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- All drawings appearing in this Recommendation have been done in Autocad.
- Supplement No. 1
- DEFINITION OF RELATIVE LEVELS, TRANSMISSION LOSS
- AND ATTENUATION/FREQUENCY DISTORTION FOR DIGITAL EXCHANGES
- WITH COMPLEX IMPEDANCES AT Z INTERFACES
- 1 Introduction
- During the studies of Study Group XI on transmission characteristics of
- exchanges it has been recognized that digital local exchanges may require complex
- impedances at the subscriber line interface (see Recommendation Q.552). These
- complex impedances result in difficulties with defining relative levels,
- transmission loss and attenuation/frequency distortion.
- This Supplement gives the basis for coherent definitions which are in
- accordance with the principles outlined by Study Group XII in the G.100 series of
- Recommendations, Fascicle III.1.
- 2 Relative levels
- There is a clear statement by Study Group XII that relative levels (L) -
- even at ports of complex impendance - relate to power (in general, apparent
- power) at a reference frequency of 1000 Hz. Accordingly, at a point of zero
- relative level (i.e. transmission reference point, cf. Recommendation G.101, item
- S 5.3.1) and at an impedance Z, the reference power of 1 mW1) (at 1000 Hz)
- corresponds to a voltage:
- Uo = eq \r(1 mW . |Z|) (1)
- It follows that generally at a point of relative level L the voltage will
- be
- U = 10L/20 . eq \r(1 mW . |Z|) (2)
- and that consequently the level L can be expressed as
- L = 20 logeq \f( U, \r(v1 mW . |Z|)) (3)
- This is the basis for a coherent definition of transmission loss, and
- subsequently of attenuation/frequency distortion, as derived below.
- Note - In the future, measurements should be made at 1020 Hz.
- 3 nominal transmission loss
- In the field of telecommunications, it is a well-established practice to
- define the nominal transmission loss (NL) between two points as the difference
- between the relative levels associated with these points. If, for instance, for a
- "connection through a digital exchange" the relative level at the input is Li,
- and at the output, Lo, then the nominal loss is
- NL = Li - Lo (4)
- Figures 1 and 2
-
- Taking into account that according to the definition of the power
- reference circuit (Figure 1), E is frequency-independent, one obtains from
- equations (3) and (4) the nominal loss.
- NL = 20 log eq \x\le\ri(\f(E,U(1000 Hz))) + 10 log eq \
- x\le\ri(\f(Z02 (1000 Hz),Z01 (1000 Hz))) (5)
- It may be noted that equation (5) represents the "composite loss" (ITU
- definition 05.20) at 1000 Hz. The composite loss is the only measure of
- attenuation that allows adding of the losses of "half-channels" (i.e. A-D and
- D-A) regardless of the specific impendances at the input and output ports.
- 4 attenuation/frequency distortion
- "Attenuation distortion" or "loss distortion" is the result of imperfect
- amplitude/frequency response and is generally specified in addition to the
- relative levels of a transmission section, from which the nominal transmission
- loss is derived. The definition of the attenuation/frequency distortion (LD) is
- well established: it is the difference between the actual response of voltage
- versus frequency U(f) and the ideal (planned) response of voltage versus
- frequency U*(f), referred to the corresponding difference at 1000 Hz:
- LD = eq \b\bc\[ (20 log \x\le\ri(\f(E,U(f)))- 20 log \x\le\ri(\f(E,U*(f)))) - eq
- \b\bc\[ ( 20 log \x\le\ri(\f(E,U(1000 Hz))) - 20 log \x\le\ri(\f(E,U*(1000 Hz))))
- (6)
- Equation (6) can be rewritten as follows:
- LD = 20 log eq \x\le\ri(\f(U(1000 Hz), U(f))) - 20 log eq
- \x\le\ri(\f(U*(1000 Hz), U*(f))) (7)
- For practical reasons the ideal response of voltage versus frequency,
- U*(f), is flat. Taking this into account, equation (7) reduces further to
-
- 1) Watt is the unit of apparent power as well as of real power.
-
-
-
- Fascicle VI.5 - Suppl. No. 1 PAGE1
-
- LD = 20 log eq \x\le\ri(\f(U(1000 Hz), U(f))) (8)
- It should be noted that equation (8) is valid regardless of whether Z01 is
- equal to Z02 or not. However, impedance matching at input (Z01` Z01) and output
- (Z02` Z02) is assumed. A measurement in accordance with equation (8) is entirely
- in conformity with existing measuring techniques.
- 5 Conclusions
- Nominal transmission loss and attenuation/frequency distortion are
- essential loss parameters. Their definitions in Sections 3 and 4 are based on the
- definition of relative (power) levels at 1000 Hz in accordance with Study Group
- XII which has stated the following advantages:
- 1) an illustrative indication of passband performance (especially with
- regard to band-edge distortion and extraneous ripples);
- 2) a loss definition in accordance with the relative level definition;
- 3) the loss values are relevant to singing margin evaluation;
- 4) the loudness insertion loss will be (almost) equal to the exchange
- loss;
- 5) additivity with a fair degree of accuracy;
- 6) the definition is also suitable for half exchange loss currently
- envisaged by Study Group XI.
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- PAGE2 Fascicle VI.5 - Suppl. No. 1
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