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- Subject: n-1-4-012.50
-
- Internet Connectivity in Eastern Europe
- by Milan Sterba <Milan.Sterba@vse.cs>
-
- [ed. From a lengthier article by Milan Sterba prepared for the RIPE
- Connectivity Group]
-
- Considerable progress has been made during the last year in IP
- connectivity of ECE countries. Czechoslovakia and Poland have today
- several hundreds of connected hosts each and are the most advanced
- ECE countries with respect to IP connectivity.
-
- Bulgaria, Estonia and Hungary also have IP connectivity today
- and have several tens of connected hosts each. By the end of 1992 IP
- connectivity will probably also reach Latvia and Lithuania through
- NORDUnet and maybe also Romania and one of the CIS republics.
-
- In all the connected countries the initial capacity of
- international lines has rapidly become insufficent and an upgrade of
- existing lines and set up of reasonable backup solutions is being
- sought. Internetworking is rapidly spreading and good IP
- connectivity is considered as the first priority by the national
- academic network organisations.
-
- All the countries considered have at the present time some (often
- more than one) connection to international networks. Certain countries
- have only a dial-up e-mail connectivity, others have low or
- medium speed leased
-
- Albania
-
- Curently an electronic mail connection exists between the
- University of Tirana and the Internet. The gateway and relay function
- resides at CNUCE, Pisa, Italy.
-
- Estonia
-
- Estonia works in close co-operation with NORDUnet in setting up
- external IP links. Currently a 64 kbits/s IP satellite link is
- operational between Tallin and Stockholm, and between Tartu and
- Stockholm. These lines connect the Baltic backbone network (BaltNet)
- to the rest of the Internet. Another 19.2 kbit/s IP line is operational
- between Tallin and Helsinki.
-
- Inside Estonia IP links are currently planned between the Institute
- of Cybernetics and the University of Technology in Tallin and the Tartu
- University.
-
- Latvia
-
- An international 14.4 kbit/s IP line connects the Institute of
- Informatics and Computer Science of Latvian University in Riga to the
- Institute of Cybernetics in Tallin, Estonia. This line is part of the
- Baltic backbone network (BaltNet). Other networks active in Latvia have
- only dial-up connections (FidoNet to Tallin and Helsinki, RELCOM to
- Moscow).
-
- Inside Latvia X25 services are available from the public X25 network
- Latpak and Sprint, UUCP services are available from JET and Versia, who
- are the Latvian partners of RELCOM-EUnet. FidoNet also is very active.
-
- Lithuania
-
- A dial-up EUnet connection exists between Vilnius and Helsinki.
- A 9.6 kbit/s X.25 link, used for X.400 electronic mail and
- sponsored by Norwegian Telecom, exists between Vilnius and Oslo.
-
- Bulgaria
-
- A switched international X.25 connection connects the Bulgarian
- EARN node in Sofia to Linz (Austria). A dial-up connection over
- public X.25 connects the Bulgarian EUnet via the backbone node in
- Varna to the Internet via the EUnet node in Heraklion (Greece).
- This connection will be converted to IP/X25 and will be the first IP
- connection in Bulagaria. Coordination between both projects, resulting
- in a shared fixed IP connection, is under study.
-
- Several tens of EUnet sites are now connected over dial-up
- links to the national EUnet backbone. A public X25 service is available
- to a limited extent. EARN services have been opened recently at
- Sofia University but no gateway exists between the two services yet.
-
- Commonwealth of Independent States.
-
- Dial-up connections between Helsinki, Finland and Amsterdam,
- Netherlands on the one hand, and Moscow on the other hand connect
- the RELCOM network in Russia and a few other former USSR republics to
- the Internet. Currently the services consist of electronic mail and
- Network News. A medium speed IP line to Amsterdam is planned in the near
- future. Recently another 14.4 kbit/s IP link has been put between
- Moscow and AlterNet (USA). On this link only SMTP traffic is allowed. A
- 4.8 kbit/s leased line between Moscow and DESY in Hamburg, Germany,
- supporting IP, delivers HEPnet services to two research institutes
- in Moscow. Low speed links between Moscow and ESOC (Germany) and
- CNES (France) serve the space physics community. All existing IP links
- to CIS have full connectivity only to the European part of Internet.
- The 9.6 kbit/s leased line from Moscow to Copenhagen, Denmark which
- used to connect the EARN node in Moscow to the EARN/BITNET
- network has been replaced by a dial-up link to Stockholm.
-
- A considerable effort undertaken by the RELCOM networking
- organization has brought e-mail connectivity to several thousands
- sites all over the former Soviet Union. The growth of the network
- was 400% a year. RELCOM has been operating some IP links in
- the Moscow and St. Petersburg areas and several other places.
- Other national IP connections are expected to connect
- Ukraine, Siberia, St. Petersburg, Far East and other regions in order
- to set up the kernel of a nationwide IP backbone. The whole network has
- some 60 regional centres, some of which connect more than 500
- sites. The rapidly
- growing volume of international mail traffic makes the need for a medium
- speed IP channel to Europe urgent.
-
- The first EARN node started its operation in Moscow late in 1991,
- but proliferation of EARN services is still expected. An e-mail gateway
- now exists between RELCOM DEMOS and SUEARN. SUEARN also provides the
- international mail relay services for FREENET, a national research IP
- network which interconnects some 45 institutes of the Academy of Sciences
- mostly in the Moskow area with international connections to Jaroslavl
- and Baku.
-
- Czechoslovakia
-
- A 64 kbit/s IP link between Prague and Linz (Austria) is
- operational today. The line is full IP carying general IP, EARN and
- Czech EUnet traffic. A second link, 14.4 kbit/s between Bratislava and
- Vienna is shared between EUnet traffic and general IP traffic and
- IXI.
-
- The upgrade of this link to 64 kbit/s is planned for the near future.
- Both links connect into the upcoming national academic backbone networks
- CESNET (Czech Educational and Scientific Network) and SANET (Slovak
- Academic Network). Both networks are interconnected with IP links with
- the aggregate capacity of 28.8 kbit/s.
-
- Both CESNET and SANET are now setting up national backbone
- infrastructures connecting major academic towns in the country. 64
- kbit/s lines are used wherever available and considered necessary, 19.2
- kbit/s on all other links. The first protocol supported is IP. Connected
- to the backbones are appearing metropolitan networks in major cities.
-
- Hungary
-
- Hungary is connected to EARN by a 9.6 kbit/s IP line between
- Budapest and Linz (Austria). For the time being the same line is
- used also for the Internet and EUnet connection. It is planned to
- upgrade this line to 64 kbit/s in 1992. The High Energy Physics
- community has access to HEPnet services via a 9.6 kbit/s leased line
- between Budapest and CERN, Geneva (Switzerland) which is now running
- IP.
-
- Hungary has a good operational public X25 network which is the
- base of Wide Area Networking between small and medium sized sites.
- Currently there are about 250 X.25 access points in the country. A
- high speed national IP backbone (called HBONE) will come into production
- in 1993 to provide a country wide IP connectivity and access to EBONE
- services.
-
- Poland
-
- The main external connection consists of a 64 kbit/s satellite
- link between Warsaw and Stockholm, Sweden. The link is an IP one and
- carries all Internet, EARN and EUnet traffic. A new 64 kbit/s IP link
- is being set up between Warsaw and Vienna with the objective to establish
- an Ebone Bondary System in Warsaw. A 9.6 kbit/s IP connection is in place
- between Krakow and CERN in Geneva, Switzerland for HEPnet services.
-
- Public X.25 services have only started in 1992. Thus connections
- at national level can only be implemented on switched or leased lines.
- The country already has an infrastructure of leased lines, shared
- between EARN and IP traffic operting at speeds between 9.6-64 kbit/s.
-
- The Polish network is coordinated by an organization called NASK
- (National Academic and Research Network) which also includes the
- Polish part of EARN. Realistic plans exist to substantially extend IP
- connectivity over the territory in 1992 using 64 kbit/s lines on their
- national backbones wherever possible and economically viable. A National
- Network Operation and Monitoring Center has been set up in early 1992
- which operates the whole national and international infrastructure. A
- system of network user training and support has also been put in
- place.
-
- Romania
-
- International connectivity is now provided by a switched X25 link
- to EARN in Austria. A 9.6 kbit/s leased line is planned before the end
- of 1992 between Bucharest and Linz, Austria. This line will be able to
- carry both IP and EARN/NJE/BSC traffic.
-
- Romania has poor internal networking infrastructure. A government
- project of building a public X25 network is under commercial
- negotiations and should start to offer some services in 1993.
-
- In Romania the emerging networking activities seem to be
- coordinated by the National Council for Informatics and the Polytechnic
- Institute of Bucharest.
-
- Slovenia
-
- Slovenia is connected over a 64 kbit/s IXI access point in
- Ljubljana to the IXI backbone. Over this connection an IP link via
- NIKHEF, Amsterdam (Netherlands) provides Internet connectivity. A
- PSDN X25 connection connects the main EUnet node in Ljubljana to
- EUnet. Another IXI access point, also located in Ljubljana, connects
- Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina to IXI over the JUPAK PPSDN.
-
- Currently Slovenia have achieved a well spread-out branching
- of their national networks due to the existence of a wide spread public
- X.25 network. There exists as well a developed X.400 service.
-
- In Slovenia the Academic and Research Network of Slovenia (ARNES)
- is coordinating network activities. In Croatia the coordinating
- organization is CARNet and both organizations cooperate.
-
- Serbia and Montenegro
-
- Serbia has had a 9.6 kbit/s leased line between Beograd and Linz
- to carry EARN traffic. Currently this line is cut after a decision by
- the Austrian government to cooperate with the UN embargo on Yugoslavia.
-
- Macedonia
-
- The University of Skopje, Macedonia recently was made the lead
- organization for the country by the Ministry for Science and Technology
- for inaugurating networking activities in the country. They joined CEED
- and are planning soon an IP connection.
-
- Currently Macedonia has achieved a good degree of capillarity
- of their national network (DECNET) due to the existence of the public
- X.25 network, which is a part of JUPAK PPSDN.
-
-
-
-