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- Contents of Recommendation Q.1032
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- SIGNALLING REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO ROUTING OF CALLS
- TO MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS
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- 1. Introduction
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- 2. General routing rules
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- 3. General requirements for the fixed network
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- 4. Signalling aspects on routing a call to a mobile managed
- by a home PLMN situated in the same country
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- 5. Routing a call to a foreign mobile subscriber
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- 6. Alternative solution: re-routing of the call after clearing
- the previous connection
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- 7. Unsuccessful call set-up
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- Recommendation Q.1032
-
-
- SIGNALLING REQUIREMENTS RELATING TO ROUTING OF CALLS
- TO MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS
-
-
- 1. Introduction
-
- When a subscriber wants to call a mobile subscriber, the fixed network
- needs to know the actual location of the MS in order to route the connection to
- the relevant Mobile Services Switching Centre (see Recommendation Q.1003 on
- location registration). This contribution tries to present the signalling
- requirements the fixed network has to comply with for that purpose. The document considers
- the different assumptions concerning the capabilities of the fixed exchanges to
- perform some signalling procedures prior to call set-up.
-
- This Recommendation assumes that the routing analysis requirements
- specified in Recommendation Q.107bis are fulfilled.
-
- This Recommendation assumes that the ISDN number of the mobile contains
- a specific National Destination Code. The cases where the mobile numbering plan
- is fully integrated in the fixed numbering plan are for further study.
-
- 2. General routing rules
-
- The number dialled by the calling subscriber contains no indication
- concerning the actual location of the called MS. Therefore, to set-up the complete
- connection, it is necessary to know the location of the MS and the routing
- address to be used, i.e. the Mobile Station Roaming Number. The only equipment able to
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- provide this information is the Home Location Register. Therefore to route the
- call to the Mobile Services Switching Centre where the MS is located, it is
- necessary to interrogate the HLR.
-
- The preferred procedure with regard to signalling is the following:
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- 1) When a subscriber wants to call a mobile station he dials the ISDN
- number of that station.
-
- 2) The local exchange (or a transit exchange) analyzes the number
- dialled and recognizes the mobile service National Destination Code indicating that
- the call is destined to a mobile subscriber. In general this complete routing
- analysis can be made for the national calls only: when the outgoing exchange
- recognizes that the calling subscriber dialled the international prefix, it routes
- the call directly to the outgoing International Switching Centre (ISC) without any
- further analysis. This ISC can then recognize the mobile national destination
- code.
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- 3) If the result of routing analysis shows that it is necessary to get
- additional information to set-up the complete connection to the MSC where the
- called station is located, then this information must be obtained from the HLR in
- charge of the mobile subscriber. If the interrogation procedure is implemented
- in an exchange referred to in 2) above, this exchange then performs the
- interrogation of the Home Location Register. The HLR sends back the roaming number of the
- called MS. This procedure is supported by the Transaction Capabilities of
- Signalling System No. 7.
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- 4) The connection is then set-up in the fixed network to the MSC
- according to the roaming number of the MS.
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- 3. General requirements for the fixed network
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- To route a call up to a mobile subscriber, an interrogation of the HLR
- must be performed in order to get the roaming number allocated to that MS. This
- interrogation procedure is supported by the Transaction Capabilities of
- Signalling System No. 7. The preferred solution is that the local exchanges be adapted to
- TC, and able to perform this interrogation: then they can route the call
- directly to the called mobile according to the roaming number they obtain from their
- interrogation of the HLR. The following section of this document shows possible
- solutions if this assumption is not fulfilled.
-
- As it is described below, in the case where there are no interrogation
- facilities in the fixed network, on recognition that a call is destined to a
- mobile subscriber, the routing is first performed to a Gateway MSC. The
- interrogation of the HLR is then performed by the MSC and the call proceeds according to the
- Roaming Number received.
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- Section 5 deals with the routing of calls to foreign mobile stations:
- usually, in this case, the local exchange does not analyze the national part of
- the called address and routes directly to the outgoing International Switching
- Centre which then performs the correct routing of the call.
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- 4. Signalling aspects on routing a call to a mobile managed by a home PLMN
- situated in the same country
-
- 4.1 The originating exchange is adapted to the interrogation procedure
- (Figure 1/Q.1032)
-
- If the originating local exchange is able to perform the interrogation
- procedure, the call set-up occurs as it is specified in section 2 of this
- document.
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- 4.2 The originating exchange is not adapted to the interrogation procedure
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- If the originating exchange is unable to use TCAP, the following cases
- can be considered:
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- - the interrogation procedure is performed by a transit exchange;
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- - the call is re-routed by a Gateway MSC.
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- 4.2.1 The interrogation is performed by a transit exchange (Figure 2/Q.1032)
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- If the originating exchange is unable to perform the interrogation of
- the HLR, the connection is set-up to a transit exchange. This exchange analyzes
- the address received (the ISDN number of the subscriber) and notices that the call
- is destined to a mobile subscriber. It then performs the interrogation of the
- HLR and routes the call as it is described in section 2.
-
- 4.2.2 The call is re-routed by a Gateway MSC (Figure 3/Q.1032)
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- If the fixed network is unable to interrogate the HLR in order to route
- the call to the actual location of the MS, the connection is set-up to a
- Gateway MSC.
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- The Gateway MSC interrogates the HLR of the called MS (using MAP in
- general cases). It receives back the roaming number of the subscriber. With this
- address, the GMSC set-up a connection via the telephone (or ISDN) network to the
- MSC where the mobile is located. If the called subscriber is abroad, the
- connection is normally set-up via the international network.
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- 5. Routing a call to a foreign mobile subscriber
-
- As for a normal telephone call, the calling subscriber, when he wants to
- join a foreign mobile subscriber, dials the international access prefix first.
- His local exchange, according to this prefix, routes the call directly to the
- outgoing International Switching Centre without any further analysis of the number
- dialled.
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- The routing of the call is then performed by the outgoing international
- Switching Centre. Two assumptions can be envisaged:
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- - the outgoing International Switching Centre recognizes that the
- called party is a mobile subscriber and can perform the interrogation
- of the HLR;
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- - the outgoing International Switching Centre is unable to perform
- the interrogation of the HLR.
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- 5.1 The outgoing ISC can perform the interrogation of the HLR
- (Figure 4/Q.1032)
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- When the outgoing International Switching Centre receives the call, for
- routing purposes it analyzes the digits of the country code and the first digits
- of the national significant number of the called party address. It can then
- notice that the call is destined to a mobile subscriber and needs a preliminary
- interrogation transaction prior to setting up the connection.
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- With the roaming number, the ISC then routes the call to the MSC where
- the mobile is actually located. The connection is set-up via the international
- network if the MS is not in the same country as the calling subscriber.
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- 5.2 The outgoing International Switching Centre is unable to perform the
- interrogation of the HLR (Figure 5/Q.1032)
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- If the outgoing International Switching Centre is unable to perform the
- interrogation procedure, it routes the call to the incoming ISC of the country
- where the Home PLMN of the called mobile is situated according to the telephone
- (or the ISDN) number dialled by the calling subscriber.
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- The incoming ISC receiving the call notices that it is destined to a
- mobile. The following assumptions can be envisaged:
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- - this ISC can perform the interrogation;
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- - this ISC is unable to perform the interrogation: therefore the
- interrogation has to be made either by a national transit exchange or
- by a Gateway MSC.
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- In this assumption where the actual routing has to be made in the home
- country of the mobile, the connection may comprise two international links in
- tandem if the subscriber is roaming abroad. Therefore it would be better that the
- interrogation is performed in the outgoing country; this method would limit the
- length of the complete connection. The worst case will appear when the called
- mobile is roaming in the country of the calling subscriber: the complete connection
- comprises two international links in tandem instead of a simple national
- routing.
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- 5.3 The International Switching Centre recognizes that it is a call to an MS
- but cannot perform the interrogation
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- In this case, the International Switching Centre routes the call to a
- Gateway MSC which performs the interrogation:
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- - if the GMSC is accessed by the outgoing ISC, see Figure 6/Q.1032.
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- - if the GMSC is accessed by the Incoming ISC, see
- Figure 7/Q.1032.
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- 6. Alternative solution: re-routing of the call after clearing the previous
- connection (Figure 8/Q.1032)
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- The ISUP provides a backward message to indicate that the call should be
- re-routed and containing the new address. This facility may be used in the case
- where a foreign MS is called and no interrogation functions are available in the
- fixed network to get the Roaming Number from the HLR. A long international
- connection may be established before the location of the MS is determined but this
- facility could allow the call to be "dropped back" to the suitable MSC.
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- 7. Unsuccessful call set-up
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- 7.1 Roaming not allowed
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- If the MS is roaming in an area where it is not allowed to have calls,
- the location is not stored in the HLR and an indication is set. When a call is
- set-up to this subscriber, the HLR will return an unsuccessful indication to the
- originating exchange.
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- 7.2 Restart of the HLR
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- After a restart, the HLR considers that the information coming from the
- back up is still valid. If an interrogation is related to a subscriber whose
- information is not yet restored, the HLR gives back the Roaming Number it has in
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- its tables. If there is a mistake, the restoration procedure specified in
- Recommendation Q.1004 will re-establish the correct information.
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- 7.3 Mobile station roaming number unallocated
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- If the incoming MSC receives a call which roaming number is declared
- unallocated by the VLR, it sends back an unsuccessful call set-up indication to the
- outgoing exchange. This situation may occur after a restart of the HLR or of the
- VLR (see Recommendation Q.1004).
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