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- Recommendation E.543
- GRADES OF SERVICE IN DIGITAL
- INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE EXCHANGES
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 The grade of service (GOS) parameters and values to be used as
- dimensioning standards and as performance objectives for international telephone
- exchanges are indicated below. Procedures to monitor the actual GOS performance
- of the exchanges are also recommended.
- 1.2 The GOS standards for international telephone exchanges defined in this
- Recommendation assume "fully operative" conditions for the exchange and they are
- based on the load levels specified in Recommendation E.500.
- 2 Scope of the Recommendation
- 2.1 The GOS stand e specified for an exchange as a
- whole, i.e. neither the delay nor the loss parameters are
- associated solely with the control area or with the connecting
- network, so that no particular system concept is favoured.
- 2.2 Although the GOS parameters defined in this
- Recommendation apply to the digital as well as to the analogue
- exchanges, the numerical values recommended for these parameters
- are primarily intended for digital exchanges. The
- GOS may be too stringent for analogue exchanges and
- Administrations are advised to make suitable allowances when
- applying to the analogue exchanges.
- Administrations may also consider these GOS values for
- dimensioning the national transit exchanges so that the end-to-end
- GOS performance for international connections is maintained at a
- high level.
- 3 Grade of service parameters
- The loss and delay GOS standards are defined as follows:
- 3.1 Loss grade of service
- internal loss probability: for any call attempt, it is the probability
- that an overall connection cannot be set up between a given incoming circuit and
- any suitable free outgoing circuit within the switching network.
- The loss grade of service is to be met by every pair of incoming and
- outgoing trunk groups averaged over all inlets of the incoming group.
- This approach takes explicit account of the fact that the Administrations
- will take actions such as the favourable loading of switch blocks in order to
- balance access to all trunk groups. These actions will minimize the impact of the
- worst case upon the traffic flow capacity of the switch, by confining the
- necessary adjustments to localized regions of the switching network.
- These actions should ensure that the switching system operates
- as efficiently as possible within the constraints imposed by this
- loss standard.
- 3.2 Del y grade of service in case of channel-associated
- signalling
- incoming response delay: The interval from the instant when an incoming
- seizure signal has arrived at the incoming side of the exchange to the instant
- when a proceed-to-send signal is returned to the preceding exchange by the
- receiving exchange.
- The incoming response delay may affect the holding time of the preceding
- trunks and of the common control equipment in the preceding exchange(s). It may
- also be perceived by the subscriber as dial-tone delay, in case of special dial
- tone for international calls in outgoing international exchanges, or may
- contribute to the post-dialling delay experienced by the subscriber in all other
- cases. The contribution to post-dialling delay does not necessarily comprise the
- whole of the incoming response delay.
- Note - The above definition of incoming response delay does not explicitly
- mention that it includes receiver attachment delay. However, for the purpose of
- this Recommendation, it is assumed that receiver attachment delay is a part of
- the incoming response delay.
- 3.3 Delay grade of service in case of any combination of channel-associated
- and common channel signalling
- exchange call set-up delay: The interval from the instant when the address
- information required for setting up a call is received at the incoming side of
- the exchange to the instant when the seizing signal or the corresponding address
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- Fascicle II.3 - Rec. E.543 PAGE1
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- information is sent to the subsequent exchange.
- through-connection delay (end-to-end channel associated or common channel
- signalling): the interval from the instant when the information required for
- setting up a through-connection in an exchange is available for processing in the
- exchange to the instant when the switching network through-connection is
- established between the incoming and outgoing circuits.
- through-connection delay (link-by-link channel associated signalling): the
- interval from the completion of outpulsing to the establishment of a
- communication path through the exchange between the incoming and the outgoing
- circuits.
- 4 Grade of service standards
- The values shown in Table 1/E.543 are recommended for GOS standards of
- international digital telephone exchanges. The normal and high load levels are
- the ones defined in Recommendation E.500.
- TABLE 1/E.543
- Normal load High load
- Incoming response delay a) b) P (> 0.5 sec.) ú 5 % P (> 1 sec.) ú 5 %
- Exchange call set-up delay b) P (> 0.5 sec.) ú 5 % P (> 1 sec.) ú 5 %
- Through-connection delay b) P (> 0.5 sec.) ú 5 % P (> 1 sec.) ú 5 %
- Internal loss probability c) 0.002 0.01
- a) See Note in S 3.2.
- b) The determination of the number of bids for the different devices or exchange modules
- at normal and high load levels should be made according to Rec. E.500. Circuit group or
- exchange load levels will be used according to the devices or exchange modules
- affected.
- c) The values of traffic offered to the circuit group and to the switching network of the
- exchange, to be used for loss probability evaluation, should correspond to the traffic
- flow levels defined for circuit groups and exchanges, respectively, in Rec. E.500.
- In case of differences between exchange and circuit group busy hours it is
- recommended to use models which can take account of the different traffic values
- in the different parts of the exchange. For example, models used for dimensioning
- the auxiliary equipment could take advantage of the differences of busy hour of
- the different circuit groups using the same auxiliary equipment.
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- 5 Measurements to monitor exchange GOS performance
- In the context of traffic Administration, monitoring the GOS performance
- in an exchange is a means of detecting potential problems which can affect the
- GOS performance of that exchange. By analysing deviations from previously
- established GOS performance thresholds, problem areas can be detected. After
- having identified the problems, actions such as load balancing, fault removal,
- extensions, etc., can be derived from GOS performance monitoring. These actions
- are not taken on a real-time basis, and consequently the data collection and
- analysis do not have real-time constraints. The traffic measurements recommended
- below do not separate the causes of call attempt failure or excessive delay.
- When the values of the GOS performance are consistently worse than the GOS
- standards specified in S 4, it will be necessary to identify the causes of such a
- situation through the analysis of ad-hoc measurement procedures. Considering the
- above framework, errors in GOS estimation are only important to the extent that
- they can generate over- or under-reactions to exchange situations.
- For each of the GOS parameters a statistical estimator has been defined.
- The measurements must be made on a per circuit group and per exchange basis.
- Eventually, savings could be derived from delay measurements made on the basis of
- signalling types when several circuit groups share the same auxiliary devices.
- All measurements described below refer to a specific measurement period.
- 5.1 Delay measurements
- 5.1.1 Incoming response delay
- The exchange GOS performance with respect to this parameter can be
- estimated by means of the ratio:
- p = eq \f( B, A) ,
- where
- A is the number of call attempts accepted for processing from a given
- incoming circuit group
- B is the number of call attempts out of the set A, for which the incoming
- response delay exceeded the predetermined value X
- Note - In SPC exchanges a certain time may elapse from the moment that the
- incoming seizure signal appears at the incoming circuit until the moment that the
- processor accepts the call attempt for processing. Measuring this delay would
- require external equipment to the call handling processors. The above measurement
- only provides an indication of the incoming response delay after the call has
- been accepted for call processing. In the case where this delay is significant,
- it should be taken into account in dimensioning and should be subtracted from the
- total time allowed for the incoming response delay.
- 5.1.2 Exchange call set-up delay
- The exchange performance with respect to this parameter can be measured by
- means of the following ratio:
- q = eq \f( D, C) ,
- where
- C is the number of call attempts for which sufficient address information
- has been received at the incoming side of the exchange, which are
- addressed to a certain outgoing circuit group and for which the seizing
- signal or the corresponding address information is sent to the
- subsequent exchange.
- D is the number of call attempts already counted in C for which the call
- set-up delay exceeds the predetermined value, T.
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- 5.1.3 Through-connection delay
- The exchange performance with respect to this parameter can be measured by
- means of the following ratio:
- r = eq \f( F, E) ,
- where
- E (for end-to-end channel associated and common channel signalling) is
- the number of call attempts for which the required information for
- setting up a through-connection is available for processing in the
- exchange for a certain circuit group.
- E (for link-by-link channel associated signalling) is the number of call
- attempts which have completed outpulsing in a certain circuit group.
- F is the number of call attempts already counted in E for which the
- through-connection delay has exceeded the predetermined value V.
- Note 1 - The loss of call attempts caused by the exchange itself,
- premature subscriber release or time-out expiration in an upstream exchange may
- modify the outcome of the above delay measurements. However, the effect will only
- be significant under abnormal conditions which should be investigated separately.
- Note 2 - It is recommended that values for X, T, and V be either 0.5 s
- (normal load) or 1 s (high load).
- Note 3 - Measuring delays on a per call basis could produce severe cost
- penalties to the exchange. Since the accuracy requirements from the statistical
- viewpoint are not very high, call sampling procedures or test calls can be
- sufficient for GOS monitoring purposes.
- 5.2 Loss measurements
- One estimator of this parameter per circuit group is:
- s = eq \f( H, G) ,
- where:
- G is the number of call attempts which require a connection from an inlet
- to the desired outgoing circuit group having at least one free circuit
- and for which sufficient call handling information was made available
- to the exchange.
- H is the number of those call attempts described by G which failed to
- build up the required connection.
- Note - The loss of call attempts caused by premature subscriber release or
- time-out expiration in an upstream exchange, may modify the outcome of the above
- measurement.
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