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- Subject: N-1-4--040.31.1
-
- Which White Pages Service is Appropriate for My Site?
- Michael F. Schwartz, University of Colorado - Boulder
- <schwartz@latour.cs.colorado.edu>
-
- A problem of increasing concern in the Internet is locating address,
- telephone, and electronic mailbox information about network users. In
- this article, I compare several systems that provide this "white pages"
- service. I do not consider systems for non-Internet sites, personal
- "rolodex" systems, or efforts to coordinate/administer directory service
- activities.
-
- A simple solution is provided by the WHOIS service, which supports a
- centralized database of registered information. Originally, WHOIS was
- run by a single ARPANET Network Information Center (NIC). Because of
- the increasing scale and decentralization of the Internet, there are now
- many NICs as well as individual sites running WHOIS servers.
-
- Another popular centralized service is CSO (also known as PH, 411, and da)
- CSO servers often respond to search requests at the
- finger port on machines aliased to the name of a domain.
- For example, by fingering "schwartz@colorado.edu", you can locate
- information about all users named "schwartz" at University of Colorado.
-
- NICs typically populate their directory services with data from
- registration requests, such as templates filled out by users. In
- contrast, individual sites typically populate their databases en masse
- from primary registration sources, such as a university student
- enrollment database. En masse registrations usually contain more
- complete and timely data, but the method raises issues such as
- privacy and update control.
-
- Neither WHOIS nor CSO supports distributed operation. In particular,
- neither service coordinates format or content across servers, and neither
- supports caching or replication. In contrast, the CCITT and ISO jointly
- developed a distributed directory service standard called X.500, which
- describes a hierarchical name space with provisions for caching,
- authentication, and replication. Other features of
- X.500 are typed, self-describing fields, allowing users to make sophisticated
- queries using X.500, and a database that can support complex information
- such as bitmap photos of users.
-
- While X.500 offers many advantages, problems in the current implementations
- have kept X.500 servers from being deployed at more than a few hundred
- sites worldwide. This lack of "reach" has further eroded sites' interest
- in installing X.500 software. The principal problems with the current
- implementations are availability, and the level of machine and human
- administrative resources required to run a server. A number of efforts are
- under way to improve these problems. In time, I believe X.500 will become
- significantly better and more popular.
-
- Netfind provides white pages service by using a number of existing sources
- of information. Because of the nature of
- these information sources and the way Netfind cross correlates the
- information, Netfind can locate users at over 5,000 sites world wide.
- Moreover, because it searches for users on their home workstations, Netfind
- can often locate more timely information than the other services
- discussed here (which depend on registration databases). A downside of
- this approach is that searches generate more network traffic than the
- other services. However, this traffic is small compared to other
- Internet applications, such as remote login, mail/news, and file
- transfer. A second disadvantage of Netfind is that it can only locate
- people at directly connected Internet sites (which excludes sites that
- insulate their internal networks using "firewall" gateways).
-
- The Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS) system
- allows users to deploy, search, and retrieve many different types of
- information from machines distributed throughout the Internet. As such,
- one use for WAIS can be as a directory service. Because WAIS documents
- are indexed by keyword, the system supports fairly searches, but not as
- flexible, as a search system that allows regular expressions. A downside
- is that the indices require approximately as much space as the data being
- indexed.
-
- As the number of different directory services available in the Internet has
- increased, several systems have been developed to provide a uniform user
- interface to the information. The Knowbot(TM) Information Service (KIS)
- provides a consistent, structured input/output format for
- accessing multiple user directory services. The Internet Gopher system
- provides a less consistent menu-oriented interface, but
- provides access to many more information sources (including user
- directories and other types of information).
-
- Gopher requires the user to
- select an individual information source before searching. In contrast, KIS
- sequentially requests information from each of the services it knows about,
- and allows users to restrict a search to a subset of the sources. Human
- nature being what it is, most users do not restrict searches. This
- increases search delays and network costs, and in some cases provides users
- with a large amount of irrelevant data. At present, Gopher supports access
- to 28 CSO servers, 90 WHOIS servers, Netfind, a WAIS database of USENET
- user electronic mailboxes, and X.500. KIS supports access to 6 campus
- directory systems, the DISA NIC's WHOIS service, X.500, and an MCI Mail
- directory service.
-
- What system should a site choose? Unfortunately, there is no single,
- ideal solution. X.500 supports the
- most sophisticated functionality, but its current implementations have
- availability problems and high resource demands, and there are not enough
- sites running servers to provide a useful amount of data. Netfind provides
- the largest collection of Internet reachable user data, but supports only
- limited data types, and can only locate people at directly connected
- Internet sites.
-
- Neither Netfind nor X.500 support searches without specifying something
- about where the person being sought works. WHOIS, CSO, and WAIS can
- support such searches, but provide no explicit support for data distribution.
- These problems can be remedied to a certain extent by registering with a
- centralized server (e.g., the WHOIS server for a national network), but this
- approach does not scale well.
-
- In the longer term, efforts by cooperative organizations, governments,
- or commercial service providers will probably improve Internet directory
- service offerings. In the mean time, sites will probably need to choose
- a combination of systems to support the needs of their users.
-
- For Further Information
-
- The DISA NIC's WHOIS service can be accessed by telnet to nic.ddn.mil, by
- logging in as "nic". An ad hoc list of whois servers is available by
- anonymous FTP from sipb.mit.edu, in /pub/whois/whois-servers.list. The CSO
- software is available by anonymous FTP from ux1.cso.uiuc.edu, in
- pub/qi.tar.Z. The QUIPU software is available by anonymous FTP from
- ftp.psi.com, in wp/. Netfind can be accessed by telnet to
- bruno.cs.colorado.edu, and logging in as "netfind" (the software is also
- available). WAIS is available by anonymous FTP from think.com, in wais/.
- KIS can be accessed by doing "telnet nri.reston.va.us 186". Gopher can be
- accessed by telnet to consultant.micro.umn.edu, and logging in as "gopher".
-