home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
Unknown | 1995-03-26 | 42.3 KB |
open in:
MacOS 8.1
|
Win98
|
DOS
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view as text
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Confidence | Program | Detection | Match Type | Support
|
---|
100%
| file
| data
| default
|
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hex view+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
|00000000| 62 04 00 00 00 00 bf 14 | bf 14 01 00 ad 02 6c 17 |b.......|......l.|
|00000010| 02 00 39 01 a5 18 03 00 | a1 01 46 1a 04 00 3c 01 |..9.....|..F...<.|
|00000020| 82 1b 05 00 e5 01 67 1d | 06 00 a7 01 0e 1f 07 00 |......g.|........|
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|00000040| 0a 00 62 00 43 23 0b 00 | c2 01 05 25 0c 00 6a 00 |..b.C#..|...%..j.|
|00000050| 6f 25 0d 00 2f 00 9e 25 | 0e 00 40 01 de 26 0f 00 |o%../..%|..@..&..|
|00000060| 9e 01 7c 28 10 00 88 01 | 04 2a 11 00 20 01 24 2b |..|(....|.*.. .$+|
|00000070| 12 00 43 00 67 2b 13 00 | 28 01 8f 2c 14 00 36 00 |..C.g+..|(..,..6.|
|00000080| c5 2c 15 00 a5 00 6a 2d | 16 00 8a 00 f4 2d 17 00 |.,....j-|.....-..|
|00000090| 84 00 78 2e 18 00 f0 00 | 68 2f 19 00 b2 00 1a 30 |..x.....|h/.....0|
|000000a0| 1a 00 fb 00 15 31 1b 00 | bb 00 d0 31 1c 00 6c 00 |.....1..|...1..l.|
|000000b0| 3c 32 1d 00 d7 00 13 33 | 1e 00 c1 00 d4 33 1f 00 |<2.....3|.....3..|
|000000c0| a2 01 76 35 20 00 a4 00 | 1a 36 21 00 b2 00 cc 36 |..v5 ...|.6!....6|
|000000d0| 22 00 6a 01 36 38 23 00 | c4 00 fa 38 24 00 36 00 |".j.68#.|...8$.6.|
|000000e0| 30 39 25 00 90 00 c0 39 | 26 00 01 01 c1 3a 27 00 |09%....9|&....:'.|
|000000f0| 2f 00 f0 3a 28 00 2f 00 | 1f 3b 29 00 b0 00 cf 3b |/..:(./.|.;)....;|
|00000100| 2a 00 71 00 40 3c 2b 00 | d4 00 14 3d 2c 00 2f 00 |*.q.@<+.|...=,./.|
|00000110| 43 3d 2d 00 2d 00 70 3d | 2e 00 38 00 a8 3d 2f 00 |C=-.-.p=|..8..=/.|
|00000120| e9 01 91 3f 30 00 ac 00 | 3d 40 31 00 30 00 6d 40 |...?0...|=@1.0.m@|
|00000130| 32 00 76 00 e3 40 33 00 | ce 01 b1 42 34 00 d2 00 |2.v..@3.|...B4...|
|00000140| 83 43 35 00 b4 00 37 44 | 36 00 37 00 6e 44 37 00 |.C5...7D|6.7.nD7.|
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|00000190| 42 00 1e 01 54 4f 43 00 | 9d 00 f1 4f 44 00 91 00 |B...TOC.|...OD...|
|000001a0| 82 50 45 00 70 00 f2 50 | 46 00 4b 01 3d 52 47 00 |.PE.p..P|F.K.=RG.|
|000001b0| 3c 02 79 54 48 00 e5 00 | 5e 55 49 00 d9 00 37 56 |<.yTH...|^UI...7V|
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|000001f0| 52 00 ef 00 a2 5d 53 00 | 8b 00 2d 5e 54 00 8b 00 |R....]S.|..-^T...|
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|00000210| 74 00 31 60 58 00 29 00 | 5a 60 59 00 92 00 ec 60 |t.1`X.).|Z`Y....`|
|00000220| 5a 00 29 00 15 61 5b 00 | 8b 00 a0 61 5c 00 46 01 |Z.)..a[.|...a\.F.|
|00000230| e6 62 5d 00 2f 00 15 63 | 5e 00 2f 00 44 63 5f 00 |.b]./..c|^./.Dc_.|
|00000240| 76 00 ba 63 60 00 99 00 | 53 64 61 00 95 00 e8 64 |v..c`...|Sda....d|
|00000250| 62 00 48 01 30 66 63 00 | 47 00 77 66 64 00 87 00 |b.H.0fc.|G.wfd...|
|00000260| fe 66 65 00 39 00 37 67 | 66 00 d3 00 0a 68 67 00 |.fe.9.7g|f....hg.|
|00000270| f0 00 fa 68 68 00 30 00 | 2a 69 69 00 b6 00 e0 69 |...hh.0.|*ii....i|
|00000280| 6a 00 d5 00 b5 6a 6b 00 | 95 00 4a 6b 6c 00 dd 00 |j....jk.|..Jkl...|
|00000290| 27 6c 6d 00 28 01 4f 6d | 78 00 31 00 80 6d 6f 00 |'lm.(.Om|x.1..mo.|
|000002a0| 32 01 b2 6e 70 00 53 01 | 05 70 71 00 2d 00 32 70 |2..np.S.|.pq.-.2p|
|000002b0| 72 00 9d 00 cf 70 73 00 | 35 00 04 71 74 00 c8 00 |r....ps.|5..qt...|
|000002c0| cc 71 75 00 8a 00 56 72 | 76 00 d2 00 28 73 77 00 |.qu...Vr|v...(sw.|
|000002d0| 48 01 70 74 78 00 92 00 | 02 75 79 00 0b 01 0d 76 |H.ptx...|.uy....v|
|000002e0| 7a 00 20 00 2d 76 7b 00 | 5c 00 89 76 7c 00 7b 00 |z. .-v{.|\..v|.{.|
|000002f0| 04 77 7d 00 2e 00 32 77 | 7e 00 7f 00 b1 77 7f 00 |.w}...2w|~....w..|
|00000300| 2b 00 dc 77 80 00 f7 00 | d3 78 81 00 72 01 45 7a |+..w....|.x..r.Ez|
|00000310| 82 00 31 00 76 7a 83 00 | d3 00 49 7b 84 00 51 00 |..1.vz..|..I{..Q.|
|00000320| 9a 7b 85 00 49 00 e3 7b | 86 00 a5 01 88 7d 87 00 |.{..I..{|.....}..|
|00000330| e1 00 69 7e 88 00 6b 01 | d4 7f 89 00 e9 00 bd 80 |..i~..k.|........|
|00000340| 8a 00 c4 00 81 81 8b 00 | 81 02 02 84 8c 00 75 00 |........|......u.|
|00000350| 77 84 8d 00 2a 00 a1 84 | 8e 00 92 01 33 86 8f 00 |w...*...|....3...|
|00000360| 20 01 53 87 90 00 32 00 | 85 87 91 00 15 01 9a 88 | .S...2.|........|
|00000370| 92 00 2e 00 c8 88 93 00 | 88 00 50 89 94 00 2c 00 |........|..P...,.|
|00000380| 7c 89 95 00 09 01 85 8a | 96 00 2c 00 b1 8a 97 00 ||.......|..,.....|
|00000390| d0 01 81 8c 98 00 d0 00 | 51 8d 99 00 b1 00 02 8e |........|Q.......|
|000003a0| 9a 00 dc 00 de 8e 9b 00 | 92 00 70 8f 9c 00 aa 00 |........|..p.....|
|000003b0| 1a 90 9d 00 05 01 1f 91 | 9e 00 b5 00 d4 91 9f 00 |........|........|
|000003c0| 2d 00 01 92 a0 00 7b 01 | 7c 93 a1 00 7c 00 f8 93 |-.....{.||...|...|
|000003d0| a2 00 2a 00 22 94 a3 00 | 3d 00 5f 94 a4 00 2e 00 |..*."...|=._.....|
|000003e0| 8d 94 a5 00 34 00 c1 94 | a6 00 4c 00 0d 95 a7 00 |....4...|..L.....|
|000003f0| 86 01 93 96 a8 00 64 01 | f7 97 a9 00 6e 00 65 98 |......d.|....n.e.|
|00000400| aa 00 01 02 66 9a ab 00 | c5 00 2b 9b ac 00 1e 01 |....f...|..+.....|
|00000410| 49 9c ad 00 2f 01 78 9d | ae 00 47 01 bf 9e af 00 |I.../.x.|..G.....|
|00000420| 1d 01 dc 9f b0 00 29 00 | 05 a0 b1 00 53 00 58 a0 |......).|....S.X.|
|00000430| b2 00 89 00 e1 a0 b3 00 | db 00 bc a1 b4 00 10 01 |........|........|
|00000440| cc a2 b5 00 2d 00 f9 a2 | b6 00 34 00 2d a3 b7 00 |....-...|..4.-...|
|00000450| 2a 00 57 a3 b8 00 38 00 | 8f a3 b9 00 1e 00 ad a3 |*.W...8.|........|
|00000460| ba 00 29 01 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 67 |..). | This g|
|00000470| 6c 6f 73 73 61 72 79 20 | 69 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 |lossary |is from |
|00000480| 49 6e 74 65 72 72 75 70 | 74 20 4c 69 73 74 20 62 |Interrup|t List b|
|00000490| 79 20 52 61 6c 66 20 42 | 72 6f 77 6e 0d 0a 20 2d |y Ralf B|rown.. -|
|000004a0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000004b0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000004c0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d |--------|--------|
|000004d0| 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d | 2d 2d 2d 2d 2d 0d 0a 20 |--------|-----.. |
|000004e0| 26 41 32 30 40 30 30 30 | 31 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |&A20@000|1 |
|000004f0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000500| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 26 41 42 49 4f 53 40 30 | |&ABIOS@0|
|00000510| 30 30 32 0d 0a 20 26 41 | 50 49 40 30 30 30 33 20 |002.. &A|PI@0003 |
|00000520| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000530| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 26 41 | | &A|
|00000540| 50 4c 40 30 30 30 34 0d | 0a 20 26 41 56 41 54 41 |PL@0004.|. &AVATA|
|00000550| 52 40 30 30 30 35 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |R@0005 | |
|00000560| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000570| 20 20 26 42 41 53 49 43 | 40 30 30 30 36 0d 0a 20 | &BASIC|@0006.. |
|00000580| 26 42 43 44 40 30 30 30 | 37 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |&BCD@000|7 |
|00000590| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000005a0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 26 42 69 67 2d 45 6e 64 | |&Big-End|
|000005b0| 69 61 6e 40 30 30 30 38 | 0d 0a 20 26 42 49 4f 53 |ian@0008|.. &BIOS|
|000005c0| 40 30 30 30 39 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |@0009 | |
|000005d0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000005e0| 20 20 20 26 42 49 4f 53 | 20 50 61 72 61 6d 65 74 | &BIOS| Paramet|
|000005f0| 65 72 20 42 6c 6f 63 6b | 40 30 30 31 30 0d 0a 20 |er Block|@0010.. |
|00000600| 26 42 6f 6f 74 40 30 30 | 31 31 20 20 20 20 20 20 |&Boot@00|11 |
|00000610| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000620| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 26 42 6f 6f 74 20 44 72 | |&Boot Dr|
|00000630| 69 76 65 40 30 30 31 32 | 0d 0a 20 26 42 50 44 40 |ive@0012|.. &BPD@|
|00000640| 30 30 31 33 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |0013 | |
|00000650| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000660| 20 20 20 26 42 72 65 61 | 6b 50 6f 69 6e 74 40 30 | &Brea|kPoint@0|
|00000670| 30 31 34 0d 0a 20 26 43 | 61 63 68 65 40 30 30 31 |014.. &C|ache@001|
|00000680| 35 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |5 | |
|00000690| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 26 43 | | &C|
|000006a0| 61 6c 6c 42 61 63 6b 40 | 30 30 31 36 0d 0a 20 26 |allBack@|0016.. &|
|000006b0| 43 61 6c 6c 4f 75 74 40 | 30 30 31 37 20 20 20 20 |CallOut@|0017 |
|000006c0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000006d0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 26 | 43 41 53 40 30 30 31 38 | &|CAS@0018|
|000006e0| 0d 0a 20 26 43 42 49 4f | 53 40 30 30 31 39 20 20 |.. &CBIO|S@0019 |
|000006f0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000700| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 26 43 44 53 40 | | &CDS@|
|00000710| 30 30 32 30 0d 0a 20 26 | 43 47 41 40 30 30 32 31 |0020.. &|CGA@0021|
|00000720| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000730| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 26 | | &|
|00000740| 43 6c 6f 63 6b 20 54 69 | 63 6b 40 30 30 32 32 0d |Clock Ti|ck@0022.|
|00000750| 0a 20 26 43 4d 4f 53 40 | 30 30 32 33 20 20 20 20 |. &CMOS@|0023 |
|00000760| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000770| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 26 43 4d 4f 53 20 | | &CMOS |
|00000780| 52 41 4d 40 30 30 32 34 | 0d 0a 20 26 43 6f 6d 6d |RAM@0024|.. &Comm|
|00000790| 75 6e 69 63 2e 20 41 70 | 70 6c 2e 20 53 70 65 63 |unic. Ap|pl. Spec|
|000007a0| 69 66 69 63 61 74 69 6f | 6e 40 30 30 32 35 20 20 |ificatio|n@0025 |
|000007b0| 20 20 20 26 43 50 2f 4d | 40 30 30 32 36 0d 0a 20 | &CP/M|@0026.. |
|000007c0| 26 43 50 2f 4d 2d 38 36 | 40 30 30 32 37 20 20 20 |&CP/M-86|@0027 |
|000007d0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000007e0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 26 43 50 55 40 30 30 32 | |&CPU@002|
|000007f0| 38 0d 0a 20 26 43 75 72 | 72 65 6e 74 20 44 69 72 |8.. &Cur|rent Dir|
|00000800| 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 53 | 74 75 63 74 75 72 65 40 |ectory S|tucture@|
|00000810| 30 30 32 39 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 26 43 79 6c |0029 | &Cyl|
|00000820| 69 6e 64 65 72 40 30 30 | 33 30 0d 0a 20 26 44 41 |inder@00|30.. &DA|
|00000830| 43 40 30 30 33 31 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |C@0031 | |
|00000840| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000850| 20 20 20 20 20 26 44 43 | 43 40 30 30 33 32 0d 0a | &DC|C@0032..|
|00000860| 20 26 44 65 6c 61 79 65 | 64 20 57 72 69 74 65 40 | &Delaye|d Write@|
|00000870| 30 30 33 33 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |0033 | |
|00000880| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 26 44 65 76 69 63 65 | | &Device|
|00000890| 20 44 72 69 76 65 72 40 | 30 30 33 34 0d 0a 20 26 | Driver@|0034.. &|
|000008a0| 44 65 76 2e 20 44 72 69 | 76 65 72 20 52 65 71 75 |Dev. Dri|ver Requ|
|000008b0| 65 73 74 20 48 65 61 64 | 65 72 40 30 30 33 35 20 |est Head|er@0035 |
|000008c0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 26 | 44 47 49 53 40 30 30 33 | &|DGIS@003|
|000008d0| 36 0d 0a 20 26 44 69 72 | 65 63 74 20 4d 65 6d 6f |6.. &Dir|ect Memo|
|000008e0| 72 79 20 41 63 63 65 73 | 73 40 30 30 33 37 20 20 |ry Acces|s@0037 |
|000008f0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 26 44 69 73 | | &Dis|
|00000900| 6b 20 54 72 61 6e 73 66 | 65 72 20 41 64 64 72 2e |k Transf|er Addr.|
|00000910| 40 30 30 33 38 0d 0a 20 | 26 44 4c 4c 40 30 30 33 |@0038.. |&DLL@003|
|00000920| 39 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |9 | |
|00000930| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000940| 26 44 4d 41 40 30 30 34 | 30 0d 0a 20 26 44 4f 53 |&DMA@004|0.. &DOS|
|00000950| 20 45 78 74 65 6e 64 65 | 72 40 30 30 34 31 20 20 | Extende|r@0041 |
|00000960| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000970| 20 20 20 20 26 44 4f 53 | 20 50 61 72 61 6d 65 74 | &DOS| Paramet|
|00000980| 72 20 4c 69 73 74 40 30 | 30 34 32 0d 0a 20 26 44 |r List@0|042.. &D|
|00000990| 4f 53 20 50 72 6f 74 65 | 63 74 65 64 2d 4d 6f 64 |OS Prote|cted-Mod|
|000009a0| 65 20 49 6e 74 65 72 66 | 61 63 65 40 30 30 34 33 |e Interf|ace@0043|
|000009b0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 26 44 | 50 42 40 30 30 34 34 0d | &D|PB@0044.|
|000009c0| 0a 20 26 44 50 4c 40 30 | 30 34 35 20 20 20 20 20 |. &DPL@0|045 |
|000009d0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|000009e0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 26 44 50 4d 49 40 | | &DPMI@|
|000009f0| 30 30 34 36 0d 0a 20 26 | 44 52 41 4d 40 30 30 34 |0046.. &|DRAM@004|
|00000a00| 37 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |7 | |
|00000a10| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 26 | | &|
|00000a20| 44 72 69 76 65 20 50 61 | 72 61 6d 65 74 65 72 20 |Drive Pa|rameter |
|00000a30| 42 6c 6f 63 6b 40 30 30 | 34 38 0d 0a 20 26 44 54 |Block@00|48.. &DT|
|00000a40| 41 40 30 30 34 39 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |A@0049 | |
|00000a50| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000a60| 20 20 20 20 20 26 44 57 | 4f 52 44 40 30 30 35 30 | &DW|ORD@0050|
|00000a70| 0d 0a 20 26 44 79 6e 61 | 6d 69 63 20 4c 69 6e 6b |.. &Dyna|mic Link|
|00000a80| 20 4c 69 62 72 61 72 79 | 40 30 30 35 31 20 20 20 | Library|@0051 |
|00000a90| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 26 45 47 41 40 | | &EGA@|
|00000aa0| 30 30 35 32 0d 0a 20 26 | 45 49 53 41 40 30 30 35 |0052.. &|EISA@005|
|00000ab0| 33 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |3 | |
|00000ac0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 26 | | &|
|00000ad0| 45 4d 53 40 30 30 35 34 | 0d 0a 20 26 45 4f 49 40 |EMS@0054|.. &EOI@|
|00000ae0| 30 30 35 35 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |0055 | |
|00000af0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000b00| 20 20 20 26 45 53 44 49 | 40 30 30 35 36 0d 0a 20 | &ESDI|@0056.. |
|00000b10| 26 45 78 70 61 6e 64 65 | 64 20 4d 65 6d 6f 72 79 |&Expande|d Memory|
|00000b20| 20 53 70 65 63 69 66 69 | 63 61 74 69 6f 40 30 30 | Specifi|catio@00|
|00000b30| 35 38 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 26 45 78 63 65 70 74 69 |58 |&Excepti|
|00000b40| 6f 6e 40 30 30 35 37 0d | 0a 20 26 45 78 74 65 6e |on@0057.|. &Exten|
|00000b50| 64 65 64 20 42 49 4f 53 | 20 44 61 74 61 20 41 72 |ded BIOS| Data Ar|
|00000b60| 65 61 40 30 30 35 39 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |ea@0059 | |
|00000b70| 20 20 26 45 78 74 2e 46 | 69 6c 65 20 43 74 72 6c | &Ext.F|ile Ctrl|
|00000b80| 2e 42 6c 6f 63 6b 40 30 | 30 36 30 0d 0a 20 26 45 |.Block@0|060.. &E|
|00000b90| 78 74 65 6e 64 65 64 20 | 4d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 53 |xtended |Memory S|
|00000ba0| 70 65 63 69 66 69 63 61 | 74 69 6f 6e 40 30 30 36 |pecifica|tion@006|
|00000bb0| 32 20 20 20 20 20 26 45 | 78 74 65 6e 64 65 64 20 |2 &E|xtended |
|00000bc0| 4d 65 6d 6f 72 79 40 30 | 30 36 31 0d 0a 20 26 45 |Memory@0|061.. &E|
|00000bd0| 78 74 65 72 6e 61 6c 20 | 44 65 76 69 63 65 20 49 |xternal |Device I|
|00000be0| 6e 74 65 72 66 61 63 65 | 40 30 30 36 33 20 20 20 |nterface|@0063 |
|00000bf0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 26 46 | 41 54 40 30 30 36 34 0d | &F|AT@0064.|
|00000c00| 0a 20 26 46 69 6c 65 20 | 41 6c 6c 6f 63 61 74 69 |. &File |Allocati|
|00000c10| 6f 6e 20 54 61 62 6c 65 | 40 30 30 36 36 20 20 20 |on Table|@0066 |
|00000c20| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 26 46 43 42 40 30 | | &FCB@0|
|00000c30| 30 36 35 0d 0a 20 26 46 | 69 6c 65 20 43 6f 6e 74 |065.. &F|ile Cont|
|00000c40| 72 6f 6c 20 42 6c 6f 63 | 6b 40 30 30 36 37 20 20 |rol Bloc|k@0067 |
|00000c50| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 26 46 | | &F|
|00000c60| 69 6c 65 20 48 61 6e 64 | 6c 65 40 30 30 36 38 0d |ile Hand|le@0068.|
|00000c70| 0a 20 26 46 6c 75 73 68 | 40 30 30 36 39 20 20 20 |. &Flush|@0069 |
|00000c80| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000c90| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 26 46 4d 40 30 30 | | &FM@00|
|00000ca0| 37 30 0d 0a 20 26 46 6f | 72 6d 61 74 74 69 6e 67 |70.. &Fo|rmatting|
|00000cb0| 40 30 30 37 31 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |@0071 | |
|00000cc0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 26 46 4f | | &FO|
|00000cd0| 53 53 49 4c 40 30 30 37 | 32 0d 0a 20 26 47 61 74 |SSIL@007|2.. &Gat|
|00000ce0| 68 65 72 2d 57 72 69 74 | 65 40 30 30 37 34 20 20 |her-Writ|e@0074 |
|00000cf0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000d00| 20 20 20 20 26 46 54 50 | 40 30 30 37 33 0d 0a 20 | &FTP|@0073.. |
|00000d10| 26 48 61 6e 64 6c 65 40 | 30 30 37 35 20 20 20 20 |&Handle@|0075 |
|00000d20| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000d30| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 26 48 47 43 40 30 30 37 | |&HGC@007|
|00000d40| 36 0d 0a 20 26 48 69 67 | 68 20 4d 65 6d 6f 72 79 |6.. &Hig|h Memory|
|00000d50| 20 41 72 65 61 40 30 30 | 37 37 20 20 20 20 20 20 | Area@00|77 |
|00000d60| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 26 48 4d 41 | | &HMA|
|00000d70| 40 30 30 37 38 0d 0a 20 | 26 48 6f 72 69 7a 6f 6e |@0078.. |&Horizon|
|00000d80| 74 61 6c 20 52 65 74 72 | 61 63 65 40 30 30 37 39 |tal Retr|ace@0079|
|00000d90| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000da0| 26 49 44 45 40 30 30 38 | 30 0d 0a 20 26 49 6e 73 |&IDE@008|0.. &Ins|
|00000db0| 74 61 6c 6c 61 62 6c 65 | 20 46 69 6c 65 20 53 79 |tallable| File Sy|
|00000dc0| 73 74 65 6d 40 30 30 38 | 32 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |stem@008|2 |
|00000dd0| 20 20 20 20 26 49 46 53 | 40 30 30 38 31 0d 0a 20 | &IFS|@0081.. |
|00000de0| 26 49 50 40 30 30 38 33 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |&IP@0083| |
|00000df0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | | |
|00000e00| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 26 49 50 43 40 30 30 38 | |&IPC@008|
|00000e10| 34 0d 0a 20 26 49 50 58 | 40 30 30 38 35 20 20 20 |4.. &IPX|@0085 |
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|000062a0| 28 49 6e 74 65 72 2d 50 | 72 6f 63 65 73 73 20 43 |(Inter-P|rocess C|
|000062b0| 6f 6d 6d 75 6e 69 63 61 | 74 69 6f 6e 29 20 20 20 |ommunica|tion) |
|000062c0| 41 6e 79 20 6f 6e 65 20 | 6f 66 20 6e 75 6d 65 72 |Any one |of numer|
|000062d0| 6f 75 73 20 6d 65 74 68 | 6f 64 73 20 66 6f 72 0d |ous meth|ods for.|
|000062e0| 0a 61 6c 6c 6f 77 69 6e | 67 20 74 77 6f 20 6f 72 |.allowin|g two or|
|000062f0| 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 73 65 | 70 61 72 61 74 65 20 70 | more se|parate p|
|00006300| 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 73 | 20 74 6f 20 65 78 63 68 |rocesses| to exch|
|00006310| 61 6e 67 65 20 64 61 74 | 61 2e 0d 0a 20 20 20 20 |ange dat|a... |
|00006320| 20 20 20 20 49 50 58 0d | 0a 0d 0a 28 49 6e 74 65 | IPX.|...(Inte|
|00006330| 72 6e 65 74 77 6f 72 6b | 20 50 61 63 6b 65 74 20 |rnetwork| Packet |
|00006340| 45 78 63 68 61 6e 67 65 | 29 20 20 41 20 6c 6f 77 |Exchange|) A low|
|00006350| 2d 6c 65 76 65 6c 20 6c | 61 79 65 72 20 6f 66 20 |-level l|ayer of |
|00006360| 4e 6f 76 65 6c 6c 27 73 | 0d 0a 4e 65 74 57 61 72 |Novell's|..NetWar|
|00006370| 65 20 6e 65 74 77 6f 72 | 6b 69 6e 67 20 73 6f 66 |e networ|king sof|
|00006380| 74 77 61 72 65 2e 0d 0a | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |tware...| |
|00006390| 49 52 51 0d 0a 0d 0a 28 | 49 6e 74 65 72 72 75 70 |IRQ....(|Interrup|
|000063a0| 74 20 52 65 51 75 65 73 | 74 29 20 41 20 68 61 72 |t ReQues|t) A har|
|000063b0| 64 77 61 72 65 20 6c 69 | 6e 65 20 63 6f 6e 6e 65 |dware li|ne conne|
|000063c0| 63 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 | 74 68 65 20 69 6e 74 65 |cted to |the inte|
|000063d0| 72 72 75 70 74 0d 0a 63 | 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c 65 |rrupt..c|ontrolle|
|000063e0| 72 20 63 68 69 70 20 77 | 68 69 63 68 20 73 69 67 |r chip w|hich sig|
|000063f0| 6e 61 6c 73 20 74 68 61 | 74 20 61 20 43 50 55 20 |nals tha|t a CPU |
+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
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