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From: [e-mail] (John T. Grieggs)
Subject: (23Aug93) comp.graphics Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
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Archive-name: graphics/faq

This message is posted once a week or so in an effort to cut down on the
repetitive junk in comp.graphics.  It was last changed on 23Aug93.  If you
have answers to other frequently asked questions that you would like included
in this posting, please send me mail.  If you don't want to see this posting
every week, please add the subject line to your kill file.  Thank you.

If your copy of the FAQ is more than a couple of weeks old, you may want to
seek out the most recent version.  The latest version of this FAQ is always
available on rtfm.mit.edu as pub/usenet/news.answers/graphics/faq.

---
_john

    John Grieggs [e-mail] [e-mail]
---
Last update: 23Aug93

I'd like to get a good summary of the chunky vs. bitplane graphics debate
which went on on the amiga graphics newsgroup recently.  The basic points,
as far as I can see, are efficiency and desirability.  If you'd like to
offer a summary, or if you archived the debate, please mail me.

I'd also like to get some references on OpenGL, and maybe a summary of
OpenGL vs. PEX/PHIGS.

It was pointed out to me tha the book, "A Programmer's Geometry", seems to
be unavailable.  Is it out of print?  Is there some alternative?

What's new?

Removal of CGM software mention from vector section - I never did recieve
anything more than a vague comment that something or other was there that
might do something like that.  (me)

Addition of hp2xx-3.1.2 blurb, same section ([e-mail]).

Correction of Watt book title (FAQ.082293).

        [e-mail]



Contents:

    1) General references for graphics questions.
    2) Drawing three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional screen.
    3) Quantizing 24 bit images down to 8 bits.
    4) Converting color into grayscale.
    5) Quantizing grayscale to black&white.
    6) Rotating a raster image by an arbitrary angle.
    7) Free image manipulation software.
    8) Format documents for TIFF, IFF, BIFF, NFF, OFF, FITS, etc.
    9) Converting between vector formats.
    10) How to get Pixar films.
    11) How do I draw a circle as a Bezier (or B-spline) curve?
    12) How to order standards documents.
    13) How to FTP by email.
    14) How to tell whether a point is within a planar polygon.
    15) How to tessellate a sphere.
    16) Specific references on ray-tracing and global illumination.
    17) SIGGRAPH information online
    18) SIGGRAPH Panels Proceedings available
    19) Graphics mailing lists
    20) Specific references on file formats
    21) What about GIF?
    22) What is morphing?
    23) How to ray-trace height fields
    24) How to find the area of a 3D polygon
    25) How to join ACM/SIGGRAPH
    26) Where can I find MRI and CT scan volume data?
    27) Specific references on spatial data structures including quadtrees
    and octrees
    28) Where can I get a program to plot XY(Z) data or f(x) data?
    29) Specific references on PEX and PHIGS
    30) SIGGRAPH Online Bibliography Project


1) General references for graphics questions:

    Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice (2nd Ed.), J.D. Foley,
    A. van Dam, S.K. Feiner, J.F. Hughes, Addison-Wesley 1990, ISBN
    0-201-12110-7
    Procedural Elements for Computer Graphics, David F. Rogers, McGraw
    Hill 1985, ISBN 0-07-053534-5
    Mathematical Elements for Computer Graphics 2nd Ed., David F. Rogers
    and J. Alan Adams, McGraw Hill 1990, ISBN 0-07-053530-2
    Fundamentals of Three-Dimensional Computer Graphics, Alan Watt,
    Addison-Wesley 1990, ISBN 0-201-15442-0
    An Introduction to Ray Tracing, Andrew Glassner (ed.), Academic Press
    1989, ISBN 0-12-286160-4
    Graphics Gems, Andrew Glassner (ed.), Academic Press 1990, ISBN
    0-12-286165-5
    Graphics Gems II, James Arvo (ed.), Academic Press 1991, ISBN
    0-12-64480-0
    Graphics Gems III, David Kirk (ed.), Academic Press 1992, ISBN
    0-12-409670-0 (with IBM disk) or 0-12-409671-9 (with Mac disk)
    Digital Image Warping, George Wolberg, IEEE Computer Society Press
    Monograph 1990, ISBN 0-8186-8944-7
    Digital Image Processing (2nd Ed.), Rafael C. Gonzalez, Paul Wintz,
    Addison-Wesley 1987, ISBN 0-201-11026-1
    A Programmer's Geometry, Adrian Bowyer, John Woodwark, Butterworths 1983,
    ISBN 0-408-01242-0 Pbk
    Advanced Animation and Rendering Techniques, Alan Watt, Mark Watt,
      Addison-Wesley 1992, ISBN 0-201-54412-1

An automatic mail handler at Brown University allows users of "Computer
Graphics: Principles and Practice," by Foley, van Dam, Feiner, and
Hughes, to obtain text errata and information on distribution of the
software packages described in the book.  Also, users can send the
authors feedback, to report text errors and software bugs, make
suggestions, and submit exercises.  To receive information describing
how you can use the mail handler, simply mail [e-mail]
and put the word "Help" in the Subject line.  Use the Subject line
"Software-Distribution" to receive information specifically concerning
the software packages SRGP and SPHIGS.

Errata for "An Introduction to Ray Tracing" is available on
wuarchive.wustl.edu in graphics/graphics/books/IntroToRT.errata.

Errata for "Digital Image Warping" is in the same directory as
"Digital-Image-Warping.errata".

All C code from the "Graphics Gems" series is available via anonymous ftp
from princeton.edu.  Look in the directory pub/Graphics/GraphicsGems for
the various volumes (Gems, GemsII, GemsIII), and get the README file first.

Errata to _Graphics Gems_ and _Graphics Gems II is available on
wuarchive.wustl.edu in graphics/graphics/books.

A list of computer graphics, computational geometry and image processing
journals is available from Juhana Kouhia, [e-mail].


2) Drawing three-dimensional objects on a two-dimensional screen.

There are many ways to do this.  Some approaches map the viewing rectangle
onto the scene, by shooting rays through each pixel center and assigning
color according to the object hit by the ray.  Other approaches map the
scene onto the viewing rectangle, by drawing each object into the region,
keeping track of which object is in front of which.

The mapping mentioned above is also referred to as a "projection", and the
two most popular projections are perspective projection and parallel
projection.  For example, to do a parallel projection of a scene onto a
viewing rectangle, you can just discard the Z coordinate (divide by depth),
and "clip" the objects to the viewing rectangle (discard portions that lie
outside the region).

For details on 3D rendering, the Foley, van Dam, Feiner and Hughes book,
"Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice" would be a good place to start
reading.  Chapter 6 is "Viewing in 3D", and chapter 15 is "Visible-Surface
Determination".  For more information go to chapter 16 for shading, chapter
19 for clipping, and branch out from there.


3) Quantizing 24 bit images down to 8 bits.

Find a copy of "Color Image Quantization for Frame Buffer Display" by
Paul Heckbert, SIGGRAPH '82 Proceedings, page 297.  There are other
algorithms, but this one works well and is fairly simple.  Implementations
are included in most raster toolkits (see item 7 below).

A variant method is described in "Graphics Gems", p. 287-293.  Note that
the code from the "Graphics Gems" series is all available from an FTP site,
as described above.

Check out John Bradley's "Diversity Algorithm", which is incorporated into
the xv package and described in the back of the manual.

The ImageMagick package (see section 7 for where it is) contains another
quantizing algorithm which is presented as "doing a better job than the
other algorithms, but slower".

There's also an implementation of:

Wan, Wong, and Prusinkiewicz, _An Algorithm for Multidimensional Data
Clustering_, Transactions on Mathematical Software, Vol. 14 #2 (June, 1988),
pp. 153-162.

avialable as princeton.edu:pub/Graphics/colorquant.shar.  This code,
in modified form, appears in the Utah Raster Toolkit as well.


4) Converting color into grayscale.

The NTSC formula is:

    luminosity = .299 red + .587 green + .114 blue


5) Quantizing grayscale to black&white.

The only reference you need for this stuff is:

    Digital Halftoning, Robert Ulichney, MIT Press 1987, ISBN 0-262-21009-6

But before you go off and start coding, check out the image manipulation
software mentioned in item 7 below.  All of the packages mentioned can do
some form of gray to b&w conversion.


6) Rotating a raster image by an arbitrary angle.

The obvious but wrong method is to loop over the pixels in the source
image, transform each coordinate, and copy the pixel to the destination.
This is wrong because it leaves holes in the destination.  Instead,
loop over the pixels in the destination image, apply the *reverse*
transformation to the coordinates, and copy that pixel from the source.
This method is quite general, and can be used for any one-to-one
2-D mapping, not just rotation.  You can add anti-aliasing by doing
sub-pixel sampling.

However, there is a much faster method, with antialising included,
which involves doing three shear operations.  The method was originally
created for the IM Raster Toolkit (see below); an implementation is
also present in PBMPLUS.  Reference: "A Fast Algorithm for Raster
Rotation", by Alan Paeth ([e-mail]) Graphics
Interface '86 (Vancouver).  An article on the IM toolkit appears in
the same journal.  An updated version of the rotation paper appears
in "Graphics Gems" (see section [1]) under the original title.


7) Free image manipulation software.

There are a number of toolkits for converting from one image format to
another, doing simple image manipulations such as size scaling, plus
the above-mentioned 24 -> 8, color -> gray, gray -> b&w conversions.
Here are pointers to some of them:

    xv by John Bradley.  X-based image display, manipulation, and format
    conversion package.  XV displays many image formats and permits editing
    of GIF files, among others. The program was updated 5/92; see the file
    contrib/xv-3.00.tar.Z on export.lcs.mit.edu.

    PBMPLUS, by Jef Poskanzer.  Comprehensive format conversion and image
    manipulation package.  The latest version is always available via
    anonymous FTP as ftp.ee.lbl.gov:pbmplus*.tar.Z,
    wuarchive.wustl.edu:graphics/graphics/packages/pbmplus/pbmplus*.tar.Z,
    and export.lcs.mit.edu:contrib/pbmplus*.tar.Z.

    IM Raster Toolkit, by Alan Paeth ([e-mail]).
    Provides a portable and efficient format and related toolkit.  The
    format is versatile in supporting pixels of arbitrary channels,
    components, and bit precisions while allowing compression and machine
    byte-order independence.  The kit contains more than 50 tools with
    extensive support of image manipulation, digital halftoning and format
    conversion.  Previously distributed on tape c/o the University of
    Waterloo, an FTP version will appear someday.

    Utah RLE Toolkit.  Conversion and manipulation package, similar to
    PBMPLUS.  Available via FTP as cs.utah.edu:pub/urt-*,
    princeton.edu:pub/Graphics/urt-*, and freebie.engin.umich.edu:pub/urt-*.

    Fuzzy Pixmap Manipulation, by Michael Mauldin <[e-mail]>.
    Conversion and manipulation package, similar to PBMPLUS.  Version 1.0
    available via FTP as nl.cs.cmu.edu:/usr/mlm/ftp/fbm.tar.Z,
    ftp.uu.net:pub/fbm.tar.Z, and ucsd.edu:graphics/fbm.tar.Z.

    Img Software Set, by Paul Raveling <[e-mail]>.  Reads and
    writes its own image format, displays on an X11 screen, and does some
    image manipulations.  Version 1.3 is available via FTP as
    export.lcs.mit.edu:contrib/img_1.3.tar.Z, and
    venera.isi.edu:pub/img_1.3.tar.Z along with a large collection of color
    images.

    Xim, X Image Manipulator, by Philip R. Thompson.  It does essential
    interactive image manipulations and uses x11r4 and the OSF/Motif toolkit
    for the interface.  It supports images in 1, 8, 24 and 32 bit formats.
    Reads/writes and converts to/from GIF, xwd, xbm, tiff, rle, xim, and
    other formats.  Writes level 2 postscript.  Other utilities and image
    application library are included.  Not a paint package.  Available via
    ftp from gis.mit.edu.

    xloadimage, by Jim Frost <[e-mail]>.  Reads in images in various
    formats and displays them on an X11 screen.  Available via FTP as
    export.lcs.mit.edu:contrib/xloadimage*, and in your nearest comp.sources.x
    archive.

    xli, by Grame Gill, is an updated xloadimage with numerous improvements
    in both speed and in the number of formats supported.  Available in the
    same places as xloadimage (contrib tape, comp.sources.x archives).

    TIFF Software, by Sam Leffler <[e-mail]>.  Nice
    portable library for reading and writing TIFF files, plus a few tools
    for manipulating them and reading other formats.  Available via FTP as
    ucbvax.berkeley.edu:pub/tiff/*.tar.Z or ftp.uu.net:graphics/tiff.tar.Z

    xtiff, an X11 tool for viewing a TIFF file.  It was written to handle
    as many different kinds of TIFF files as possible while remaining
    simple, portable and efficient.  xtiff illustrates some common problems
    with building pixmaps and using different visual classes.  It is
    distributed as part of Sam Leffler's libtiff package and it is also
    available on export.lcs.mit.edu, ftp.uu.net and comp.sources.x.
    xtiff 2.0 was announced in 4/91; it includes Xlib and Xt versions.

    ALV, a Sun-specific image toolkit.  Version 2.0.6 posted to
    comp.sources.sun on 11dec89.  Also available via email to
    [e-mail].

    popi, an image manipulation language.  Version 2.1 posted to
    comp.sources.misc on 12dec89.

    ImageMagick, an X11 package for display and interactive manipulation
    of images.  Includes tools for image conversion, annotation, compositing,
    animation, and creating montages.  ImageMagick can read and write many of
    the more popular image formats.  Available via FTP as
    export.lcs.mit.edu:contrib/ImageMagick.tar.Z.

    Khoros, a huge (~100 meg) graphical development environment based on
    X11R4.  Khoros components include a visual programming language, code
    generators for extending the visual language and adding new application
    packages to the system, an interactive user interface editor, an
    interactive image display package, an extensive library of image and
    signal processing routines, and 2D/3D plotting packages.  Available via
    FTP as pprg.eece.unm.edu:pub/khoros/*.

    LaboImage, a SunView-based image processing and analysis package.  It
    includes more than 200 image manipulation, processing and measurement
    routines, on-line help, plus tools such as an image editor, a color
    table editor and several biomedical utilities.  Available via anonymous
    FTP on nic.funet.fi in /pub/graphics/packages.

    The San Diego Supercomputer Center Image Tools, software tools for
    reading, writing, and manipulating raster images.  Binaries for some
    machines available via anonymous FTP in sdsc.edu:sdscpub.

    The Independent JPEG Group has written a package for reading and
    writing JPEG files.  FTP to ftp.uu.net:graphics/jpeg/jpegsrc.v?.tar.Z

    bit (Bitmap Image Touchup), by T.C. Zhao, is a full color viewer/editor
    with a variety of features.  SGI only.  It may be obtained via FTP at
    monte.svec.uh.edu in /pub/bit.

Don't forget to set binary mode when you FTP tar files.  For you MILNET
folks who still don't have name servers, the IP addresses are:

    cs.utah.edu            128.110.4.21
    coral.cs.jcu.edu.au        137.219.17.4
    export.lcs.mit.edu        18.24.0.12
    freebie.engin.umich.edu    141.212.103.21
    ftp.ee.lbl.gov        128.3.112.20
    ftp.uu.net            137.39.1.9 or 192.48.96.9
    gis.mit.edu            18.80.1.118
    gondwana.ecr.mu.oz.au    128.250.70.62
    karazm.math.uh.edu        129.7.7.6
    marsh.cs.curtin.edu.au    134.7.1.1
    monte.svec.uh.edu        129.7.2.23
    nic.funet.fi        128.214.6.100
    ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu        141.142.20.50
    nl.cs.cmu.edu        128.2.222.56
    rtfm.mit.edu        18.70.0.224
    pprg.eece.unm.edu        129.24.24.10
    princeton.edu        128.112.128.1
    sdsc.edu            132.249.20.22
    telva.ccu.uniovi.es        156.35.31.31
    ucbvax.berkeley.edu        128.32.133.1
    venera.isi.edu        128.9.0.32
    weedeater.math.yale.edu    128.36.23.17
    wuarchive.wustl.edu        128.252.135.4
    zamenhof.cs.rice.edu    128.42.1.75

Please do *not* post or mail messages saying "I can't FTP, could someone
mail this to me?"  There are a number of automated mail servers that will
send you things like this in response to a message.  See item 13 below for
details on some.

Also, the newsgroup alt.graphics.pixutils is specifically for discussion
of software like this.  You may find useful information there.


8) Format documents for TIFF, IFF, BIFF, NFF, OFF, FITS, etc.

You almost certainly don't need these.  Read the above item 7 on free
image manipulation software.  Get one or more of these packages and
look through them.  Chances are excellent that the image converter you
were going to write is already there.  But if you still want one of the
format documents, many such files are available by anonymous ftp from
zamenhof.cs.rice.edu in directory pub/graphics.formats.

These files were collected off the net and are believed to be correct.
This archive includes pixel formats, and two- and three-dimensional object
formats.  The future of this archive is uncertain at the moment, as Mark
Hall <[e-mail]> will apparently no longer be maintaining it.

A second graphics file format archive is now being actively maintained
by Quincey Koziol ([e-mail]).  The latest version exists at
ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu in /misc/file.formats/graphics.formats.  Apparently,
neither of these is complete, you might want to check both.

FITS stands for Flexible Image Transport System. It's a file format most
often used in astronomy.  Despite the name, it can contain not only images
but other things as well.  There is a regular monthly FITS basics and
information posting on sci.astro.fits - read it if you want to know more.

Yet a third graphics file format archive was spotted on telva.ccu.uniovi.es.


9) Converting between vector formats.

A lot of people ask about converting from HPGL to PostScript, or MacDraw
to CGM, or whatever.  It is important to understand that this is a very
different problem from the image format conversions in item 7.  Converting
one image format to another is a fairly easy problem, since once you
get past all the file header junk, a pixel is a pixel -- the basic objects
are the same for all image formats.  This is not so for vector formats.
The basic objects -- circles, ellipses, drop-shadowed pattern-filled
round-cornered rectangles, etc. -- vary from one format to another.
Except in extremely restricted cases, it is simply not possible to do
a one-to-one conversion between vector formats.

On the other hand, it is quite possible to do a close approximation,
rendering an image from one format using the primitives from another.
As far as I know, no one has put together a general toolkit of such
converters, but two different HPGL to PostScript converters have been
posted to comp.sources.misc.  Check the index on your nearest archive
site.

A related frequent question is how to convert from some vector format
to a bitmapped image - from PostScript to Sun raster format, or HPGL to
X11 bitmap.  For example, some of the commercial PostScript clones for
PC's allow you to render to a disk file as well as a printer.  Also,
the PostScript interpreters in the NeXT box and in Sun's X11/NeWs can
be used to render to a file if you're clever.  But in general, the
answer is no.  However, if someone were to put together a vector to
vector conversion toolkit, adding a vector to raster converter would be
trivial.

GNU ghostscript (from the FSF - current version 2.6.1) includes
drivers for both ppm and gif format files, thus it can be used as
a PostScript to ppm  or a PostScript to GIF filter.  (It implements
essentially all of PostScript level 1 and alot of Display PostScript
and level 2).

There is a package called hp2xx, which includes a fairly nice HP-GL
previewer/converter, and which can convert to several formats, including
PBM.  The latest version is hp2xx-3.1.2.tar.  It's available on many
archive sites.


10) How to get Pixar films.

The various John Lasseter / Pixar computer animated shorts are available
on video tape.  You can order them from Direct Cinema Limited:

    Film                           Individual Price      Institutional Price
    Luxo, Jr.                $14.95            $50.00
    Red's Dream                $19.95            $75.00
    Tin Toy                $24.95            $75.00
    Knickknack                $24.95            $75.00
    Luxo, Jr./Red's Dream/Tin Toy    $39.95            $100.00

All tapes are on 1/2" VHS NTSC.  Add $10/tape for PAL format.  Also
available:

    Tin Toy T-shirt            $15.00
    Knickknack 3D T-shirt        $15.00 (includes glasses)

For individual orders, add $5 S&H for the first tape or shirt, $2 for
each additional tape or shirt.  For institutional orders, add $5 S&H
for the first tape, $3 for each additional tape.  Foreign shipping, add
$3/tape or shirt.  Call 800-525-0000 (213-396-4774 international,
213-396-3233 FAX) to charge to your credit card.  Call first to verify
prices and availability.  Or, just write to:

    Direct Cinema Limited
    1749 14th Street
    Santa Monica, CA 90404-4342

Allan Braunsdorf has this to say:

At SIGGRAPH they were selling a tape with all four shorts
for $25.  That was a sale price.  You can get it for slightly
more than that normally.  ($35 maybe.)  I believe it's
available from RenderMan Retail (at Pixar's address).

    Pixar
    1001 West Cutting Blvd.
    Richmond, CA. 94804
    [phone]
    [phone] (FAX)

You can obtain a video directly from Pixar which contains "Luxo, Jr.", "Red's
Dream", "Tin Toy" and "Knicknack" for $25.00, plus $2.50 for shipping. They
will take your order over the phone or via FAX with a major credit card. I
ordered mine just last week and received it several days later. Don't expect
to be able to rent a copy from your local video store. According to the license
agreement printed on the back cover of the case, it cannot be rented.


11) How do I draw a circle as a Bezier (or B-spline) curve?

The short answer is, "You can't."  Unless you use a rational spline you
can only approximate a circle.  The approximation may look acceptable,
but it is sensitive to scale.  Magnify the scale and the error of
approximation magnifies.  Deviations from circularity that were not
visible in the small can become glaring in the large.  If you want to
do the job right, consult the article:

  "A Menagerie of Rational B-Spline Circles"
  by Leslie Piegl and Wayne Tiller
  in IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, volume 9, number 9,
  September, 1989, pages 48-56.

For rough, non-rational approximations, consult the book:

  Computational Geometry for Design and Manufacture
  by I. D. Faux and M. J. Pratt,
  Ellis Horwood Publishers, Halsted Press, John Wiley 1980.

For the best known non-rational approximations, consult the article:

  "Good Approximation of Circles by Curvature-continuous Bezier Curves"
  by Tor Dokken, Morten Daehlen, Tom Lyche, and Knut Morken
  in Computer Aided Geometric Design, volume 7, numbers 1-4 (combined),
  June, 1990, pages 33-41 [Elsevier Science Publishers (North-Holland)]


12) How to order standards documents.

The American National Standards Institute sells ANSI standards, and also
ISO (international) standards.  Their sales office is at 1-212-642-4900,
mailing address is 1430 Broadway, NY NY 10018.  It helps if you have the
complete name and number.

Some useful numbers to know:

CGM (Computer Graphics Metafile) is ISO 8632-4 (1987).  GKS (Graphical
Kernel System) is ANSI X3.124-1985.  PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical
Interactive Graphics System) is ANSI X3.144-1988.  IGES is ASME/ANSI
Y14.26M-1987.  Language bindings are often separate but related numbers;
for example, the GKS FORTRAN binding is X3.124.1-1985.

Standards-in-progress are made available at key milestones to solicit
comments from the graphical public (this includes you!).  ANSI can let
you know where to order them; most are available from Global Engineering
at 1-800-854-7179.


13) How to FTP by email.

There are a number of sites that archive the Usenet sources newsgroups
and make them available via an email query system.  You send a message
to an automated server saying something like "send comp.sources.unix/fbm",
and a few hours or days later you get the file in the mail.

In addition, there is at least one FTP-by-mail server.  Send mail to
[e-mail] saying "help" and it will tell you how to use
it.  Note that this service has at times been turned off due to abuse.


14) How to tell whether a point is within a planar polygon.

Consider a ray originating at the point of interest and continuing to
infinity.  If it crosses an odd number of polygon edges along the way,
the point is within the polygon.  If the ray crosses an even number of
edges, the point is either outside the polygon, or within an interior
hole formed from intersecting polygon edges.  This idea is known in
the trade as the Jordan curve theorem; see Eric Haines' article in
Glassner's ray tracing book (above) for more information, including
treatment of special cases.

Another method is to sum the absolute angles from the point to all
the vertices on the polygon.  If the sum is 2 pi, the point is inside,
if the sum is 0 the point is outside.  However, this method is about an
order of magnitude slower than the previous method because evaluating the
trigonometric functions is usually quite costly.

Code for both methods (plus barycentric triangle testing) can be found in
the Ray Tracing News, Vol. 5, No. 3, available from princeton.edu:
pub/Graphics/RTNews/RTNv5n3.Z.


15) How to tessellate a sphere.

One simple way is to do recursive subdivision into triangles.  The
base of the recursion is an octahedron, and then each level divides
each triangle into four smaller ones.  Jon Leech <[e-mail]>
has posted a nice routine called sphere.c that generates the coordinates.
It's available for FTP on ftp.ee.lbl.gov and princeton.edu.

16) Specific references on ray-tracing and global illumination.

Rick Speer maintains a cross-indexed ray-tracing bibliography:

Highlights of this edition-

    i) more than 500 citations spanning the period from 1968 through
       November '91;
    ii) papers from all Siggraph, Graphics Interface, Eurographics, CG
        International and Ausgraph proceedings through December, '91;
    iii) all citations keyworded for easy lookup;
    iv) cross-indices by keyword and author;
    v)  glossary of the 119 keywords used.

The bib is in the form of a PostScript file.  The printout is 41 pages long.
Below is a list of ftp sites and the dirs that contain the file. It's named
"speer.raytrace.bib.ps.Z" and is compressed at most sites-

             Site                             Dir
    wuarchive.wustl.edu    graphics/graphics/bib/RT.BIB.Speer/
    karazm.math.uh.edu    pub/Graphics/
    gondwana.ecr.mu.oz.au    pub/papers/
    nic.funet.fi        pub/sci/papers/graphics
    coral.cs.jcu.edu.au     graphics/papers/

Eric Haines ([e-mail]) maintains ray tracing and radiosity/global
illumination bibliographies.  These are in "refer" format, and so can be
searched electronically (a simple awk script to search for keywords is
included with each).  The bibliographies are available at most of the
sites listed above, and the most current versions are maintained at
princeton.edu: pub/Graphics/Papers as "RayBib.*" and "RadBib.*".

Tom Wilson ([e-mail]) has collected over 300 abstracts from ray
tracing related research papers and books.  The information is essentially
in plaintext, and Latex and troff formatting programs are included.  This
collection is available at most of the sites above as "rtabs.*".

17) SIGGRAPH information online

[from Steve Cunningham and Ralph Orlick]

ACM-SIGGRAPH announces its online information site at  siggraph.org
(128.248.245.250).  This site now provides SIGGRAPH information via both
anonymous ftp and an electronic mail archive server.

The anonymous ftp service is very standard, and the ftp directory includes
both conference and publications subdirectories.

To retrieve information by electronic mail, send mail to
     [e-mail]
and in the subject or the body of the message include the message  send
followed by the topic and subtopic you wish.  A good place to start is with
the command
     send index
which will give you an up-to-date list of available information.


18) SIGGRAPH Panels Proceedings available

[from Steve Cunningham and Bob Judd]

ACM SIGGRAPH announces the availability of the SIGGRAPH '91 Panels Proceedings
at the  siggraph.org  site (128.248.245.250).  The proceedings are available
in three formats:
     text   (ASCII)
     rtf    (rich text format, suitable for many word processors)
     word   (MS Word for the Macintosh)
They may be retrieved from siggraph.org in two ways:

(1) by anonymous ftp
    change to one of the directories
       publications/s91/panels_proceedings/[text|rtf|word]
    The text and rtf files may be downloaded in ASCII mode, while the word
    files are stored in MacBinary format and must be downloaded in binary
    mode.

    Each directory contains a Table of Contents file (TOC) that describes the
    contents of each panel file.

(2) by electronic mail
    send mail to
       [e-mail]
    You can retrieve either the  text  or  rtf  files.  We suggest that you
    first retrieve the index files by putting one of the messages
       send panel91-txt index
       send panel91-rtf index
    in the subject or body of the message.  You will get the necessary
    information to retrieve the actual transcript files.


19) Graphics mailing lists

There are a variety of graphics-related mailing list out there, each
covering either a single product or a single topic.  I have been an
active participant in one of these for some time now, and find the
focus and expertise which can be brought to bear on an isolated topic
to be nothing short of amazing.

Please send me the appropriate information if you have any others you
would like to see added.

Name:        Imagine mailing list
Description:    Discussion forum for users of the Imagine 3D Rendering and
        Animation package by Impulse, Inc.
Platforms:    Amiga, IBM
Subscription:    [e-mail]
Posting:    [e-mail]

Name:        DCTV mailing list
Description:    Discussion forum for users of the Digital Creations DCTV
        box, software, and file formats
Platforms:    Amiga
Subscription:    [e-mail]
Posting:    [e-mail]

Name:        Rayshade Users mailing list
Description:    Discussion forum for users of the Rayshade raytracer
Platforms:    Most UNIX boxes, Amiga, Mac, IBM
Subscription:    [e-mail]
Posting:    [e-mail]

Name:        Lightwave 3D software for Toaster mailing list
Description:    Discussion forum for users of Lightwave, the Video
        Toaster modelling and rendering package
Platforms:    Amiga
Subscription:    [e-mail]
        with "subscribe lightwave-l" in your message
Posting:    [e-mail]

Name:        POV mailing list
Description:    Discussion forum for DKBTrace and POV renderers
Platforms:    Unix
Subscription:    [e-mail]
Posting:    [e-mail]

Name:        Mailing List For Massive Parallel Rendering
Description:    same?
Platforms:    Unix
Subscription:    [e-mail]
Posting:    [e-mail]

Name:        Video Toaster mailing list
Description:    Discussion forum for those interested in the Video Toaster
        product by NewTek
Platforms:    Amiga, IBM, Mac
Subscription:    [e-mail] (send a message containing
        subscribe toaster-l [e-mail])
Posting:    [e-mail]

20) Specific references on file formats

    Graphics File Formats, David Kay and John Levine, Windcrest/McGraw-Hill
      1992, ISBN 0-8306-3060-0 $36.95 hardcover, ISBN 0-8306-3059-7 $24.95
      paper.  Comments - 26 formats, no software (this is good, IMHO - I
      prefer books which are non-platform-dependent).  Questions about this
      book may be sent to [e-mail].


21) What about GIF?

GIF stands for Graphics Interchange Format.  It is portable and usable upon
a wide variety of platforms.  It is quite limited in some ways (yes, the
keeper of the FAQ has some opinions after all), and in fact, I don't like
it much.  However, it looks to me like the most-Frequently Asked Question
which was not previously covered in this list.  The following is a list
of newsgroups and the like where one could go to find out about GIF.

Subject: alt.binaries.pictures FAQ - General info
Subject: alt.binaries.pictures FAQ - OS specific info
Newsgroups: alt.binaries.pictures.d,alt.binaries.pictures.misc,
    alt.binaries.pictures.utilities,alt.binaries.pictures.fractals,
    alt.binaries.pictures.fine-art.d,news.answers

Available in the indicated USENET newsgroup(s), or via anonymous ftp from
rtfm.mit.edu in the files:

/pub/usenet/news.answers/pictures-faq/part1
/pub/usenet/news.answers/pictures-faq/part2

Also available from [e-mail] by sending a mail
message containing any or all of:

send usenet/news.answers/pictures-faq/part1
send usenet/news.answers/pictures-faq/part2

Send a message containing "help" to get general information about the
mail server.

Also, you could check out the resources described in sections 7, 8, and
20 above for more information.


22) What is morphing?

Warping is the deformation of an image by mapping each pixel to a new
location. Morphing is blending from one image or object to another one.
Valerie Hall has written an excellent introduction to warping and
morphing. This is available for anonymous ftp from marsh.cs.curtin.edu.au
in the directory pub/graphics/bibliography/Morph. There are three files:

        morph_intro.ps.Z     (PostScript version, many pictures - 1.5M)
        morph_intro.txt.Z    (text version)
        m_responses.Z        (Responses to morphing questions)

The files are compressed, so you must use binary transfer and
uncompress them afterwards.


23) How to ray-trace height fields

Height fields are a special case in ray-tracing.  They have a number of uses,
such as terrain rendering, and some optimization is possible.  Thus, they
get their own FAQ section.  Note that further references can no doubt be
located via the ray-tracing bibs in section 16 above.

The following paper seems to be the definitive reference:

F. Kenton Musgrave
Grid Tracing: Fast Ray Tracing For Height Fields
July, 1988
<musg88.ps.Z>

This is available as "Research Report YALEU/DCS/RR-639" from Yale University,
it's also in the SIGGRAPH '91 Fractal Modeling in 3D Computer Graphics and
Imaging course notes, and (best of all) it's available on the net:

    nic.funet.fi        pub/sci/papers/musg88.ps.Z
    weedeater.math.yale.edu    pub/Papers/musg88.ms.Z
    princeton.edu        pub/Graphics/Papers/musg88.ms.Z
    coral.cs.jcu.edu.au        graphics/papers/musg88.ps.Z
    gondwana.ecr.mu.OZ.AU    pub/papers/musg88.ms.Z and musg88.ps.Z

An implementation of this paper may be found in Rayshade.

Another paper exists:

%A David W. Paglieroni
%A Sidney M. Petersen
%T Parametric Height Field Ray Tracing
%J Proceedings of Graphics Interface '92
%I Canadian Information Processing Society
%C Toronto, Ontario
%D May 1992
%P 192-200

And still one more:

Musgrave, Kolb, and Mace
"The Synthesis and Rendering of Eroded Fractal Terrains",
Computer Graphics Vol 23, No. 3 (SIGGRAPH '89 procedings) p. 41-50



24) How to find the area of a 3D polygon

    The area of a triangle is given by (in C notation),

     area = 0.5 * ( ( x[0] * y[1] ) + ( x[1] * y[2] ) + ( x[2] * y[0] ) -
                ( x[1] * y[0] ) - ( x[2] * y[1] ) - ( x[0] * y[2] ) );

and the area of a planar polygon is given by

     area = 0.0;

     for ( i = 0; i < n - 1; i++ )
         area += ( x[i] * y[i + 1] ) - ( x[i + 1] * y[i] );
     area += ( x[n - 1] * y[0] ) - ( x[0] * y[n - 1] );
     area /= 2.0;

If the area is a negative number, the polygon or triangle is
clockwise, if positive, it is counterclockwise.

>From Ronald Goldman's Gem (in Graphics Gems II - see section 1 above), "Area
 of Planar Polygons and Volume of Polyhedra:"

The area of a polygon P0, P1, P2, ... Pn, not in the x-y plane, is
given by

     Area(Polygon) = 1/2 * | N . Sigma { Pk x Pk+1 } |

where N is the unit vector normal to the plane and P is a polygonal
vertex.  The . represents the dot product operator and the x
represents the cross product operator.  Sigma represents the summation
operator.  | | represents the absolute value operator.  Pn+1 is equal
to P0.


25) How to join ACM/SIGGRAPH

Probably the easiest way to join ACM/SIGGRAPH is to trot over to your
local technical library and find a copy of Communications of the ACM.
Somewhere within the first few pages will be an application blank.
Fill it out and mail it in.  ACM membership for students costs $24.00,
Voting or Associate Membership $79.00 (yearly)

SIGGRAPH student membership costs an additional $50.00, $59.00 for Voting
or Associate Members (also yearly).  To get TOG (Transactions on Graphics)
it's another $27.00 for students and $32.00 for Voting or Associate Members
(TOG is an ACM publication, not a SIGGRAPH publication).

If you just want to join SIGGRAPH without joining ACM, it'll cost you
$85.00 (no student discount).

There are surcharges for overseas airmailing of publications.

ACM Member services may be contacted via email at [e-mail].
Their phone number is [phone].  FAX number [phone].
Snailmail address:

                ACM
                PO Box 12114
                Church Street Station
                New York, New York 10257

SIGGRAPH `93 will be held in Anaheim, California, at the Anaheim Convention
Center (just up the street from Disneyland) on August 1-6, 1993.

26) Where can I find MRI and CT scan volume data?

Volume data sets are available from the University of North Carolina at
omicron.cs.unc.edu (152.2.128.159) in /pub/softlab/CHVRTD.  (Commerical
use is prohibited.)

Head data - A 109-slice MRI data set of a human head.

Knee data - A 127-slice MRI data set of a human knee.

HIPIP data - The result of a quantum mechanical calculation of a SOD data
of a one-electron orbital of HIPIP, an iron protein.

SOD data - An electron density map of the active site of SOD (superoxide
dismutase).

CT Cadaver Head data - A 113-slice MRI data set of a CT study of a cadaver
head.

MR Brain data -  A 109-slice MRI data set of a head with skull partially
removed to reveal brain.

RNA data - An electron density map for Staphylococcus Aureus Ribonuclease.


27) Specific references on spatial data structures including quadtrees
    and octrees

H. Samet,
The Design and Analysis of Spatial Data Structures,
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1990.
ISBN 0-201-50255-0.

H. Samet,
Applications of Spatial Data Structures:  Computer Graphics, Image Processing, a
nd GIS,
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1990.
ISBN 0-201-50300-0.


28) Where can I get a program to plot XY(Z) data or f(x) data?

Gnuplot is a command-driven interactive data/function  plotting program.  It
runs on just about any machine, and is very flexible in terms of supported
output devices.  The official North American distribution site for the latest
version is dartmouth.edu in /pub/gnuplot.  More information is available from
the USENET newsgroup comp.graphics.gnuplot and its FAQ, graphics/gnuplot-faq.

ACE/gr (xmgr - Motif/xvgr - XView) is a data/function plotting tool for
workstations or X-terminals using X.  Available from ftp.ccalmr.ogi.edu
in /CCALMR/pub/acegr.

robotx (Robot) is a general purpose plotting and data analysis program.
Requires XView, X-terminal or workstation.  Available from sunsite.unc.edu
in /pub/academic/data_analysis.

Xgraph is a popular two-dimensional plotting program that accepts data in a
form similar to the unix program graph and displays line graphs, scatter plots,
or bar charts on an X11 display.  Available from ic.berkeley.edu in /pub.

Drawplot is a program for drawing 2D plots on X10/X11 windows, SUNVIEW
displays, or HP2648 terminals. Available from xcf.berkeley.edu in /src/local.

29) Specific references on PEX and PHIGS

    PEXlib Programming Manual, Tom Gaskins, 1154 pages, O'Reilly & Associates,
    ISBN 1-56592-028-7

    PEXlib Reference Manual, edited by Steve Talbott, 577 pages, O'Reilly &
    Associates, ISBN 1-56592-029-5

    PHIGS Programming Manual, Tom Gaskins, 908 pages, O'Reilly & Associates,
    ISBN 0-93775-85-4 (softcover), ISBN 0-937175-92-7 (casebound)

    PHIGS Reference Manual, edited by Linda Kosko, 1099 pages, O'Reilly &
    Associates, ISBN 0-937175-91-9

    A Primer for PHIGS, Hopgood, Duce & Johnston, 298 pages, Wiley,
    ISBN 0-471-93330-9

30) SIGGRAPH Online Bibliography Project

The ACM SIGGRAPH Online Bibliography Project is a database of over 15,000
unique computer graphics and computational geometry references in BibTeX
format, available to the computer graphics community as a research and
educational resource.

The database is located at "siggraph.org".  Users may download the BibTeX
files via FTP and peruse them offline, or telnet to "siggraph.org" and log
in as "biblio" and interactively search the database for entries of interest,
by keyword.

Additions/corrections/suggestions may be directed to the admin,
"[e-mail]".
--
John T. Grieggs (Telos @ Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, Ca. 91109 M/S 525-3660    [phone]
Uucp: {cit-vax,elroy,chas2}!jpl-devvax!grieggs
Arpa: ...jpl-devvax![e-mail]