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- Subject: N-1-4-010.10
-
- Changing Eras: Evolution of the NSFNET
- Eric M. Aupperle
- <Eric.M.Aupperle@um.cc.umich.edu>
-
- On Wednesday, 2 December 1992 the T1 NSFNET service ended. All
- NSFNET traffic now traverses ANS's T3 backbone infrastructure. The
- transition of traffic transport from the T1 to the T3 backbone service
- occurred gradually, most notably since March of 1992. As this T1
- era ends and a new one advances, it seems appropriate to reflect on
- NSFNET's evolution.
-
- The genesis of NSFNET dates back to 1985 when
- the National Science Foundation committed support for helping
- establish five new supercomputer facilities. With their objective of
- sharing these supercomputer resources among the nation's research
- universities, NSF required each supercomputer site to provide
- network access to a set of participating institutional
- partners. An example of this was the San Diego Supercomputer
- Center's 1986 implementation of a 56 Kbps American Satellite
- system linking distant organizations to their site.
-
- NSF also took other steps during this period to broaden access to
- these new advanced computing facilities. They arranged for shared
- use of existing national community data networks, i.e., ARPAnet and
- BITNET. They funded the National Center for Atmospheric Research's
- deployment of the University Satellite Network Project to
- interconnect several universities across the United States. They
- encouraged the creation of new regional network organizations to
- provide yet greater connectivity to the educational and research
- community, and partially funded them.
-
- Another key NSF network action occurred in 1986 when they
- contracted for the first NSFNET backbone. With the communications
- access facilities the supercomputer centers had in place, this
- backbone's mission focused on providing inter supercomputer site
- connectivity to foster more national resources sharing opportunities.
- It's role soon emerged as a network of networks, at the top of a
- three-level hierarchy. This initial backbone linked six sites with 56
- Kbps data circuits. It quickly became saturated with traffic,
- experienced routing difficulties, and lacked the funding and
- organizational resources to address these issues. At it's peak this
- backbone transported about 115 million packets per month during
- the first half of 1988.
-
- A 1987 NSF solicitation process led to an award to Merit Network, in
- partnership with IBM and MCI, for managing, operating and
- continuing the development of the NSFNET backbone. This
- solicitation required providing connectivity for thirteen sites, the six
- supercomputer centers and seven regional networks. In July of 1988
- the Merit partnership replaced the initial 6 node 56 Kbps network
- with a with 13 node network based on T1 data trunks. These 1.5
- Mbps T1 data circuits were multiplexed to provide multiple 500
- Kbps links among the 13 nodes.
-
- With the new backbone and rapidly expanding regional network
- infrastructure, backbone traffic spurted, averaging 20% per month of
- growth between July 1988 and July 1989. By mid 1989 the Merit
- partnership added new T1 circuits and began operating all of them
- as full 1.5 Mbps links in response to this growth. T1 connections also
- were installed for two interagency network connection sites named
- FIX East and West, and later a fourteenth node was added at NSF's
- request. Backbone traffic continued growing rapidly as did the
- number of announced networks supported on the backbone. These
- factors drove the implementation of the T3 network service which
- now fully replaces the T1 network.
-
- The T1 traffic peaked in February 1992, with a load of about 11.3
- billion packets for that month. This represented a two order of
- magnitude increase of packet traffic over the network it replaced.
- It's time had come and gone in less than four years. Meanwhile the
- relentless increase in backbone traffic continues. This past
- November saw the first occurrence of more than a billion packets
- shipped during a single day. The total November monthly traffic was
- nearly 24 billion packets. Any bets on the lifetime of the new era?
-