home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- ANNEX
-
-
-
- (to Recommendation G.812)
-
-
-
- Characterization of slave clock phase stability
-
-
-
-
-
- 1. The slave clock model is described by the following equation:
-
-
-
- t = t
-
- x(t) = ybias.t + D .t2 + epm(t) + efm(t)dt 2
-
- t = 0
-
-
-
- where,
-
-
-
- x(t) is the phase-time output relative to the reference input (dimensions
- of time)
-
-
-
- ybias is a residual fractional frequency offset which can arise from
- disruption events on the reference input (dimensionless)
-
-
-
-
-
- D is the linear frequency drift component when the clock is in
- holdover condition (dimension 1/time)
-
-
-
- epm(t) is a white noise phase modulation (PM) component associated
- with
-
- the short-term instability of the clock (dimension time)
-
-
-
- efm(t) is a white noise fractional frequency modulation (FM) component
-
- associated with the disruption process of the reference
- (dimensionless)
-
-
-
- The clock model is best understood by considering the three categories of
- clock operation:
-
-
-
- - ideal operation;
-
-
-
- - stressed operation;
-
-
-
- - holdover operation.
-
-
-
- 1.1 Ideal operation
-
-
-
- For short observation intervals outside the tracking bandwidth of the
- PLL, the stability of the output timing signal is determined by the short
- term stability of the local synchronizer time base. In the absence of refer-
- ence disruptions, the stability of the output timing signal behaves asymp-
- totically as a white noise PM process as the observation period is
- increased to be within the tracking bandwidth of the PLL. The output of
- the clock can be viewed as a superposition of the high frequency noise of
- the local oscillator riding on the low frequency portion of the input refer-
- ence signal. In phase locked operation the high frequency noise must be
- bounded, and is uncorrelated (white) for large observation periods rela-
- tive to the bandwidth of the phase locked loop.
-
-
-
- Under ideal conditions, the only non-zero parameter of the model is the
- white noise PM component.
-
-
-
- 1.2 Stressed operation
-
-
-
- In the presence of interruptions, the stability of the output timing signal
- behaves as a white noise FM process as the observation period is
- increased to be within the tracking bandwidth of the PLL. The presence
- of white noise FM can be justified based on the simple fact that in gen-
- eral, network clocks extract time interval, rather than absolute time from
- the time reference. An interruption is by nature a short period during
- which the reference time interval is not available. When reference is
- restored there is some ambiguity regarding the actual time difference
- between the local clock and the reference. Depending on the sophistica-
- tion of the clock phase build-out there can be various levels of residual
- phase error which occur for each interruption. There is a random compo-
- nent which is independent from one interruption event to the next which
- results in a random walk in phase, i.e. a white noise FM noise source.
-
-
-
- In addition to the white noise FM component, interruption events can
- actually result in a frequency offset between the clock and its reference.
- This frequency offset (ybias) results from a bias in the phase build-out
- when reference is restored. This is a critical point. The implications of
- this effect are that in actual network environments there is some accumu-
- lation of frequency offset through a chain of clocks. Thus, clocks con-
- trolled by the same primary reference clock are actually operating
- plesiochronously to some degree.
-
-
-
- To summarize, under stress conditions the non-zero parameters of the
- clock model are the white noise FM component (efm) and the frequency
- offset component (ybias). The stressed category of operation reflects a
- realistic characterization of what "normal" operation of a clock is.
-
-
-
- 1.3 Holdover operation
-
-
-
- In holdover, the key components of the clock model are the frequency
- drift (D) and the initial frequency offset (ybias). The drift term accounts
- for the significant ageing associated with quartz oscillators. The initial
- frequency offset is associated with the intrinsic setability of the local
- oscillator frequency.
-
-
-
- 2. Relationship of slave clock model to TIE performance
-
-
-
- It is useful to consider the relationship between the clock model and the
- Time Interval Error (TIE) that would be expected. It is proposed that the
- two sample Allan variance be used to describe the stochastic portion of
- the clock model. The following equations apply for the three categories
- of operation:
-
-
-
- Ideal
-
- ûûûûûûûûûûûûûû
-
- sTIE = _ 3 s2, (t = t) .t
-
-
-
- Stressed
-
- ûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûû
-
- sTIE = _ s2bias + s2, (t = t) .t
-
-
-
- Holdover
-
- ûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûûû
-
- sTIE = D .t2 + _ s2bias + s2, (t = t) .t
-
- 2
-
-
-
- where,
-
-
-
- sTIE is the standard deviation of the relative time interval error ofthe
- clock output compared to the reference over the observation
- time t.
-
-
-
- s,(t) is the two sample standard deviation describing the random fre-
- quency fluctuation of the clock, and
-
-
-
- sbias describes the two sample standard deviation of the frequency bias.
-
-
-
- 3. Guidelines concerning the measurement of jitter and wander
-
-
-
- Verification of compliance with jitter and wander specifications requires
- standardized measurement methodologies to eliminate ambiguities in the
- measurements and in the interpretation and comparison of measurement
- results. Guidance concerning the measurement of jitter and wander is
- contained in SupplementNo. 35.
-