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- N-1-1-040.31.1 Resource Discovery Beyond X.500, by Michael F.
- Schwartz*, <schwartz@latour.cs.colorado.edu>
-
-
- The Internet connects thousands of sites and millions of users around
- the world. As it continues to grow and offer new types of services,
- being able to locate and make effective use of the available resources
- becomes increasingly difficult. To address this issue, the CCITT has
- developed a directory service specification called X.500, as an OSI
- application layer standard.
-
- X.500 describes a hierarchical collection of servers, with provisions
- for caching and replication. Each participating site maintains
- directory information about resources at that site, as well as
- administrative information needed for traversing the tree and
- maintaining proper distributed operation. Unlike the TCP/IP Domain
- Naming System, X.500 supports authenticated runtime updates, and
- stores typed data using a structured schema. Field trials conducted
- by Performance Systems International and the Field Operational X.500
- Project demonstrate that there is significant interest in deploying
- X.500 servers at institutions around the world. Tools exist to ease
- the task of searching the tree, and to make long-distance operations
- more efficient. Graphical client interfaces exist for a number of
- platforms.
-
- X.500 is an important standard with growing momentum, but it is not a
- complete solution to the resource discovery problem. Its current use
- focuses primarily on providing a "white pages" directory of Internet
- users. However, over time X.500 will need to accommodate many other
- types of resource discovery. Consider two realms very different than
- user directories: commercial network services, and wide area
- distributed file systems.
-
- In a commercial network service environment (such as airline computer
- reservation systems), the resource discovery mechanism should support
- fair access among competing information providers. This issue will
- heat up significantly in the next few years, as the U.S. Regional Bell
- Operating Companies enter the information services market, and the
- Internet begins explicitly allowing commercial traffic.
-
- Supporting resource discovery in a distributed file system requires
- support for two distinct problems. First, how does a user discover a
- needed resource based on an attribute-based description, such as
- source code for a particular X-window system application? Second, how
- does a user locate an appropriate instance of this resource, from
- among the many replicas available (e.g., by anonymous FTP)? This
- decision should consider network bandwidth and version information
- about the file, and eventually should also consider cost and policy
- routing considerations. The popular Archie system developed at McGill
- University addresses the first of these problems. The second problem
- is currently a topic of research.
-
- Beyond supporting different types of resource discovery, other
- problems arise in trying to organize a widely shared, broad
- information space. While the hierarchical organization used by X.500
- supports scalable decentralized administration, hierarchies become
- convoluted as an increasingly wide variety of resources are
- registered. Moreover, hierarchical information is only efficiently
- searched according to its primary organizational attributes (country
- and organization in the case of X.500). Searching for resources
- according to other criteria (such as the functionality of a software
- package) is inefficient. Inserting cross links between parts of the
- tree according to such criteria does not adequately solve this
- problem, since the information is still physically distributed in a
- fashion that does not permit efficient searching. Moreover, creating
- such links requires a large amount of manual administrative effort.
-
- There are a number of research efforts under way to address the
- problems discussed here. In time, the ideas introduced by these
- projects may find their way into future versions of X.500.
-
-
- *Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, University of
- Colorado - Boulder
-