets
- can arrive out of order, implementation of this optimization requires
- the use of a timer to prevent a stray XID from deactivating an active
- link.
-
- Support for multiple defined links between a pair of HPR/IP ports is
- optional. There is currently no value in defining multiple HPR/IP
- links between a pair of ports. In the future if HPR/IP support for
- the Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) [10] is defined, it may be
- advantageous to define such parallel links to segregate traffic by
- COS on RSVP "sessions." Using RSVP, HPR would be able to reserve
- bandwidth in IP networks. An HPR logical link would be mapped to an
- RSVP "session" that would likely be identified by either a specific
- application-provided UDP port number or a dynamically-assigned UDP
- port number.
-
- When multiple defined HPR/IP links between ports are not supported,
- an incoming activation for a defined HPR/IP link may be rejected with
- sense data X'10160045' if an active defined HPR/IP link already
- exists between the ports. If the SAP pair in the activation XID
- matches the SAP pair for the existing link, the optimization
- described above may be used instead.
-
- If parallel defined HPR/IP links between ports are not supported, an
- incoming activation XID is mapped to the defined link station (if it
- exists) associated with the port on the adjacent node using the
- source IP address in the incoming activation XID. This source IP
- address should be the same as the destination IP address associated
- with the matching defined link station. (They may not be the same if
- the adjacent node has multiple IP addresses, and the configuration
- was not coordinated correctly.)
-
- If parallel HPR/IP links between ports are supported, multiple
- defined link stations may be associated with the port on the adjacent
- node. In that case, predefined TG numbers (see "Partitioning the TG
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 13]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- Number Space" in Chapter 9 Configuration Services of [1]) may be used
- to map the XID to a specific link station. However, because the same
- TG characteristics may be used for all HPR/IP links between a given
- pair of ports, all the link stations associated with the port in the
- adjacent node should be equivalent; as a result, TG number
- negotiation using negotiable TG numbers may be used.
-
- In the future, if multiple HPR/IP links with different
- characteristics are defined between a pair of ports using RSVP,
- defined link stations will need sufficient configured information to
- be matched with incoming XIDs. (Correct matching of an incoming XID
- to a defined link station allows CS to provide the correct TG
- characteristics to topology and routing services (TRS).) At that
- time CS will do the mapping based on both the IP address of the
- adjacent node and a predefined TG number.
-
- The node initiating link activation knows which link it is
- activating. Some parameters sent in prenegotiation XID are defined
- in the regular link station configuration and not allowed to change
- in following negotiation-proceeding XIDs. To allow for forward
- migration to RSVP, when a regular TG is activated in an IP network,
- the node receiving the first XID (i.e., the node not initiating link
- activation) must also understand which defined link station is being
- activated before sending a prenegotiation XID in order to correctly
- set parameters that cannot change. For this reason, the node
- initiating link activation will indicate the TG number in
- prenegotiation XIDs by including a TG Descriptor (X'46') control
- vector containing a TG Identifier (X'80') subfield. Furthermore, the
- node receiving the first XID will force the node activating the link
- to send the first prenegotiation XID by responding to null XIDs with
- null XIDs. To prevent potential deadlocks, the node receiving the
- first XID has a limit (the LDLC retry count can be used) on the
- number of null XIDs it will send. Once this limit is reached, that
- node will send an XID with an XID Negotiation Error (X'22') control
- vector in response to a null XID; sense data X'0809003A' is included
- in the control vector to indicate unexpected null XID. If the node
- that received the first XID receives a prenegotiation XID without the
- TG Identifier subfield, it will send an XID with an XID Negotiation
- Error control vector to reject the link connection; sense data
- X'088C4680' is included in the control vector to indicate the
- subfield was missing.
-
- For a regular TG, the TG parameters are provided by the node operator
- based on customer configuration in DEFINE_PORT(RQ) and DEFINE_LS(RQ).
- The following parameters are supplied in DEFINE_LS(RQ) for HPR/IP
- links:
-
-
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 14]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- o The destination IP host name (this parameter can usually be
- mapped to the destination IP address): If the link is not
- activated at node initialization, the IP host name should be
- mapped to an IP address, and the IP address should be stored with
- the link station definition. This is required to allow an
- incoming link activation to be matched with the link station
- definition. If the adjacent node activates the link with a
- different IP address (e.g., it could have multiple ports), it
- will not be possible to match the link activation with the link
- station definition, and the default parameters specified in the
- local port definition will be used.
-
- o The destination IP version (set to version 4, support for version
- 6 may be required in the future; this parameter is only required
- if the address and version cannot be determined using the
- destination IP host name.)
-
- o The destination IP address (in the format specified by the
- destination IP version; this parameter is only required if the
- address cannot be determined using the destination IP host name.)
-
- o Source service access point address (SSAP) used for XID, TEST,
- DISC, and DM (default is X'04'; other values may be specified
- when multiple links between a pair of IP addresses are defined)
-
- o Destination service access point address (DSAP) used for XID,
- TEST, DISC, and DM (default is X'04')
-
- o Source service access point address (SSAP) used for HPR network
- layer packets (NLPs) (default is X'C8'; other values may be
- specified when multiple links between a pair of IP addresses are
- defined.)
-
- o Maximum receive BTU size (default is 1461; this parameter is used
- to override the setting in DEFINE_PORT.)
-
- o Maximum send BTU size (default is 1461; this parameter is used to
- override the setting in DEFINE_PORT.)
-
- o IP precedence (the setting of the 3-bit field within the Type of
- Service byte of the IP header for LLC commands such as XID and
- for each of the APPN transmission priorities; the defaults are
- given in 2.6.1, "IP Prioritization" on page 28; this parameter is
- used to override the settings in DEFINE_PORT)
-
- o Shareable with connection network traffic (default is yes for
- non-RSVP links)
-
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 15]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- o Retry count for LDLC (default is 3; this parameter is used to
- override the setting in DEFINE_PORT)
-
- o Retry timer period for LDLC (default is 15 seconds; a smaller
- value such as 10 seconds can be used for a campus link; this
- parameter is used to override the setting in DEFINE_PORT)
-
- o LDLC liveness timer period (default is 10 seconds; this parameter
- is to override the setting in DEFINE_PORT; see 2.3.1, "LDLC ness"
- on page 7)
-
- o Auto-activation supported (default is no; may be set to yes when
- the local node has switched access to the IP network)
-
- o Limited resource (default is to set in concert with auto-
- activation supported)
-
- o Limited resource liveness timer (default is 45 sec.)
-
- o Port name
-
- o Adjacent CP name (optional)
-
- o Local CP-CP sessions supported
-
- o Defined TG number (optional)
-
- o TG characteristics
-
- The following figures show the activation and deactivation of regular
- TGs.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 16]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- *------------------------------------------------------------------*
- |CS DLC LDLC DMUX UDP|
- *------------------------------------------------------------------*
- . . . .
- .CONNECT_OUT(RQ) . create . .
- o--------------->o-------------->o . .
- . | new LDLC . .
- . o----------------------------->o .
- CONNECT_OUT(+RSP)| . . .
- o<---------------* . . .
- | XID . XID(CMD) . XID
- *------------------------------->o----------------------------->o----->
-
- Figure 3. Regular TG Activation (outgoing)
-
- In Figure 3 upon receiving START_LS(RQ) from NOF, CS starts the link
- activation process by sending CONNECT_OUT(RQ) to the DLC manager.
- The DLC manager creates an instance of LDLC for the link, informs the
- link demultiplexor, and sends CONNECT_OUT(+RSP) to CS. Then, CS
- starts the activation XID exchange.
-
- *------------------------------------------------------------------*
- |CS DLC LDLC DMUX UDP|
- *------------------------------------------------------------------*
- . . . .
- . CONNECT_IN(RQ) . XID(CMD) . XID . XID
- o<---------------o<-----------------------------o<--------------o<-----
- | CONNECT_IN(RSP). create . .
- *--------------->o-------------->o . .
- . | new LDLC . .
- . o----------------------------->o .
- . | XID(CMD) . . .
- . *-------------->o . .
- . XID | . .
- o<-------------------------------* . .
- | XID . XID(RSP) . XID
- *------------------------------->o----------------------------->o----->
-
- Figure 4. Regular TG Activation (incoming)
-
- In Figure 4, when an XID is received for a new link, it is passed to
- the DLC manager. The DLC manager sends CONNECT_IN(RQ) to notify CS
- of the incoming link activation, and CS sends CONNECT_IN(+RSP)
- accepting the link activation. The DLC manager then creates a new
- instance of LDLC, informs the link demultiplexor, and forwards the
- XID to to CS via LDLC. CS then responds by sending an XID to the
- adjacent node.
-
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 17]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- The two following figures show normal TG deactivation (outgoing and
- incoming).
-
- *------------------------------------------------------------------*
- |CS DLC LDLC DMUX UDP|
- *------------------------------------------------------------------*
- . . . . .
- . DEACT . DISC . DISC
- o------------------------------->o----------------------------->o----->
- . DEACT . DM . DM . DM
- o<-------------------------------o<-------------o<--------------o<-----
- | DISCONNECT(RQ) . destroy . . .
- *--------------->o-------------->o . .
- DISCONNECT(RSP) | . .
- o<---------------* . .
-
- Figure 5. Regular TG Deactivation (outgoing)
-
- In Figure 5 upon receiving STOP_LS(RQ) from NOF, CS sends DEACT to
- notify the partner node that the HPR link is being deactivated. When
- the response is received, CS sends DISCONNECT(RQ) to the DLC manager,
- and the DLC manager deactivates the instance of LDLC. Upon receiving
- DISCONNECT(RSP), CS sends STOP_LS(RSP) to NOF.
-
- *------------------------------------------------------------------*
- |CS DLC LDLC DMUX UDP|
- *------------------------------------------------------------------*
- . . . . .
- . DEACT . DISC . DISC . DISC
- o<-------------------------------o<-------------o<--------------o<-----
- | . | DM . DM
- | . *----------------------------->o----->
- | DISCONNECT(RQ) . destroy . . .
- *--------------->o-------------->o . .
- .DISCONNECT(RSP) | . .
- o<---------------* . .
-
- Figure 6. Regular TG Deactivation (incoming)
-
- In Figure 6, when an adjacent node deactivates a TG, the local node
- receives a DISC. CS sends STOP_LS(IND) to NOF. Because IP is
- connectionless, the DLC manager is not aware that the link has been
- deactivated. For that reason, CS also needs to send DISCONNECT(RQ)
- to the DLC manager; the DLC manager deactivates the instance of LDLC.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 18]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- 2.5.1.1 Limited Resources and Auto-Activation
-
- To reduce tariff charges, the APPN architecture supports the
- definition of switched links as limited resources. A limited-
- resource link is deactivated when there are no sessions traversing
- the link. Intermediate HPR nodes are not aware of sessions between
- logical units (referred to as LU-LU sessions) carried in crossing RTP
- connections; in HPR nodes, limited-resource TGs are deactivated when
- no traffic is detected for some period of time. Furthermore, APPN
- links may be defined as auto-activatable. Auto-activatable links are
- activated when a new session has been routed across the link.
-
- An HPR node may have access to an IP network via a switched access
- link. In such environments, it may be advisable for customers to
- define regular HPR/IP links as limited resources and as being auto-
- activatable.
-
- 2.5.2 IP Connection Networks
-
- Connection network support for IP networks (option set 2010), is
- described in this section.
-
- APPN architecture defines single link TGs across the point-to-point
- lines connecting APPN nodes. The natural extension of this model
- would be to define a TG between each pair of nodes connected to a
- shared access transport facility (SATF) such as a LAN or IP network.
- However, the high cost of the system definition of such a mesh of TGs
- is prohibitive for a network of more than a few nodes. For that
- reason, the APPN connection network model was devised to reduce the
- system definition required to establish TGs between APPN nodes.
-
- Other TGs may be defined through the SATF which are not part of the
- connection network. Such TGs (referred to as regular TGs in this
- document) are required for sessions between control points (referred
- to as CP-CP sessions) but may also be used for LU-LU sessions.
-
- In the connection network model, a virtual routing node (VRN) is
- defined to represent the SATF. Each node attached to the SATF
- defines a single TG to the VRN rather than TGs to all other attached
- nodes.
-
- Topology and routing services (TRS) specifies that a session is to be
- routed between two nodes across a connection network by including the
- connection network TGs between each of those nodes and the VRN in the
- Route Selection control vector (RSCV). When a network node has a TG
- to a VRN, the network topology information associated with that TG
- includes DLC signaling information required to establish connectivity
- to that node across the SATF. For an end node, the DLC signaling
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 19]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- information is returned as part of the normal directory services (DS)
- process. TRS includes the DLC signaling information for TGs across
- connection networks in RSCVs.
-
- CS creates a dynamic link station when the next hop in the RSCV of an
- ACTIVATE_ROUTE signal received from session services (SS) is a
- connection network TG or when an adjacent node initiates link
- activation upon receiving such an ACTIVATE_ROUTE signal. Dynamic
- link stations are normally treated as limited resources, which means
- they are deactivated when no sessions are using them. CP-CP sessions
- are not supported on connections using dynamic link stations because
- CP-CP sessions normally need to be kept up continuously.
-
- Establishment of a link across a connection network normally requires
- the use of CP-CP sessions to determine the destination IP address.
- Because CP-CP sessions must flow across regular TGs, the definition
- of a connection network does not eliminate the need to define regular
- TGs as well.
-
- Normally, one connection network is defined on a LAN (i.e., one VRN
- is defined.) For an environment with several interconnected campus
- IP networks, a single wide-area connection network can be defined; in
- addition, separate connection networks can be defined between the
- nodes connected to each campus IP network.
-
- 2.5.2.1 Establishing IP Connection Networks
-
- Once the port is defined, a connection network can be defined on the
- port. In order to support multiple TGs from a port to a VRN, the
- connection network is defined by the following process:
-
- 1. A connection network and its associated VRN are defined on the
- port. This is accomplished by the node operator issuing a
- DEFINE_CONNECTION_NETWORK(RQ) command to NOF and NOF passing a
- DEFINE_CN(RQ) signal to CS.
-
- 2. Each TG from the port to the VRN is defined by the node operator
- issuing DEFINE_CONNECTION_NETWORK_TG(RQ) to NOF and NOF passing
- DEFINE_CN_TG(RQ) to CS.
-
- Prior to implementation of Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP)
- support, only one connection network TG between a port and a VRN is
- required. In that case, product support for the DEFINE_CN_TG(RQ)
- signal is not required because a single set of port configuration
- parameters for each connection network is sufficient. If a NOF
- implementation does not support DEFINE_CN_TG(RQ), the parameters
- listed in the following section for DEFINE_CN_TG(RQ), are provided by
- DEFINE_CN(RQ) instead. Furthermore, the Connection Network TG
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 20]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- Numbers (X'81') subfield in the TG Descriptor (X'46') control vector
- on an activation XID is only required to support multiple connection
- network TGs to a VRN, and its use is optional.
-
- *-----------------------------------------------------*
- | NO NOF CS |
- *-----------------------------------------------------*
- DEFINE_CONNECTION_NETWORK(RQ) DEFINE_CN(RQ) .
- o------------------------>o----------------->o
- DEFINE_CONNECTION_NETWORK(RSP) DEFINE_CN(RSP) |
- o<------------------------o<-----------------*
- DEFINE_CONNECTION_NETWORK_TG(RQ) DEFINE_CN_TG(RQ) .
- o------------------------>o----------------->o
- DEFINE_CONNECTION_NETWORK_TG(RSP) DEFINE_CN_TG(RSP)|
- o<------------------------o<-----------------*
-
- Figure 7. IP Connection Network Definition
-
- An incoming dynamic link activation may be rejected with sense data
- X'10160046' if there is an existing dynamic link between the two
- ports over the same connection network (i.e., with the same VRN CP
- name). If a node receives an activation XID for a dynamic link with
- an IP address pair, a SAP pair, and a VRN CP name that are the same
- as for an active dynamic link, that node can assume that the link has
- failed and that the partner node is reactivating the link. In such a
- case as an optimization, the node receiving the XID can take down the
- active link and allow the link to be reestablished in the IP network.
- Because UDP packets can arrive out of order, implementation of this
- optimization requires the use of a timer to prevent a stray XID from
- deactivating an active link.
-
- Once all the connection networks are defined, the node operator
- issues START_PORT(RQ), NOF passes the associated signal to CS, and CS
- passes ACTIVATE_PORT(RQ) to the DLC manager. Upon receiving the
- ACTIVATE_PORT(RSP) signal from the DLC manager, CS sends a TG_UPDATE
- signal to TRS for each defined connection network TG. Each signal
- notifies TRS that a TG to the VRN has been activated and includes TG
- vectors describing the TG. If the port fails or is deactivated, CS
- sends TG_UPDATE indicating the connection network TGs are no longer
- operational. Information about TGs between a network node and the
- VRN is maintained in the network topology database. Information
- about TGs between an end node and the VRN is maintained only in the
- local topology database. If TRS has no node entry in its topology
- database for the VRN, TRS dynamically creates such an entry. A VRN
- node entry will become part of the network topology database only if
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 21]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- a network node has defined a TG to the VRN; however, TRS is capable
- of selecting a direct path between two end nodes across a connection
- network without a VRN node entry.
-
- *--------------------------------------------------------------------*
- | CS TRS DLC DMUX |
- *--------------------------------------------------------------------*
- . ACTIVATE_PORT(RQ) . create
- o--------------------------------------->o----------------->o
- . ACTIVATE_PORT(RSP) | .
- o<---------------------------------------* .
- | TG_UPDATE . . .
- *------------------->o . .
- . . . .
-
- Figure 8. IP Connection Network Establishment
-
- The TG vectors for IP connection network TGs include the following
- information:
-
- o TG number
-
- o VRN CP name
-
- o TG characteristics used during route selection
-
- - Effective capacity
- - Cost per connect time
- - Cost per byte transmitted
- - Security
- - Propagation delay
- - User defined parameters
-
- o Signaling information
-
- - IP version (indicates the format of the IP header including
- the IP address)
-
- - IP address
-
- - Link service access point address (LSAP) used for XID, TEST,
- DISC, and DM
-
- 2.5.2.2 IP Connection Network Parameters
-
- For a connection network TG, the parameters are determined by CS
- using several inputs. Parameters that are particular to the local
- port, connection network, or TG are system defined and received in
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 22]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- DEFINE_PORT(RQ), DEFINE_CN(RQ), or DEFINE_CN_TG(RQ). Signaling
- information for the destination node including its IP address is
- received in the ACTIVATE_ROUTE request from SS.
-
- The following configuration parameters are received in DEFINE_CN(RQ):
-
- o Connection network name (CP name of the VRN)
-
- o Limited resource liveness timer (default is 45 sec.)
-
- o IP precedence (the setting of the 3-bit field within the Type of
- Service byte of the IP header for LLC commands such as XID and
- for each of the APPN transmission priorities; the defaults are
- given in 2.6.1, "IP Prioritization" on page 28; this parameter is
- used to override the settings in DEFINE_PORT)
-
- The following configuration parameters are received in
- DEFINE_CN_TG(RQ):
-
- o Port name
-
- o Connection network name (CP name of the VRN)
-
- o Connection network TG number (set to a value between 1 and 239)
-
- o TG characteristics (see 2.6.3, "Default TG Characteristics" on
- page 30)
-
- o Link service access point address (LSAP) used for XID, TEST,
- DISC, and DM (default is X'04')
-
- o Link service access point address (LSAP) used for HPR network
- layer packets (default is X'C8')
-
- o Limited resource (default is yes)
-
- o Retry count for LDLC (default is 3; this parameter is used to
- override the setting in DEFINE_PORT)
-
- o Retry timer period for LDLC (default is 15 sec.; a smaller value
- such as 10 seconds can be used for a campus connection network;
- this parameter is used to override the setting in DEFINE_PORT)
-
- o LDLC liveness timer period (default is 10 seconds; this parameter
- is used to override the setting in DEFINE_PORT; see 2.3.1, "LDLC
- Liveness" on page 7)
-
-
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 23]
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- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- o Shareable with other HPR traffic (default is yes for non-RSVP
- links)
-
- o Maximum receive BTU size (default is 1461; this parameter is used
- to override the value in DEFINE_PORT(RQ).)
-
- o Maximum send BTU size (default is 1461; this parameter is used to
- override the value in DEFINE_PORT(RQ).)
-
- The following parameters are received in ACTIVATE_ROUTE for
- connection network TGs:
-
- o The TG pair
-
- o The destination IP version (if this version is not supported by
- the local node, the ACTIVATE_ROUTE_RSP reports the activation
- failure with sense data X'086B46A5'.)
-
- o The destination IP address (in the format specified by the
- destination IP version)
-
- o Destination service access point address (DSAP) used for XID,
- TEST, DISC, and DM
-
- 2.5.2.3 Sharing of TGs
-
- Connection network traffic is multiplexed onto a regular defined IP
- TG (usually used for CP-CP session traffic) in order to reduce the
- control block storage. No XIDs flow to establish a new TG on the IP
- network, and no new LLC is created. When a regular TG is shared,
- incoming traffic is demultiplexed using the normal means. If the
- regular TG is deactivated, a path switch is required for the HPR
- connection network traffic sharing the TG.
-
- Multiplexing is possible if the following conditions hold:
-
- 1. Both the regular TG and the connection network TG to the VRN are
- defined as shareable between HPR traffic streams.
-
- 2. The destination IP address is the same.
-
- 3. The regular TG is established first. (Because links established
- for connection network traffic do not support CP-CP sessions,
- there is little value in allowing a regular TG to share such a
- link.)
-
- The destination node is notified via XID when a TG can be shared
- between HPR data streams. At either end, upon receiving
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 24]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- ACTIVATE_ROUTE requesting a shared TG for connection network traffic,
- CS checks its TGs for one meeting the required specifications before
- initiating a new link. First, CS looks for a link established for
- the TG pair; if there is no such link, CS determines if there is a
- regular TG that can be shared and, if multiple such TGs exist, which
- TG to choose. As a result, RTP connections routed over the same TG
- pair may actually use different links, and RTP connections routed
- over different TG pairs may use the same link.
-
- 2.5.2.4 Minimizing RSCV Length
-
- The maximum length of a Route Selection (X'2B') control vector (RSCV)
- is 255 bytes. Use of connection networks significantly increases the
- size of the RSCV contents required to describe a "hop" across an
- SATF. First, because two connection network TGs are used to specify
- an SATF hop, two TG Descriptor (X'46') control vectors are required.
- Furthermore, inclusion of DLC signaling information within the TG
- Descriptor control vectors increases the length of these control
- vectors. As a result, the total number of hops that can be specified
- in RSCVs traversing connection networks is reduced.
-
- To avoid unnecessarily limiting the number of hops, a primary goal in
- designing the formats for IP signaling information is to minimize
- their size. Additional techniques are also used to reduce the effect
- of the RSCV length limitation.
-
- For an IP connection network, DLC signaling information is required
- only for the second TG (i.e., from the VRN to the destination node);
- the signaling information for the first TG is locally defined at the
- origin node. For this reason, the topology database does not include
- DLC signaling information for the entry describing a connection
- network TG from a network node to a VRN. The DLC signaling
- information is included in the allied entry for the TG in the
- opposite direction. This mechanism cannot be used for a connection
- network TG between a VRN and an end node. However, a node
- implementing IP connection networks does not include IP signaling
- information for the first connection network TG when constructing an
- RSCV.
-
- In an environment where APPN network nodes are used to route between
- legacy LANs and wide-area IP networks, it is recommended that
- customers not define connection network TGs between these network
- nodes and VRNs representing legacy LANs. Typically, defined links
- are required between end nodes on the legacy LANs and such network
- nodes which also act as network node servers for the end nodes.
- These defined links can be used for user traffic as well as control
- traffic. This technique will reduce the number of connection network
- hops in RSCVs between end nodes on different legacy LANs.
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 25]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- Lastly, for environments where RSCVs are still not able to include
- enough hops, extended border nodes (EBNs) can be used to partition
- the network. In this case, the EBNs will also provide piecewise
- subnet route calculation and RSCV swapping. Thus, the entire route
- does not need to be described in a single RSCV with its length
- limitation.
-
- 2.5.3 XID Changes
-
- Packets transmitted over IP networks are lost or arrive out of order
- more often than packets transmitted over other "link" technologies.
- As a result, the following problem with the XID3 negotiation protocol
- was exposed:
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- *---------------------------------*
- |Node A Node B|
- *---------------------------------*
- o
- o
- o
- XID3 (np, NEG)
- o<-------------------------o
- |XID3 (np, SEC)
- *------------------------->o
- XID3 (np, PRI)|
- lost<-----------*
-
- time out
- XID3 (np, SEC)
- o------------------------->o
- SETMODE |
- o<-------------------------*
- fail because never
- received XID3 (np, PRI)
-
- Notation: np - negotiation proceeding
- NEG - negotiable link station role
- SEC - secondary link station role
- PRI - primary link station role
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
- Figure 9. XID3 Protocol Problem
-
- In the above sequence, the XID3(np, PRI), which is a link-level
- response to the received XID3(np, SEC), is lost. Node A times out
- and resends the XID3(np, SEC) as a link-level command. When Node B
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 26]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- receives this command, it thinks that the XID3(np, PRI) was
- successfully received by Node A and that the activation XID exchange
- is complete. As a result, Node B sends SETMODE (SNRM, SABME, or
- XID_DONE_RQ, depending upon the link type). When Node A receives
- SETMODE, it fails the link activation because it has not received an
- XID3(np, PRI) from Node B confirming that Node B does indeed agree to
- be the primary. Moreover, there are similar problems with incomplete
- TG number negotiation.
-
- To solve the problems with incomplete role and TG number negotiation,
- two new indicators are defined in XID3. The problems are solved only
- if both link stations support these new indicators:
-
- o Negotiation Complete Supported indicator (byte 12 bit 0) -- this
- 1-bit field indicates whether the Negotiation Complete indicator
- is supported. This field is meaningful when the XID exchange
- state is negotiation proceeding; otherwise, it is reserved. A
- value of 0 means the Negotiation Complete indicator is not
- supported; a value of 1 means the indicator is supported.
-
- o Negotiation Complete indicator (byte 12 bit 1) -- this 1-bit
- field is meaningful only when the XID exchange state is
- negotiation proceeding, the XID3 is sent by the secondary link
- station, and the Negotiation Complete Supported indicator is set
- to 1; otherwise, this field is reserved. This field is set to 1
- by a secondary link station that supports enhanced XID
- negotiation when it considers the activation XID negotiation to
- be complete for both link station role and TG number (i.e., it is
- ready to receive a SETMODE command from the primary link
- station.)
-
- When a primary link station that supports enhanced XID negotiation
- receives an XID3(np) with both the Negotiation Complete Supported
- indicator and the Negotiation Complete indicator set to 1, the
- primary link station will know that it can safely send SETMODE if it
- also considers the XID negotiation to be complete. The new
- indicators are used as shown in the following sequence when both the
- primary and secondary link stations support enhanced XID negotiation.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 27]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- *----------------------------------*
- |Node A Node B |
- *----------------------------------*
- o
- o
- o
- XID3 (np, NEG, S, ^C)
- 1 o<--------------------------o
- |XID3 (np, SEC, S, ^C)
- 2 *-------------------------->o
- XID3 (np, PRI, S, ^C)|
- 3 lost <-----------*
-
- time out
- XID3 (np, SEC, S, ^C)
- 4 o-------------------------->o
- XID3 (np, PRI, S, ^C)|
- 5 o<--------------------------*
- |XID3 (np, SEC, S, C)
- 6 *-------------------------->o
- SETMODE |
- 7 o<--------------------------*
-
- ^S indicates that byte 12 bit 0 is set to 0.
- S indicates that byte 12 bit 0 is set to 1.
- ^C indicates that byte 12 bit 1 is set to 0.
- C indicates that byte 12 bit 1 is set to 1.
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
- Figure 10. Enhanced XID Negotiation
-
- When Node B receives the XID in flow 4, it realizes that the Node A
- does not consider XID negotiation to be complete; as a result, it
- resends its current XID information in flow 5. When Node A receives
- this XID, it responds in flow 6 with an XID that indicates XID
- negotiation is complete. At this point, Node B, acting as the
- primary link station, sends SETMODE, and the link is activated
- successfully.
-
- Migration cases with only one link station supporting enhanced XID
- negotiation are shown in the two following sequences. In the next
- sequence, only Node A (acting as the secondary link station) supports
- the new function.
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 28]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- *---------------------------------*
- |Node A Node B|
- *---------------------------------*
- o
- o
- o
- XID3 (np, NEG, ^S)
- 1 o<--------------------------o
- |XID3 (np, SEC, S, ^C)
- 2 *-------------------------->o
- XID3 (np, PRI, ^S)|
- 3 lost <-----------*
-
- time out
- XID3 (np, SEC, S, ^C)
- 4 o-------------------------->o
- SETMODE |
- 5 o<--------------------------*
- fail
-
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
- Figure 11. First Migration Case
-
- The XID negotiation fails because Node B does not understand the new
- indicators and responds to flow 4 with SETMODE.
-
- In the next sequence, Node B supports the new indicators but Node A
- does not.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 29]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- *---------------------------------*
- |Node A Node B|
- *---------------------------------*
- o
- o
- o
- XID3 (np, NEG, S, ^C)
- 1 o<--------------------------o
- |XID3 (np, SEC, ^S)
- 2 *-------------------------->o
- XID3 (np, PRI, S, ^C)|
- 3 lost <-----------*
-
- time out
- XID3 (np, SEC, ^S)
- 4 o-------------------------->o
- SETMODE |
- 5 o<--------------------------*
- fail
-
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Figure 12. Second Migration Case
-
- The XID negotiation fails because Nobe A does not understand the new
- indicators and thus cannot indicate that it thinks XID negotiation is
- not complete in flow 4. Node B understands that the secondary link
- station (node A) does not support the new indicators and respond with
- SETMODE in flow 5.
-
- Products that support HPR/IP links are required to support enhanced
- XID negotiation. Moreover, it is recommended that products
- implementing this solution for HPR/IP links also support it for other
- link types.
-
- 2.5.4 Unsuccessful IP Link Activation
-
- Link activation may fail for several different reasons. When link
- activation over a connection network or of an auto-activatable link
- is attempted upon receiving ACTIVATE_ROUTE from SS, activation
- failure is reported with ACTIVATE_ROUTE_RSP containing sense data
- explaining the cause of failure. Likewise, when activation fails for
- other regular defined links, the failure is reported with
- START_LS(RSP) containing sense data.
-
-
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 30]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- As is normal for session activation failures, the sense data is also
- sent to the node that initiated the session. At the APPN-to-HPR
- boundary, a -RSP(BIND) or an UNBIND with an Extended Sense Data
- control vector is generated and returned to the primary logical unit
- (PLU).
-
- At an intermediate HPR node, link activation failure can be reported
- with sense data X'08010000' or X'80020000'. At a node with route-
- selection responsibility, such failure can be reported with sense
- data X'80140001'.
-
- The following table contains the sense data for the various causes of
- link activation failure:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 31]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | Table 1 (Page 1 of 2). Native IP DLC Link Activation Failure Sense |
- | Data |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | ERROR DESCRIPTION | SENSE DATA |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | The link specified in the RSCV is not available. | X'08010000' |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | The limit for null XID responses by a called node was | X'0809003A' |
- | reached. | |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | A BIND was received over a subarea link, but the next | X'08400002' |
- | hop is over a port that supports only HPR links. The | |
- | receiver does not support this configuration. | |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | The contents of the DLC Signaling Type (X'91') | X'086B4691' |
- | subfield of the TG Descriptor (X'46') control vector | |
- | contained in the RSCV were invalid. | |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | The contents of the IP Address and Link Service Access | X'086B46A5' |
- | Point Address (X'A5') subfield of the TG Descriptor | |
- | (X'46') control vector contained in the RSCV were | |
- | invalid. | |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | No DLC Signaling Type (X'91') subfield was found in | X'086D4691' |
- | the TG Descriptor (X'46') control vector contained in | |
- | the RSCV. | |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | No IP Address and Link Service Access Point Address | X'086D46A5' |
- | (X'A5') subfield was found in the TG Descriptor | |
- | (X'46') control vector contained in the RSCV. | |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | Multiple sets of DLC signaling information were found | X'08770019' |
- | in the TG Descriptor (X'46') control vector contained | |
- | in the RSCV. IP supports only one set of DLC | |
- | signaling information. | |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | Link Definition Error: A link is defined as not | X'08770026' |
- | supporting HPR, but the port only supports HPR links. | |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | A called node found no TG Identifier (X'80') subfield | X'088C4680' |
- | within a TG Descriptor (X'46') control vector in a | |
- | prenegotiation XID for a defined link in an IP | |
- | network. | |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 32]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | Table 1 (Page 2 of 2). Native IP DLC Link Activation Failure Sense |
- | Data |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | The XID3 received from the adjacent node does not | X'10160031' |
- | contain an HPR Capabilities (X'61') control vector. | |
- | The IP port supports only HPR links. | |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | The RTP Supported indicator is set to 0 in the HPR | X'10160032' |
- | Capabilities (X'61') control vector of the XID3 | |
- | received from the adjacent node. The IP port supports | |
- | only links to nodes that support RTP. | |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | The Control Flows over RTP Supported indicator is set | X'10160033' |
- | to 0 in the HPR Capabilities (X'61') control vector of | |
- | the XID3 received from the adjacent node. The IP port | |
- | supports only links to nodes that support control | |
- | flows over RTP. | |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | The LDLC Supported indicator is set to 0 in the HPR | X'10160034' |
- | Capabilities (X'61') control vector of the XID3 | |
- | received from the adjacent node. The IP port supports | |
- | only links to nodes that support LDLC. | |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | The HPR Capabilities (X'61') control vector received | X'10160044' |
- | in XID3 does not include an IEEE 802.2 LLC (X'80') HPR | |
- | Capabilities subfield. The subfield is required on an | |
- | IP link. | |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | Multiple defined links between a pair of switched | X'10160045' |
- | ports is not supported by the local node. A link | |
- | activation request was received for a defined link, | |
- | but there is an active defined link between the paired | |
- | switched ports. | |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | Multiple dynamic links across a connection network | X'10160046' |
- | between a pair of switched ports is not supported by | |
- | the local node. A link activation request was | |
- | received for a dynamic link, but there is an active | |
- | dynamic link between the paired switched ports across | |
- | the same connection network. | |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | Link failure | X'80020000' |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
- | Route selection services has determined that no path | X'80140001' |
- | to the destination node exists for the specified COS. | |
- +--------------------------------------------------------+-------------+
-
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 33]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- 2.6 IP Throughput Characteristics
-
- 2.6.1 IP Prioritization
-
- Typically, IP routers process packets on a first-come-first-served
- basis; i.e., no packets are given transmission priority. However,
- some IP routers prioritize packets based on IP precedence (the 3-bit
- field within the Type of Service byte of the IP header) or UDP port
- numbers. (With the current plans for IP security, the UDP port
- numbers are encrypted; as a result, IP routers would not be able to
- prioritize encrypted traffic based on the UDP port numbers.) HPR
- will be able to exploit routers that provide priority function.
-
- The 5 UDP port numbers, 12000-12004 (decimal), have been assigned by
- the Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA). Four of these port
- numbers are used for ANR-routed network layer packets (NLPs) and
- correspond to the APPN transmission priorities (network, 12001; high,
- 12002; medium, 12003; and low, 12004), and one port number (12000) is
- used for a set of LLC commands (i.e., XID, TEST, DISC, and DM) and
- function-routed NLPs (i.e., XID_DONE_RQ and XID_DONE_RSP). These
- port numbers are used for "listening" and are also used in the
- destination port number field of the UDP header of transmitted
- packets. The source port number field of the UDP header can be set
- either to one of these port numbers or to an ephemeral port number.
-
- The IP precedence for each transmission priority and for the set of
- LLC commands (including function-routed NLPs) are configurable. The
- implicit assumption is that the precedence value is associated with
- priority queueing and not with bandwidth allocation; however,
- bandwidth allocation policies can be administered by matching on the
- precedence field. The default mapping to IP precedence is shown in
- the following table:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 34]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- +---------------------------------------------+
- | Table 2. Default IP Precedence Settings |
- +----------------------+----------------------+
- | PRIORITY | PRECEDENCE |
- +----------------------+----------------------+
- | LLC commands and | 110 |
- | function-routed NLPs | |
- +----------------------+----------------------+
- | Network | 110 |
- +----------------------+----------------------+
- | High | 100 |
- +----------------------+----------------------+
- | Medium | 010 |
- +----------------------+----------------------+
- | Low | 001 |
- +----------------------+----------------------+
-
- As an example, with this default mapping, telnet, interactive ftp,
- and business-use web traffic could be mapped to a precedence value of
- 011, and batch ftp could be mapped to a value of 000.
-
- These settings were devised based on the AIW's understanding of the
- intended use of IP precedence. The use of IP precedence will be
- modified appropriately if the IETF standardizes its use differently.
- The other fields in the IP TOS byte are not used and should be set to
- 0.
-
- For outgoing ANR-routed NLPs, the destination (and optionally the
- source) UDP port numbers and IP precedence are set based on the
- transmission priority specified in the HPR network header.
-
- It is expected that the native IP DLC architecture described in this
- document will be used primarily for private campus or wide-area
- intranets where the customer will be able to configure the routers to
- honor the transmission priority associated with the UDP port numbers
- or IP precedence. The architecture can be used to route HPR traffic
- in the Internet; however, in that environment, routers do not
- currently provide the priority function, and customers may find the
- performance unacceptable.
-
- In the future, a form of bandwidth reservation may be possible in IP
- networks using the Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP), or the
- differentiated services currently being studied by the Integrated
- Services working group of the IETF. Bandwidth could be reserved for
- an HPR/IP link thus insulating the HPR traffic from congestion
- associated with the traffic of other protocols.
-
-
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 35]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- 2.6.2 APPN Transmission Priority and COS
-
- APPN transmission priority and class of service (COS) allow APPN TGs
- to be highly utilized with batch traffic without impacting the
- performance of response-time sensitive interactive traffic.
- Furthermore, scheduling algorithms guarantee that lower-priority
- traffic is not completely blocked. The result is predictable
- performance.
-
- When a session is initiated across an APPN network, the session's
- mode is mapped into a COS and transmission priority. For each COS,
- APPN has a COS table that is used in the route selection process to
- select the most appropriate TGs (based on their TG characteristics)
- for the session to traverse. The TG characteristics and COS tables
- are defined such that APPN topology and routing services (TRS) will
- select the appropriate TG for the traffic of each COS.
-
- 2.6.3 Default TG Characteristics
-
- In Chapter 7 (TRS) of [1], there is a set of SNA-defined TG default
- profiles. When a TG (connection network or regular) is defined as
- being of a particular technology (e.g., ethernet or X.25) without
- specification of the TG's characteristics, parameters from the
- technology's default profile are used in the TG's topology entry.
- The customer is free to override these values via configuration.
- Some technologies have multiple profiles (e.g., ISDN has both a
- profile for switched and nonswitched.) Two default profiles are
- required for IP TGs. This many are needed because there are both
- campus and wide-area IP networks. As a result for each HPR/IP TG, a
- customer should specify, at minimum, campus or wide area. HPR/IP TGs
- traversing the Internet should be specified as wide-area links. If
- no specification is made, a campus network is assumed.
-
- The 2 IP profiles are as follows:
-
- +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | Table 3. IP Default TG Characteristics |
- +-------------------+---------+----------+---------+---------+---------+
- | | Cost | Cost per | Security| Propa- | Effec- |
- | | per | byte | | gation | tive |
- | | connect | | | delay | capacity|
- | | time | | | | |
- +-------------------+---------+----------+---------+---------+---------+
- | Campus | 0 | 0 | X'01' | X'71' | X'75' |
- +-------------------+---------+----------+---------+---------+---------+
- | Wide area | 0 | 0 | X'20' | X'91' | X'43' |
- +-------------------+---------+----------+---------+---------+---------+
-
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 36]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- Typically, a TG is either considered to be "free" if it is owned or
- leased or "costly" if it is a switched carrier facility. Free TGs
- have 0 for both cost parameters, and costly TGs have 128 for both
- parameters. For campus IP networks, the default for both cost
- parameters is 0.
-
- It is less clear what the defaults should be for wide area. Because
- a router normally has leased access to an IP network, the defaults
- for both costs are also 0. This assumes the IP network is not
- tariffed. However, if the IP network is tariffed, then the customer
- should set the cost per byte to 0 or 128 depending on whether the
- tariff contains a component based on quantity of data transmitted,
- and the customer should set the cost per connect time to 0 or 128
- based on whether there is a tariff component based on connect time.
- Furthermore, for switched access to the IP network, the customer
- settings for both costs should also reflect the tariff associated
- with the switched access link.
-
- Only architected values (see "Security" in [1]) may be used for a
- TG's security parameter. The default security value is X'01'
- (lowest) for campus and X'20' (public switched network; secure in the
- sense that there is no predetermined route the traffic will take) for
- wide-area IP networks. The network administrator may override the
- default value but should, in that case, ensure that an appropriate
- level of security exists.
-
- For wide area, the value X'91' (packet switched) is the default for
- propagation delay; this is consistent with other wide-area facilities
- and indicates that IP packets will experience both terrestrial
- propagation delay and queueing delay in intermediate routers. This
- value is suitable for both the Internet and wide-area intranets;
- however, the customer could use different values to favor intranets
- over the Internet during route selection. The value X'99' (long) may
- be appropriate for some international links across the Internet. For
- campus, the default is X'71' (terrestrial); this setting essentially
- equates the queueing delay in IP networks with terrestrial
- propagation delay.
-
- For wide area, X'43' (56 kbs) is shown as the default effective
- capacity; this is at the low-end of typical speeds for wide-area IP
- links. For campus, X'75' (4 Mbs) is the default; this is at the
- low-end of typical speeds for campus IP links. However, customers
- should set the effective capacity for both campus and wide area IP
- links based on the actual physical speed of the access link to the IP
- network; for regular links, if both the source and destination access
- speeds are known, customers should set the effective capacity based
- on the minimum of these two link speeds. If there are multiple
- access links, the capacity setting should be based on the physical
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 37]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- speed of the access link that is expected to be used for the link.
-
- For the encoding technique for effective capacity in the topology
- database, see "Effective Capacity" in Chapter 7, Topology and Routing
- Services of [1]. The table in that section can be extended as
- follows for higher speeds:
-
- +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | Table 4. Calculated Effective Capacity Representations |
- +-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
- | Link Speed (Approx.) | Effective Capacity |
- +-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
- | 25M | X'8A' |
- +-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
- | 45M | X'91' |
- +-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
- | 100M | X'9A' |
- +-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
- | 155M | X'A0' |
- +-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
- | 467M | X'AC' |
- +-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
- | 622M | X'B0' |
- +-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
- | 1G | X'B5' |
- +-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
- | 1.9G | X'BC' |
- +-----------------------------------+----------------------------------+
-
- 2.6.4 SNA-Defined COS Tables
-
- SNA-defined batch and interactive COS tables are provided in [1].
- These tables are enhanced in [2] (see section 18.7.2) for the
- following reasons:
-
- o To ensure that the tables assign reasonable weights to ATM TGs
- relative to each other and other technologies based on cost,
- speed, and delay
-
- o To facilitate use of other new higher-speed facilities - This
- goal is met by providing several speed groupings above 10 Mbps.
- To keep the tables from growing beyond 12 rows, low-speed
- groupings are merged.
-
- Products implementing the native IP DLC should use the new COS
- tables. Although the effective capacity values in the old tables are
- sufficient for typical IP speeds, the new tables are valuable because
- higher-speed links can be used for IP networks.
-
-
-
- Dudley Informational [Page 38]
-
- RFC 2353 APPN/HPR in IP Networks May 1998
-
-
- 2.6.5 Route Setup over HPR/IP links
-
- The Resequence ("REFIFO") indicator is set in Route Setup request and
- reply when the RTP path uses a multi-link TG because packets may not
- be received in the order sent. The Resequence indicator is also set
- when the RTP path includes an HPR/IP link as packets sent over an IP
- network may arrive out of order.
-
- Adaptive rate-based congestion control (ARB) is an HPR Rapid
- Transport Protocol (RTP) function that controls the data transmission
- rate over RTP connections. ARB also provides fairness between the
- RTP traffic streams sharing a link. For ARB to perform these
- functions in the IP environment, it is necessary to coordinate the
- ARB parameters with the IP TG characteristics. This is done for IP
- links in a similar manner to that done for other link types.
-
- 2.6.6 Access Link Queueing
-
- Typically, nodes implementing the native IP DLC have an access link
- to a network of IP routers. These IP routers may be providing
- prioritization based on UDP port numbers or IP precedence. A node
- implementing the native IP DLC can be either an IP host or an IP
- router; in both cases, such nodes should also honor the priorities
- associated with either the UDP port numbers or the IP precedence when
- transmitting HPR data over the access link to the IP network.
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- *--------* access link *--------* *--------*
- | HPR |-------------| IP |-----| IP |
- | node | | Router | | Router |
- *--------* *--------* *--------*
- | |
- | |
- | |
- *--------* *--------* access link *--------*
- | IP |-----| IP |-------------| HPR |
- | Router | | Router | | node |
- *--------* *--------* *--------*
-
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------
- Figure 13. Access Links
-
- Otherwise, the priority function in the router network will be
- negated with the result being HPR interactive traffic delayed by
- either HPR batch traffic or the traffic of other higher-layer
- protocols at the access link queues.
-
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-
- 2.7 Port Link Activation Limits
-
- Three parameters are provided by NOF to CS on DEFINE_PORT(RQ) to
- define the link activation limits for a port: total limit, inbound
- limit, and outbound limit. The total limit is the desired maximum
- number of active link stations allowed on the port for both regular
- TGs and connection network TGs. The inbound limit is the desired
- number of link stations reserved for connections initiated by
- adjacent nodes; the purpose of this field is to insure that a minimum
- number of link stations may be activated by adjacent nodes. The
- outbound limit is the desired number of link stations reserved for
- connections initiated by the local node. The sum of the inbound and
- outbound limits must be less than or equal to the total limit. If
- the sum is less than the total limit, the difference is the number of
- link stations that can be activated on a demand basis as either
- inbound or outbound. These limits should be based on the actual
- adapter capability and the node's resources (e.g., control blocks).
-
- A connection network TG will be reported to topology as quiescing
- when its port's total limit threshold is reached; likewise, an
- inactive auto-activatable regular TG is reported as nonoperational.
- When the number of active link stations drops far enough below the
- threshold (e.g., so that at least 20 percent of the original link
- activation limit has been recovered), connection network TGs are
- reported as not quiescing, and auto-activatable TGs are reported as
- operational.
-
- 2.8 Network Management
-
- APPN and HPR management information is defined by the APPN MIB (RFC
- 2155 [11]) and the HPR MIB (RFC 2238 [13]). In addition, the SNANAU
- working group of the IETF plans to define an HPR-IP-MIB that will
- provide HPR/IP-specific management information. In particular, this
- MIB will provide a mapping of APPN traffic types to IP Type of
- Service Precedence values, as well as a count of UDP packets sent for
- each traffic type.
-
- There are also rules that must be specified concerning the values an
- HPR/IP implementation returns for objects in the APPN MIB:
-
- o Several objects in the APPN MIB have the syntax IANAifType. The
- value 126, defined as "IP (for APPN HPR in IP networks)" should
- be returned by the following three objects when they identify an
- HPR/IP link:
-
- - appnPortDlcType
- - appnLsDlcType
- - appnLsStatusDlcType
-
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- o Link-level addresses are reported in the following objects:
-
- - appnPortDlcLocalAddr
- - appnLsLocalAddr
- - appnLsRemoteAddr
- - appnLsStatusLocalAddr
- - appnLsStatusRemoteAddr
-
- All of these objects should return ASCII character strings that
- represent IP addresses in the usual dotted-decimal format. (At
- this point it's not clear what the "usual...format" will be for
- IPv6 addresses, but whatever it turns out to be, that is what
- these objects will return when an HPR/IP link traverses an IP
- network.)
-
- o The following two objects return Object Identifiers that tie
- table entries in the APPN MIB to entries in lower-layer MIBs:
-
- - appnPortSpecific
- - appnLsSpecific
-
- Both of these objects should return the same value: a RowPointer
- to the ifEntry in the agent's ifTable for the physical interface
- associated with the local IP address for the port. If the agent
- implements the IP-MIB (RFC 2011 [12]), this association between
- the IP address and the physical interface will be represented in
- the ipNetToMediaTable.
-
- 2.9 IPv4-to-IPv6 Migration
-
- The native IP DLC is architected to use IP version 4 (IPv4).
- However, support for IP version 6 (IPv6) may be required in the
- future.
-
- IP routers and hosts can interoperate only if both ends use the same
- version of the IP protocol. However, most IPv6 implementations
- (routers and hosts) will actually have dual IPv4/IPv6 stacks. IPv4
- and IPv6 traffic can share transmission facilities provided that the
- router/host at each end has a dual stack. IPv4 and IPv6 traffic will
- coexist on the same infrastructure in most areas. The version number
- in the IP header is used to map incoming packets to either the IPv4
- or IPv6 stack. A dual-stack host which wishes to talk to an IPv4
- host will use IPv4.
-
- Hosts which have an IPv4 address can use it as an IPv6 address using
- a special IPv6 address prefix (i.e., it is an embedded IPv4 address).
- This mapping was provided mainly for "legacy" application
- compatibility purposes as such applications don't have the socket
-
-
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- structures needed to store full IPv6 addresses. Two IPv6 hosts may
- communicate using IPv6 with embedded-IPv4 addresses.
-
- Both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses can be stored by the domain name service
- (DNS). When an application queries DNS, it asks for IPv4 addresses,
- IPv6 addresses, or both. So, it's the application that decides which
- stack to use based on which addresses it asks for.
-
- Migration for HPR/IP ports will work as follows:
-
- An HPR/IP port is configured to support IPv4, IPv6, or both. If IPv4
- is supported, a local IPv4 address is defined; if IPv6 is supported,
- a local IPv6 address (which can be an embedded IPv4 address) is
- defined. If both IPv4 and IPv6 are supported, both a local IPv4
- address and a local IPv6 address are defined.
-
- Defined links will work as follows: If the local node supports IPv4
- only, a destination IPv4 address may be defined, or an IP host name
- may be defined in which case DNS will be queried for an IPv4 address.
- If the local node supports IPv6 only, a destination IPv6 address may
- be defined, or an IP host name may be defined in which case DNS will
- be queried for an IPv6 address. If both IPv4 and IPv6 are supported,
- a destination IPv4 address may be defined, a destination IPv6 address
- may be defined, or an IP host name may be defined in which case DNS
- will be queried for both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses; if provided by DNS,
- an IPv6 address can be used, and an IPv4 address can be used
- otherwise.
-
- Separate IPv4 and IPv6 connection networks can be defined. If the
- local node supports IPv4, it can define a connection network TG to
- the IPv4 VRN. If the local node supports IPv6, it can define a TG to
- the IPv6 VRN. If both are supported, TGs can be defined to both
- VRNs. Therefore, the signaling information received in RSCVs will be
- compatible with the local node's capabilities unless a configuration
- error has occurred.
-
- 3.0 References
-
- [1] IBM, Systems Network Architecture Advanced Peer-to-Peer
- Networking Architecture Reference, SC30-3442-04. Viewable at URL:
- http://www.raleigh.ibm.com/cgi-bin/bookmgr/BOOKS/D50L0000/CCONTENTS
-
- [2] IBM, Systems Network Architecture Advanced Peer-to-Peer
- Networking High Performance Routing Architecture Reference, Version
- 3.0, SV40-1018-02. Viewable at URL: http://www.raleigh.ibm.com/cgi-
- bin/bookmgr/BOOKS/D50H6001/CCONTENTS
-
-
-
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-
-
- [3] IBM, Systems Network Architecture Formats, GA27-3136-16.
- Viewable at URL: http://www.raleigh.ibm.com/cgi-
- bin/bookmgr/BOOKS/D50A5003/CCONTENTS
-
- [4] Wells, L. and A. Bartky, "Data Link Switching: Switch-to-Switch
- Protocol, AIW DLSw RIG: DLSw Closed Pages, DLSw Standard Version
- 1.0", RFC 1795, April 1995.
-
- [5] Bryant, D. and P. Brittain, "APPN Implementers' Workshop Closed
- Pages Document DLSw v2.0 Enhancements", RFC 2166, June 1997.
-
- [6] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, August
- 1980.
-
- [7] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, September 1981.
-
- [8] Almquist, P., "Type of Service in the Internet Protocol Suite",
- RFC 1349, July 1992.
-
- [9] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts -- Communication
- Layers", STD 3, RFC 1122, October 1989.
-
- [10] Braden, R., Zhang, L., Berson, S., Herzog, S., and S. Jamin,
- "Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP) -- Version 1 Functional
- Specification", RFC 2205, September 1997.
-
- [11] Clouston, B., and B. Moore, "Definitions of Managed Objects for
- APPN using SMIv2", RFC 2155, June 1997.
-
- [12] McCloghrie, K., "SNMPv2 Management Information Base for the
- Internet Protocol using SMIv2", RFC 2011, November 1996.
-
- [13] Clouston, B., and B. Moore, "Definitions of Managed Objects for
- HPR using SMIv2", RFC 2238, November 1997.
-
- 4.0 Security Considerations
-
- For HPR, the IP network appears to be a link. For that reason, the
- SNA session-level security functions (user authentication, LU
- authentication, session encryption, etc.) are still available for
- use. In addition, as HPR traffic flows as UDP datagrams through the
- IP network, IPsec can be used to provide network-layer security
- inside the IP network.
-
- There are firewall considerations when supporting HPR traffic using
- the native IP DLC. First, the firewall filters can be set to allow
- the HPR traffic to pass. Traffic can be restricted based on the
- source and destination IP addresses and the destination port number;
-
-
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-
-
- the source port number is not relevant. That is, the firewall should
- accept traffic with the IP addresses of the HPR/IP nodes and with
- destination port numbers in the range 12000 to 12004. Second, the
- possibility exists for an attack using forged UDP datagrams; such
- attacks could cause the RTP connection to fail or even introduce
- false data on a session. In environments where such attacks are
- expected, the use of network-layer security is recommended.
-
- 5.0 Author's Address
-
- Gary Dudley
- C3BA/501
- IBM Corporation
- P.O. Box 12195
- Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
-
- Phone: +1 919-254-4358
- Fax: +1 919-254-6243
- EMail: dudleyg@us.ibm.com
-
-
-
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-
-
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-
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-
-
- 6.0 Appendix - Packet Format
-
- 6.1 HPR Use of IP Formats
-
- +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | 6.1.1 IP Format for LLC Commands and Responses |
- | |
- | The formats described here are used for the |
- | following LLC commands and responses: XID |
- | command and response, TEST command and response, |
- | DISC command, and DM response. |
- +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
-
-
- +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | IP Format for LLC Commands and Responses |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | Byte | Bit | Content |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | 0-p | | IP header (see note 1) |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | p+1- | | UDP header (see note 2) |
- | p+8 | | |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | p+9- | | IEEE 802.2 LLC header (see note 3) |
- _____________________
- | p+11 | | |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | p+9 | | DSAP: same as for the base APPN (i.e., X'04' or an |
- | | | installation-defined value) |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | p+10 | | SSAP: same as for the base APPN (i.e., X'04' or an |
- | | | installation-defined value) |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | p+11 | | Control: set as appropriate |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | p+12-n| | Remainder of PDU: XID3 or TEST information field, or |
- | | | null for DISC command and DM response |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
-
-
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- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | | | Note 1: Rules for encoding the IP header can be found |
- | | | in RFC 791. |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | | | Note 2: Rules for encoding the UDP header can be |
- | | | found in RFC 768. |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
-
- +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | IP Format for LLC Commands and Responses |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | Byte | Bit | Content |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
-
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | | | Note 3: Rules for encoding the IEEE 802.2 LLC header |
- | | | can be found in ISO/IEC 8802-2:1994 (ANSI/IEEE Std |
- | | | 802.2, 1994 Edition), Information technology - |
- | | | Telecommunications and information exchange between |
- | | | systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - |
- | | | Specific requirements - Part 2: Logical Link Control. |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
-
- +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | 6.1.2 IP Format for NLPs in UI Frames |
- | |
- | This format is used for either LDLC specific |
- | messages or HPR session and control traffic. |
- +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
- +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | IP Format for NLPs in UI Frames |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | Byte | Bit | Content |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | 0-p | | IP header (see note 1) |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | p+1- | | UDP header (see note 2) |
- | p+8 | | |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | p+9- | | IEEE 802.2 LLC header |
- _____________________
- | p+11 | | |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
-
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- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | p+9 | | DSAP: the destination SAP obtained from the IEEE |
- | | | 802.2 LLC (X'80') subfield in the HPR Capabilities |
- | | | (X'61') control vector in the received XID3 (see note |
- | | | 3) |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | p+10 | | SSAP: the source SAP obtained from the IEEE 802.2 LLC |
- | | | (X'80') subfield in the HPR Capabilities (X'61') |
- | | | control vector in the sent XID3 (see note 4) |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | p+11 | | Control: |
- +-------+-----+-------+------------------------------------------------+
- | | | X'03' | UI with P/F bit off |
- +-------+-----+-------+------------------------------------------------+
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | p+12-n| | Remainder of PDU: NLP |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | | | Note 1: Rules for encoding the IP header can be found |
- | | | in RFC 791. |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | | | Note 2: Rules for encoding the UDP header can be |
- | | | found in RFC 768. |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
- | IP Format for NLPs in UI Frames |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | Byte | Bit | Content |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | | | Note 3: The User-Defined Address bit is considered |
- | | | part of the DSAP. The Individual/Group bit in the |
- | | | DSAP field is set to 0 by the sender and ignored by |
- | | | the receiver. |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
- | | | Note 4: The User-Defined Address bit is considered |
- | | | part of the SSAP. The Command/Response bit in the |
- | | | SSAP field is set to 0 by the sender and ignored by |
- | | | the receiver. |
- +-------+-----+--------------------------------------------------------+
-
-
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- 7.0 Full Copyright Statement
-
- Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1997). All Rights Reserved.
-
- This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
- others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or
- assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and
- distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind,
- provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included
- on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself
- may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice
- or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations,
- except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in
- which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet
- Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into
- languages other than English.
-
- The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
- revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.
-
- This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS
- IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK
- FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
- LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT
- INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR
- FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
-
-
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