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- n-1-3-015.40.1
- NETWORKING IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
- by Franklin F. Kuo <kuo@nisc.sri.com>
-
- At the invitation of the China Institute of Communications, the Citizen
- Ambassador Program of People to People International arranged a
- visit in May 1992 for a delegation of professionals in telecommunications
- and networking technology to the People's Republic of China. I led the
- delegation, whose purpose was to exchange information and solidify contacts
- with Chinese professionals within the computer and communications industry.
- The exchange focussed on topics dealing with China's telecommunications
- infrastructure, especially subjects relating to current research and
- applications in computer networks.
-
- The itinerary for our trip covered
- Beijing, Xi'an, Shanghai, and Hong Kong. In Beijing, Xi'an, and Shanghai
- we found a great deal of interest in computer networking,
- especially in the Internet, and how to connect to it. Another
- question that frequently came up was the future of OSI vs that
- of TCP/IP. There are a lot of local-area networks in operation in
- China, connecting many PC-clones (mostly Chinese produced) to
- some older-generation mainframes such as Honeywells. What we did not
- see were operational wide-area networks, with the exception of
- one metropolitan demonstration network in Beijing.
-
- Current Wide Area Networks
-
- At present, the major wide area network (WAN) in China is the
- China National Public Data Network, CNPAC, which is currently
- being developed and implemented. CNPAC, an X-25 packet switched (PS)
- network is designed to carry data at speeds varying between
- 1.2 and 9.6 kbps. The hub is in Beijing, where the network
- management center is located, with packet switches sited
- in the major cities of Shanghai and Guangzhou, and PS concentrators
- found in other major cities. The packet switches, concentrators,
- and PADs (packet assembly/disassembly devices) are all manufactured
- in China. At the Beijing hub, there is an international access
- line to CNPAC. Since we did not see a CNPAC demonstration, it is
- not clear how much of it is operational and how much is still
- under development.
-
- Other private data networks are in use in China in applications
- in the railway system, banking system, civil aeronautics, etc.
-
- In China, there is an X.25 link to the Internet using a store and forward
- system via the CNPAC international access line in Beijing connecting to
- the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. To the outside world, this link is
- being called "the China Academic Network (CANET)." In addition to CNPAC
- connectivity, there is dial-up access to CANET from inside China. David
- Kahaner of ONR Tokyo reports that he frequently communicates with Chinese
- scientists via CANET. However, many of the Chinese networking specialists
- we talked to have never heard of the name "CANET," so we suspect that CANET
- means more in the outside world than in China.
-
- The major problem confronting the development of WANs in China is the
- poor telecommunications infrastructure. Since the penetration of basic
- plain old telephone service (POTS) is less than 1% among Chinese businesses
- and households, and since local and long distance telephone switching and
- transmission facilities are inadequate or antiquated, it is difficult to
- build a modern computer network upon the current telecommunications
- infrastructure. It will take decades to bring the basic telecommuncations
- system up to modern standards, so Chinese networking will also take a long
- time to come up to western norms.
-
- Metropolitan and Campus Networks
-
- In Beijing, we witnessed a very impressive metropolitan networking project
- called NCFC (National Computing and Networking Facility of China). NCFC is a
- demonstration network in Beijing linking the two major universities, Tsinghua
- and Beijing Universities to a number of research institutes of the Chinese
- Academy of Sciences (CAS). Each of the participating institutions has
- campus networks like the TUnet of Tsinghua University.
-
- These campus networks are connected by NCFC as a two-level system. Currently,
- NCFC has a 10-Mbps backbone connecting the three campus networks, which will
- increase to 100 Mbps in the next phase of the project. Communication protocols
- will be ISO/OSI, but TCP/IP is being used as the initial protocol. The top
- level of NCFC consists of the backbone and the network control center.
- The second level is composed of campus networks at the two
- universities and CAS. NCFC is the largest and most ambitious networking
- project we saw in China. It is partially funded by the World Bank and
- the State Planning Commission, and is in limited operation now, with
- full operation expected by 1994.
-
- We visited two of the three groups
- participating in the development of NCFC. The first was the
- Computer Network Center (CNC) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, with
- its own campus network, the CASnet. The CNC seems to have the major
- responsibility for the development of NCFC, and is staffed by 40
- professionals. The second group, in Tsinghua University, is described next.
-
- The Tsinghua University Network (TUnet)
-
- The most impressive university networking group we visited was at
- Tsinghua University, the premier technical university in China. Under
- the direction of Professor Hu Daoyuan, the Tsinghua University network,
- TUnet is being developed under a well laid-out strategy based upon the
- following goals:
-
- It will be a universal, comprehensive campus network; its usage will
- include instruction, research, administration, library, and
- communications services.
-
- It will be a multimedia integrated services network; messages transmitted
- in the network will include not only data, but voice and video as well.
-
- It will operate under accepted international standards for interfacing
- devices to the network. Emerging standards are important in the fast changing
- technology of networking. Initially TUnet will operate under TCP/IP,
- but migration strategies have been adopted to migrate to ISO/OSI.
-
- It will be a heterogeneous network using a variety of advanced
- networking technologies (LAN, PABX, PS, ISDN and FDDI, etc) to
- interconnect computing facilities from various vendors.
-
- It will be developed in phases, with the first phase (1987 to 1991)
- concentrating on interconnection of facilties, and the second phase
- (1992 to 1995) emphasizing network services.
-
- TUnet has three major networking facilities:
-
- A circuit switched network based upon an integrated services PABX,
-
- A packet switching network based upon X.25 switches and PADs,
-
- Ethernet LANs interconnected through a 100-Mbps FDDI optical fiber
- backbone.
-
- A key function of TUnet is electronic mail. Tsinghua University's
- message-handling system (MHS) functions include mail, telegraph, teletext,
- fax, videotex, voice, images, etc. The MHS is based upon the EAN system
- developed by the University of British Columbia conforming to the
- CCITT X.400 recommendation series of 1984. Tsinghua's work on its
- e-mail system includes migration, Chinese localization, menu adaptation
- and the implementation of remote user agents.
-
- The work at Tsinghua on TUnet and NCFC underlines one of the basic
- constraints that Chinese networking technologists must live with. Unless
- you have foreign (hard) currencies to purchase networking equipment,
- you must design and build everything from scratch, including
- hardware and software. So TUnet represents in many ways a bootstrap
- operation. The people in TUnet are all very well trained and dedicated.
- It is unfortunate that they could not make use of technology that is
- readily available in the Western world.
-
- Local Area Networks (LANs)
-
- In China today there are many LANs in use. Two common
- LAN products widely available throughout China are Ethernets from 3COM,
- and Netware, a LAN operating system developed by the Novell
- company. These products are available in China because of joint
- venture arrangements that the cited companies have made with
- Chinese counterparts. Most of the LAN products are manufactured
- in China under license from US companies such as 3COM and Novell.
- At the Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Professor Yang Chuan-hou, the
- Director of the Computer Network Research Laboratory presented to us
- some work that dealt with the architectural design of a gateway
- interconncting LANs to an X.25 packet switched network. The work
- again was developmental in nature, in that both hardware and software
- designs were implemented in the laboratory.
-
- Conclusions
-
- Over the last 8 years, there has been an
- explosive growth in both computing and networking technology in China,
- which will only accelerate with the further penetration of the Internet
- into China. Since the Internet is capable of bringing network specialists
- and users throughout the world into a larger cooperating community, I
- believe that China's networking community will soon become full partners in
- this worldwide community.
-